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Christopher Chabris and Daniel SimonsTHE INVISIBLE GORILLA

Copyright  2009 by Christopher F. Chabris and Daniel J. Simons

This edition published by arrangement with Levine Greenberg Rostan Literary Agency and Synopsis Literary Agency

  ,    , 2023

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25 1995 ,        .       :     -, [1 -       ,     ,   ,       The Boston Globe.     The Fence (New York: HarperCollins, 2009),        ,   .          : Boston Police Turn on One of Their Own, The Boston Globe, December 8, 1997, p. A1; Truth or Consequences, September 23, 2001; Free and Clear, January 22, 2006; Witness in 95 Brutality Case Offers New Account, September 17, 2006.       : United States v. Kenneth M. Conley, 186 F.3d 7 (1st Cir. 1999); Kenneth M. Conley v. United States, 415 F.3d 183 (1st Cir. 2005);  ,    : Kenneth M. Conley v. United States, No. 01-10853-WGY, No. 0197-cr-10213-WGY, June 26, 2003.   ,     ,          ,             .].     ;       ,    .         .        ,   1520             .        -   .        .   ,    III   ,      ;            .    ,   ,    .              ,         .    .       : ,  , [2 -       ,       ,      , 79  2000, law.harvard.edu/academics/clinical/cji/rpcconf/coxm.htm (  18  2009).].

      .    ,      .         ,       .          ,         ,      .        ,       ,    , ,   .    - : , ,  ,  !  ,          ,     [3 - S.Murphy, A Settlement Is Reached in Beating of Police Officer, The Boston Globe, March 4, 2006, p. B3.].

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 ,      ,    .  1997          .   ,     ,    ,         .   ,      ,    ,   ,      .     ,   ,  , : ,  , ,           ,     [4 - Lehr, Boston Police Turn on One of Their Own.].

    ,      .  ,     .   , ,     ,   ,         .       .     ,   ,  ,    ,   .   ,    :   ,          .     ,    ,         ,      ,     [5 -       Truth or Consequences.     ,             ,     , .: P. B. Ainsworth, Incident Perception by British Police Officers, Law and Human Behavior 5 (1981): 231236.].



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      (   )      .                  34   [6 -    ,            .           .         : -,    ,   (   )    ; -,       .      ,     .             .  ,        ,    ,      .].  2000 ,         ,     .  ,     ,           [7 -           .        ,  ,              .     .           ; ,     ,  .           .        .  ,    ,          ,        .].

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   ,    (    )       .    ,        .       .       ,       .    ,    ,        [8 -     : D. J. Simons and C. F. Chabris, Gorillas in Our Midst: Sustained Inattentional Blindness for Dynamic Events, Perception 28 (1999): 10591074.       1970- ,  .         , , ,    .    ,     ,         ,  ,    .       ,         ,     ,  ,      .      ,     ,   : U. Neisser, The Control of Information Pickup in Selective Looking, Perception and Its Development: A Tribute to Eleanor J. Gibson, ed. A. D. Pick, 201219 (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1979).].

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 ,      ,  ,    .         ,         .  ,  ,      ,        ,     .       :  ,     -      ,        [11 -    ,     ,     ,        ,          .     ,    (  ),    ,       . 90%   .           . .: D. T. Levin and B. L. Angelone, The Visual Metacognition Questionnaire: A Measure of Intuitions About Vision, American Journal of Psychology 121 (2008): 451472.].

     Perception 1999      [12 - Simons and Chabris, Gorillas in Our Midst.]         .      2004  ( ,    ,   )           CSI:  [13 - CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Season 2, Episode 9, And Then There Were None (originally broadcast on CBS, November 22, 2001).].       ,        .




   


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   :      ,      (     )  .       , ,       ,           [14 - Lehr, The Fence, 270.].

          ,          ,  ,             .     ,          ,      .        ,        ,    .            蠫  ,   ,   ,          . ,      , ,    -   .

  2005      .      ,      ,    .     ,         :          ,          [15 - O. Johnson, Fed Court: Convicted Hub Cops Trial Unfair, The Boston Herald, July 21, 2005, p. 28.    ,   ,  ,     .      ,   ,          .     !   ,          ,   ,   ,        .                .         .         .  2006 ,        ,     .            (Witness in 95 Brutality Case Offers New Account).      ,         .     ,        ,       ,     . ,       ,  ,       ,       .     .  ,         .   ,        ,   ,   ,   ,       .  ,   :        ,    ,   ,      .  ,            ,     ,      ,  .    ,         ,      ,        . ,      ,        ,    ,          .].    2005       ,  -    . 19  2006          -        .   : 37             ,    [16 - C.Ross, 2 Embattled Cops Welcomed Back to Force, The Boston Herald, May 20, 2006, p. 6; Lehr, Free and Clear.].     ,    ,   647  [17 - D. Wedge, Two Officers Cleared in 95 Beating Get Back $$$, The Boston Herald, November 20, 2007, p. 4.],   2007     [18 - Lehr, The Fence, 328.].

            ,    ,  ,          .    . -,             ,       ,  ,       ,    ,      [19 - , .      . : , 2003.].      :     ,   ,       ,        ,            .        ,          .   ,      -      ,      ,  (   ,     ).        ,     (,      ,       ,     ,   ),      ,      ,     .



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 ,          -?        9  2001 [20 - National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Marine Accident Brief for Accident #DCA-01-MM-022 (www.ntsb.gov/publictn/2005/MAB0501.htm).  : M. Thompson, Driving Blind, Time, February 18, 2001 (www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,99833,00.html); T. McCarthy and J. McCabe, Bitter Passage, Time, April 15, 2001 (www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,106402-1,00.html); S. Waddle, The Right Thing (Nashville, TN: Integrity Publishers, 2003).].  13.40   ,     Greeneville (       ),      ,      .        :        ,         .         쓻,        .  Greeneville   ,      ,   . !  .   ?

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      ,     ,        . Ehime Maru      ;            .   ?        .      Dateline NBC  :         ,    Ehime Maru.   , ,   ,    .        -  ,                 .         ,     Greeneville                   .      ,    .   :    ,     ,    [21 - Interview of Scott Waddle by Stone Phillips for Dateline NBC.].

        ,     -   ,    .    ,  ,   ,    . ,       :       ,    ,     ,      .   ,   :        ,          [22 - .: A. Koustana?, E. Boloix, P. Van Elslande, and C. Bastien, Statistical Analysis of Looked-But-Failed-to-See Accidents: Highlighting the Involvement of Two Distinct Mechanisms, Accident Analysis and Prevention 40 (2008): 461469.].    ,          ,     .  ,     ,    ,              .   ,      ,       ,           .



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     ,    ,   ,       ,   .       -.    ,        ,    .   :      ,    ,             ?      ( ,  ,     ),         . ,    (  ,   ),              (    ).         ;     ,  ,             ,      .  ,        ,      ,   ,    . ,  ,     ,             ,       ,   [23 - D. Memmert, The Effects of Eye Movements, Age, and Expertise on Inattentional Blindness, Consciousness and Cognition 15 (2006): 620627.         ,        ,       : 8 20,  40%.          .             ,    .         .          (    ,      ),        ,     .     ,        .     ,     ,      .                 .].




   


, 2006 .   ,       ,          ,  .  , 12    ,        2005        [24 -       ESPN Big Ben in Serious Condition After Motorcycle Accident, 12/06/06, 13/06/06 (sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2480830).    : M. A. Fuoco, Multiple Injuries, Few Answers for Roethlisberger, The Pittsburgh Post Gazette, June 13, 2006 (www.post-gazette.com/pg/06164/697828-66.stm); J. Silver, Roethlisberger, Car Driver Are Both Charged, The Pittsburgh Post Gazette, June 20, 2006 (www.post-gazette.com/pg/06171/699570-66.stm); D. Hench, Steelers QB Hurt in Crash, Portland Press Herald, June 13, 2006.].   ,       ,             --.       ,    ,   ,  .   ,    ,       ,         .       ,  ,             .    ,    .  ,         ,  ,  ,         .                     .               ;    ,     .          ,  ,    .

 ,    .              .  65%     :      ,        (       )[25 - H. H. Hurt Jr., J. V. Ouellet, and D. R. Thom, Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures, Volume 1: Technical report. Traffic Safety Center, University of Southern California, 1981.].            .          .    -     - :       ,    .  -    ,           .      !   :       .     .    ,   ,                .

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   ,   .      ,  ,       .     - ? ,       ,       (           )   (         )    .    ,          (+)[27 - S. B. Most, D. J. Simons, B. J. Scholl, R. Jimenez, E. Clifford, and C. F. Chabris, How Not to Be Seen: The Contribution of Similarity and Selective Ignoring to Sustained Inattentional Blindness, Psychological Science 12 (2000): 917.].     ,       ,     .

   ,  ,  : 30%   - .    ,   ,      .  ,         ,         :   ,      .    ,     ,        .    :     ,     .

     ,       .         .     ,   ,             ,    ,   . ,     ,   ,     (    ),             .  ,         ,      .             ,      .

       :     . ,       ,   ,     ,   .  ,     ,                  [28 - P. L. Jacobsen, Safety in Numbers: More Walkers and Bicyclists, Safer Walking and Bicycling, Injury Prevention 9 (2003): 205209.         , .: D. L. Robinson, Safety in Numbers in Australia: More Walkers and Bicyclists, Safer Walking and Bicycling, Health Promotion Journal of Australia 16, no. 1 (2005): 4751.  .: T. Vanderbilt, Traffic (New York: Knopf, 2008).].                ,       2000 .      :            ,     ,      ,     .



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        ,      ?        .     :         ,      ,  -,      ,     ,      - ?   ,           ,   ,             .

     ,    [29 - S. B. Most and R. S. Astur, Feature-Based Attentional Set as a Cause of Traffic Accidents, Visual Cognition 15 (2007): 125132.],    ,      ,          (, ).       .        ,     ,    .        ,         .     (    ,   ,  ),     .     (     ,   ), 36%   ,  2%       .  ,     , ,    ,      .

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           .  ,     ,     ,          (, , ,    ),      ,      ,    .            ,   ,   .      ,         .      ,   - ,        :       ,      .      ,          .

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    -          ,      .  ,  2007   25       .       ,                     . ,     ,       .          [32 -             : Runway Safety Report: Trends and Initiatives at Towered Airports in the United States, FY 2004 through FY 2007, Federal Aviation Administration, June 2008.     ,      ,     ,        .   ,  ,       , .        :  Whats He Doing? Hes Going to Kill Us All! Time, April 11, 1977 (www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918815,00.html); en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife_disaster (  19  2009).].

         ,  ,  ,        ,    .      ,     .     ,  ,        ,     .             ,      ,     .  ,      ,         :    .  ,      ,        蠫.      ,    - ,    .           .      ,     .    :      []  ,      .       [33 - Fischer et al., Cognitive Issues in Head-Up Displays, 15.].             ,    .

,   ,           ,  ,      ,         . ,       :       ,       .         ,   .     ,          ,     [34 - I. Larish and C. D. Wickens, Divided Attention with Superimposed and Separated Imagery: Implications for Head-up Displays, Aviation Research Laboratory Technical Report ARL-91-04/NASA-HUD-91-1, 1991.].       (,  ),    ,     ,        ,  .



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     ,         .    ,      ,          50/   70/.    :   ,   ,         (, ),     [36 - E. Goodman, We Love, Hate Our Cell Phones, The Boston Globe, July 6, 2001.    :            ,    ,          ,    . M. S. Wogalter and C. B. Mayhorn, Perceptions of Driver Distraction by Cellular Phone Users and Nonusers, Human Factors 47 (2005): 455467.      -,    1  2001.,    -            1225-.    :     ,  ,    1225-c     ,                               hands-free.       2002 .   ,  , ,     ,       ,       . ,       .     Nokia          :        .    :         ,      .    AT&T             .  77% ,  ,     ,      SurveyUSA,     1  8  2009 .].

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        .     ;    ,    .  ,      ,     .  ,    ,  .   ,    ,     ,         .    ,   ,      .  ,    ,          , .       [37 - W. J. Horrey and C. D. Wickens, Examining the Impact of Cell Phone Conversations on Driving Using Meta-Analytic Techniques, Human Factors 48 (2006): 196205.].             ,       ,        .    ,     ,        ,       ,       .



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,               .          ,     .            !         ,                    [39 - B. J. Scholl, N. S. Noles, V. Pasheva, and R. Sussman, Talking on a Cellular Telephone Dramatically Increases sustained inattentional blindness  [Abstract], Journal of Vision 3 (2003): 156 (journalofvision.org/3/9/156/).     ,         ,   . , ,        ,       ,  ,    : I. E. Hyman Jr., S. M. Boss, B. M. Wise, K. E. McKenzie, and J. M. Caggiano, Did You See the Unicycling Clown? Inattentional Blindness While Walking and Talking on a Cell Phone, Applied Cognitive Psychology.].       ;          .     30%     .   ,    ,    90%! -            .

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   ,      ,    , , ,  :     ,       ?  , ,   . (, ,             !               ,      .) ,       ,                      [40 -       : F. A. Drews, M. Pasupathi, and D. L. Strayer, Passenger and Cell Phone Conversations in Simulated Driving, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 14 (2008): 392400.].



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    2008        Washington Post,         -  [42 - G. Weingarten, Pearls Before Breakfast, The Washington Post, April 8, 2007, p. W10 (www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/04/AR2007040401721.html).  .: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Bell.  .: www.joshuabell.com/biography (  16.01.2009).].       ,   , ,        .      ,   17    -.      ,      ,       .     -   :           ,   .

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


      ,     ,   ,       The Boston Globe.     The Fence (New York: HarperCollins, 2009),        ,   .          : Boston Police Turn on One of Their Own, The Boston Globe, December 8, 1997, p. A1; Truth or Consequences, September 23, 2001; Free and Clear, January 22, 2006; Witness in 95 Brutality Case Offers New Account, September 17, 2006.       : United States v. Kenneth M. Conley, 186 F.3d 7 (1st Cir. 1999); Kenneth M. Conley v. United States, 415 F.3d 183 (1st Cir. 2005);  ,    : Kenneth M. Conley v. United States, No. 01-10853-WGY, No. 0197-cr-10213-WGY, June 26, 2003.   ,     ,          ,             .




2


      ,       ,      , 79  2000, law.harvard.edu/academics/clinical/cji/rpcconf/coxm.htm (  18  2009).




3


S.Murphy, A Settlement Is Reached in Beating of Police Officer, The Boston Globe, March 4, 2006, p. B3.




4


Lehr, Boston Police Turn on One of Their Own.




5


      Truth or Consequences.     ,             ,     , .: P. B. Ainsworth, Incident Perception by British Police Officers, Law and Human Behavior 5 (1981): 231236.




6


   ,            .           .         : -,    ,   (   )    ; -,       .      ,     .             .  ,        ,    ,      .




7


          .        ,  ,              .     .           ; ,     ,  .           .        .  ,    ,          ,        .




8


    : D. J. Simons and C. F. Chabris, Gorillas in Our Midst: Sustained Inattentional Blindness for Dynamic Events, Perception 28 (1999): 10591074.       1970- ,  .         , , ,    .    ,     ,         ,  ,    .       ,         ,     ,  ,      .      ,     ,   : U. Neisser, The Control of Information Pickup in Selective Looking, Perception and Its Development: A Tribute to Eleanor J. Gibson, ed. A. D. Pick, 201219 (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1979).




9


      ,  1998    MIT Press.           -          ,      .           ,     .            ,    ,  .      ,   ,    .        ,     .     ,   ,   ,   .       ,     .              ,         ,     ,      .    :     ,    .




10


     SurveyUSA,              ,       .        ,    . SurveyUSA   16   ,              :  ,   ,    ,        .       , ,       . ,   ,                .          ,                . SurveyUSA                  .            2009 .  ,   ,     ,        .  75%   ,  ,   25%    ,     ,      .     ,         ,             0%!




11


   ,     ,     ,        ,          .     ,    (  ),    ,       . 90%   .           . .: D. T. Levin and B. L. Angelone, The Visual Metacognition Questionnaire: A Measure of Intuitions About Vision, American Journal of Psychology 121 (2008): 451472.




12


Simons and Chabris, Gorillas in Our Midst.




13


CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Season 2, Episode 9, And Then There Were None (originally broadcast on CBS, November 22, 2001).




14


Lehr, The Fence, 270.




15


O. Johnson, Fed Court: Convicted Hub Cops Trial Unfair, The Boston Herald, July 21, 2005, p. 28.    ,   ,  ,     .      ,   ,          .     !   ,          ,   ,   ,        .                .         .

         .  2006 ,        ,     .            (Witness in 95 Brutality Case Offers New Account).      ,         .     ,        ,       ,     . ,       ,  ,       ,       .     .  ,         .   ,        ,   ,   ,   ,       .  ,   :        ,    ,   ,      .  ,            ,     ,      ,  .    ,         ,      ,        . ,      ,        ,    ,          .




16


C.Ross, 2 Embattled Cops Welcomed Back to Force, The Boston Herald, May 20, 2006, p. 6; Lehr, Free and Clear.




17


D. Wedge, Two Officers Cleared in 95 Beating Get Back $$$, The Boston Herald, November 20, 2007, p. 4.




18


Lehr, The Fence, 328.




19


, .      . : , 2003.




20


National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Marine Accident Brief for Accident #DCA-01-MM-022 (www.ntsb.gov/publictn/2005/MAB0501.htm).  : M. Thompson, Driving Blind, Time, February 18, 2001 (www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,99833,00.html); T. McCarthy and J. McCabe, Bitter Passage, Time, April 15, 2001 (www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,106402-1,00.html); S. Waddle, The Right Thing (Nashville, TN: Integrity Publishers, 2003).




21


Interview of Scott Waddle by Stone Phillips for Dateline NBC.




22


.: A. Koustana?, E. Boloix, P. Van Elslande, and C. Bastien, Statistical Analysis of Looked-But-Failed-to-See Accidents: Highlighting the Involvement of Two Distinct Mechanisms, Accident Analysis and Prevention 40 (2008): 461469.




23


D. Memmert, The Effects of Eye Movements, Age, and Expertise on Inattentional Blindness, Consciousness and Cognition 15 (2006): 620627.         ,        ,       : 8 20,  40%.          .             ,    .         .          (    ,      ),        ,     .     ,        .     ,     ,      .                 .




24


      ESPN Big Ben in Serious Condition After Motorcycle Accident, 12/06/06, 13/06/06 (sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2480830).    : M. A. Fuoco, Multiple Injuries, Few Answers for Roethlisberger, The Pittsburgh Post Gazette, June 13, 2006 (www.post-gazette.com/pg/06164/697828-66.stm); J. Silver, Roethlisberger, Car Driver Are Both Charged, The Pittsburgh Post Gazette, June 20, 2006 (www.post-gazette.com/pg/06171/699570-66.stm); D. Hench, Steelers QB Hurt in Crash, Portland Press Herald, June 13, 2006.




25


H. H. Hurt Jr., J. V. Ouellet, and D. R. Thom, Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures, Volume 1: Technical report. Traffic Safety Center, University of Southern California, 1981.




26


Hurt et al., Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors, 46.     ,       ,      900       -,    3600 . ,    62    ,    .




27


S. B. Most, D. J. Simons, B. J. Scholl, R. Jimenez, E. Clifford, and C. F. Chabris, How Not to Be Seen: The Contribution of Similarity and Selective Ignoring to Sustained Inattentional Blindness, Psychological Science 12 (2000): 917.




28


P. L. Jacobsen, Safety in Numbers: More Walkers and Bicyclists, Safer Walking and Bicycling, Injury Prevention 9 (2003): 205209.         , .: D. L. Robinson, Safety in Numbers in Australia: More Walkers and Bicyclists, Safer Walking and Bicycling, Health Promotion Journal of Australia 16, no. 1 (2005): 4751.  .: T. Vanderbilt, Traffic (New York: Knopf, 2008).




29


S. B. Most and R. S. Astur, Feature-Based Attentional Set as a Cause of Traffic Accidents, Visual Cognition 15 (2007): 125132.




30


Fuoco, Multiple Injuries, Few Answers for Roethlisberger.




31


E. Fischer, R. F. Haines, and T. A. Price, Cognitive Issues in Head- Up Displays, NASA Technical Paper 1711, 1980.  .: R. F. Haines, A Breakdown in Simultaneous Information Processing, in Presbyopia Research, ed. G. Obrecht and L. W. Stark (New York: Plenum Press, 1991).




32


            : Runway Safety Report: Trends and Initiatives at Towered Airports in the United States, FY 2004 through FY 2007, Federal Aviation Administration, June 2008.     ,      ,     ,        .   ,  ,       , .        :  Whats He Doing? Hes Going to Kill Us All! Time, April 11, 1977 (www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918815,00.html); en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife_disaster (  19  2009).




33


Fischer et al., Cognitive Issues in Head-Up Displays, 15.




34


I. Larish and C. D. Wickens, Divided Attention with Superimposed and Separated Imagery: Implications for Head-up Displays, Aviation Research Laboratory Technical Report ARL-91-04/NASA-HUD-91-1, 1991.




35


5         : D. A. Redelmeier, R. J. Tibshirani, Association Between Cellular-Telephone Calls and Motor Vehicle Collisions, New En gland Journal of Medicine 336 (1997): 453458; D. L. Strayer, F. A. Drews, and D. J. Crouch, Comparing the Cell-Phone Driver and the Drunk Driver, Human Factors 48 (2006): 381391. ,      : S. L. Clifasefi, M. K. T. Takarangi, and J. S. Bergman, Blind Drunk: The Effects of Alcohol on Inattentional Blindness, Applied Cognitive Psychology 20 (2005): 697704.               .               .




36


E. Goodman, We Love, Hate Our Cell Phones, The Boston Globe, July 6, 2001.    :            ,    ,          ,    . M. S. Wogalter and C. B. Mayhorn, Perceptions of Driver Distraction by Cellular Phone Users and Nonusers, Human Factors 47 (2005): 455467.      -,    1  2001.,    -            1225-.    :     ,  ,    1225-c     ,                               hands-free.       2002 .   ,  , ,     ,       ,       . ,       .     Nokia          :        .    :         ,      .    AT&T             .  77% ,  ,     ,      SurveyUSA,     1  8  2009 .




37


W. J. Horrey and C. D. Wickens, Examining the Impact of Cell Phone Conversations on Driving Using Meta-Analytic Techniques, Human Factors 48 (2006): 196205.




38


              .     ,      .     ,      ,     ,       .




39


B. J. Scholl, N. S. Noles, V. Pasheva, and R. Sussman, Talking on a Cellular Telephone Dramatically Increases sustained inattentional blindness  [Abstract], Journal of Vision 3 (2003): 156 (journalofvision.org/3/9/156/).     ,         ,   . , ,        ,       ,  ,    : I. E. Hyman Jr., S. M. Boss, B. M. Wise, K. E. McKenzie, and J. M. Caggiano, Did You See the Unicycling Clown? Inattentional Blindness While Walking and Talking on a Cell Phone, Applied Cognitive Psychology.




40


      : F. A. Drews, M. Pasupathi, and D. L. Strayer, Passenger and Cell Phone Conversations in Simulated Driving, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 14 (2008): 392400.




41


       1950- 1960- ,     ,    ,         .            .           Inattentional Blindness  1998 .        : E. C. Cherry, Some Experiments upon the Recognition of Speech, with One and with Two Ears, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 25 (1953): 975979; A. Treisman, Monitoring and Storage of Irrelevant Messages in Selective Attention, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 3 (1964): 449459.




42


G. Weingarten, Pearls Before Breakfast, The Washington Post, April 8, 2007, p. W10 (www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/04/AR2007040401721.html).  .: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Bell.  .: www.joshuabell.com/biography (  16.01.2009).




43


       .     Predictably Irrational (New York: HarperCollins, 2009)     ,           :   ,   ,       .  ,       ,  ,        . (p. 272).


