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Dan Jones

POWERS AND THRONES

A New History Of The Middle Ages



     2021  Head of Zeus Ltd



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 Dan Jones, 2021

 Jamie Whyte, maps

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              .     .     ,        ,       .         .    ,         .     ,  , -        ,          ,   [6 -              Journal of Medieval Worlds.     .: Frankopan, Peter, Why we need to think about the global Middle Ages, Journal of Medieval Worlds I (2019), p.510.]. ,    .

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        ,     .         ,   ,            ( 1  )    ,         .   ,                     [7 -  40,        . Johns, Catherine, The Hoxne Late Roman Treasure: Gold Jewellery and Silver Plate (London: 2010), p. 201.].           .   ,       (    -)        (),      600  ,    ,      .           [8 - De la Bdoy?re. Guy, Roman Britain: A New History (revd. edn.) (London: 2013), p.226227. Mattingly, David. An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire (London: 2006), p.294295.    ,             Woolf, Greg. Rome: An Empires Story (Oxford: 2012), p. 91.],      V.      .   ,  ,       ,  ,         .

         600 -.   15000 [9 -     ,  1/24 . . . .]     .      ,        III (. 407/409411).        :      ,   ,     ,         ,        ,    ,    (      ,    ), ,   ,      ,    ,    ,   ,   ,        ,     ,    .              : VTERE FELIX DOMINA IVLIANE (  ,  ). ,     ,     ,        :     ()         (. ???????).        ,   ,        ()     [10 - Johns. The Hoxne Late Roman Treasure, p. 168169.].

 ,             .     ,      ,                     .         ,    ,     .    :        .        -  ,    ,      :  ,    - .    ,    .         .

  ,    -- (-)   ,     (),   ,   ,  ,   ,    .    :            .  ,    ,     .  ,         .     ,   ,       ,        [11 -   : ibid., p. 9.].                ,     .      ,            .    ,         ,      ,   .  ,   ,   ,           .   ,          . ,   ,   .  ?  .        ,   -,        ,   ,   ,  ,  ,         .  409.         ,            1600[12 -         ,    .  1992 .   ,     .     .].

  V.               .         (     753.  ..),    ,    ,  ,   ,  , 509.  ..   . , I.  ..,  ,      .     ,    III...     ,   ,  ,  ,  .    43.     (. 4154).         20000        .   I.       (    ,      ,      ).         ,        .              ,    ,   ,        ,           .   ,   ,     IV.,   ,   ,    ,    ,  ,     ,   ,     [13 -        .  ..  .. . . .][14 - Hamilton, Walter (trans.), Wallace-Hadrill (intro.). Ammianus Marcellinus. The Later Roman Empire (A.D. 354378) (London, 1986), p. 4546.].

 -   ,     .        ,       ,       [15 -        Pratt, Kenneth J. Rome as Eternal, Journal of the History of Ideas 26 (1965), p. 2544.].   ,   , ,   ,              .   ,       , :        ,  ,    [16 -      .  .. . . .].      ,  ,   [17 - West, David (trans. and ed.). Virgil. The Aeneid (revd. edn.) (London: 2003), 1.279, p. 11.].    ,    ,  [18 -           .  .. . . .][19 - De Slincourt, Aubrey (trans.). Livy. The Early History of Rome (revd. edn.), (London: 2002), p. 122.].      ,        , , , ,  ,    ,    :  ,    ,        ,            [20 - Ammianus Marcellinus, p. 46.].

      ,      ,        .      ,       .    409410.     . ,        ,   ,     ,        ,      (      ,    ).   V.     .  ,     XVIII.  , ,             [21 - Gibbon, Edward. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: Abridged Edition (London: 2000), p. 9.].

        ,      .        ,   ,  ,   .         XXI.,   ,       ,     .          .         (,  ,       )    ,  ,          .      ,    ,     (Roma aeterna)   ,    ,      ,           , ,      ,  -,   , ,         .




  


  ,     . ,       .  200150.  ..,       ,      .        , -          .  ,        [22 -   ,           ,       1815. .: Oppenheimer, Clive. Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815, Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 27 (2003), p. 230259.].             ,        [23 - Ibid., p. 4449.].       :  ,   ,  ;        ,  -   .  ,          ,      ,       .   ,        ,    ,       (),    .

    16 27.  ..,       , ,   .         .     49.  ..         .  -      ,        15 44.  .. ( ).       (. 70130),       ,        .     ,  .   ,       ,     ;      ,        [24 -          .  .. . . .][25 - Graves, Robert (trans.), Rives, J. B. (rev. and intro). Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars (London, 2007), p. 15.].

    ,      .        :             ,    ,     ,     ,       ,       ( 170)[26 -    , ibid., p. 8889.].    ,     ,                  .  ,        ,    ,       ,   ,   (pontifex maximus)  .    ,   .            , ,  ,    (. 58116),  , ,     [27 - Church, Alfred John, Brodribb, Jackson, William (trans.), Lane Fox, Robin (intro.). Tacitus. Annals and Histories (New York: 2009), p. 910.]. ,     (  , Princeps civitatis[28 -  300        ,   ,   .]    )   .   ,      ,    .       :    ,    ,       .     250       .   ,   .       :     ,       ,      [29 - Graves. Suetonius. Twelve Caesars, p. 59].     ,         ,    ,       ,       .








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!     .    !   ,       !   (7019 ..)[31 - Aeneid, VI. 851854.  : West, Virgil. The Aeneid p. 138.].     ,  ,  ,        .         [32 -       ,       .     :        . . . .].

           .  III.  25         [33 -  212.         ,          . . . .].      , ,  ,    .  ,    ,      ,     , , , ,   .         ,        :   ,  ,       .     ,       II.  .., ,     ,      fustuarium supplicum,        [34 - Waterfield, Robin (trans.). Polybius. The Histories (Oxford: 2010), p. 398399.].           :   ,   ,      .

       ,       ,  ( , ,    ) .     218.  ..       ,       ,     216.  ..             .        :           146.  ..    .                    .         ,    .         ,  , .         I.,          .



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  ,    :  ,     ;      ;    ,   ,     ;  ,        ,  ; , ,       ; ,  ,  ,   [35 -         .  .. . . .][36 - Tacitus/ Annals and Histories, p. 648.].


  ,    ,     ,   ,     .  ,   ,       .           , ,      .      , ࠫ,   ,       ,  ,   ,  ,   ,        ,  ,   [37 - Ibid., p. 653654.].            ,      ,      .         ,       , , , ,    ,       ,     .          ,     :    ,    .

       ,      ,     ,      .      ,     ,          .                   .               ,         ,    [38 - Luttwak, Edward N. The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century A.D. to the Third (Baltimore/London: 1976), p. 3.].          .

             27.  ..    Pax Romana    ,           (   ) ,   .   ,          ,        .   -   180. Pax Romana    .  III.               ,          .            .    IV   V.  -   .     (limes),        .  ,     ,      ,     .

,       ,    ,       .    III.,              ,    .                      .  IV.  ..            .      .   III.        6,5 . ,   60 .       ,            ,   ,    ,       .    ,           ,         ,   ,                 .                ,    ,  .




  


    ,       ,   ,     ,          .  48.,      ,              .     ,     ,       ,  (), ,      .           ,    ,          . ,  ,      .   ,       ,       ,  .

        .      ,          ⻠   ,   ,   , , -   ,    [39 -           .    ,      , . : Tacitus/ Annals and Histories, p. 222224.].         ,             :          ,     , ,        .                .

   48.,   .        ,       ,   ,              ,       :    ,   ,  ,            ,    ;          .                     :      ,      ,   ,     ,     ?     ,  ( )  .          ,         .

                 ,          ,   .                    (),    ,       ,   .      .           .        :   ,   ,   ,      ,      ,   ,     ,     .  ,           ,  ,   .      :      ,                 .     ,               ,      ,     ,  , ,    ,         .        ,          -   ,  .

     ,          ,        .     ,             ,      .                ,      .   (    )         .  ,                   .   ,     ( ),              ,      ,  ,     [40 -        . : Woolf. Rome: An Empires Story, p. 218229;   : Garnsey, Peter, Saller, Richard. The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture. 2nd edn. (London/New York: 2014), p. 131149.].  212.    ,   ,  ,            .  ,  ,      .       [41 - Johnson, Allan Chester, Coleman-Norton, Paul R., Bourne, Frank Card (eds.). Ancient Roman Statutes: A Translation With Introduction, Commentary, Glossary, and Index (Austin: 1961), p. 226.].

     (   )      ,        ,           . ,  ,    ,              [42 -                XX.             , ,    XIIXIII. (.  9).].      ,        ,        .            :      , ,   ,   .       .    .  ,   193.        211.,   (-)       ,    .        ,  .         ,  .  ,        212.                , ,      ,         .




  


 ,         ,    ,  ,       .             ,   .     69.,    ,    ,          [43 -   :   , ,  .].     ,       .         ⻠   .      ,    ,        [44 - Bodel, John. Caveat emptor: Towards a Study of Roman Slave Traders, Journal of Roman Archaeology 18 (2005), p. 184.].      ,     ,       .              .    .

         .   ,  ,   ,     廠        .    ,         .      , ,  [45 -       .: Hunt, Peter. Slavery. in Benjamin, Craig (ed.). The Cambridge World History vol. 4: A World with States, Empires and Networks, 1200BCE-900CE (Cambridge: 2015), p. 76100.].          ,        ,   ,   .         [46 -   25:44.].     ,    .          ,               .     [47 -          ,      ,        .].

 ,    ,       ,         .   ,          2 , , ,    ,       [48 - Hornblower, Simon, Spawforth, Anthony, Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.) (Oxford: 2012), p. 1375.].      ,        (  ).         -   ,         .            , , ,   , , , , , , , , , , ,  , ,      .

  ,               ,      .  ,      79.,       ,     ( -)  :     (DOM[I]NUS ANCILLAE SUAE).          ,        ,     ,   .         ,  IV  V.     .        (, ,   )     .     ,         ,    .             [49 - Trimble, Jennifer. The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery, American Journal of Archaeology 120 (2016), p. 447448.].

,      ,  ,     .       ,       ,        ,     . ,          , ,       ,      ,      .           ,     .     ,  ,   II.,    ,     .         ,     ,    ,         .               ,         :      ,        ,   ,        ,    ,     ,  ,  ,   ,  ,      ,  [50 -     ,    .  . . . .][51 - Kenney, E.J. (trans.). Apuleius. The Golden Ass (revd. edn.) (London: 2004), p. 153.]



  ,     ,       .        II.  ..,           .     ,   ,        ,      .   ,  146.  ..,       ,      .     ,      ,         .    (  )        , ,          .                  .     .      ,    ,   ,   ,   ,   ,  ,         ,         .       ,   , ,       ,       ,    .

             , ,    . ,   ,     .     I.  ..   -,     ,      .          ;     ,  ,   ,    [52 -      .  .. . . .],  .      , ,   ,    10000,   ,      [53 - Jones, Horace Leonard (trans.). The Geography of Strabo vol. VI (Cambridge, Mass: 1929), p. 328329.].         (   ,          ).     ,  ,    ,     ,   .            .       IV.  :   ,   -    , ,    .      ,     ,     ?[54 -   : Harper, Kyle. Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD275425 (Cambridge: 2011), p. 3536]

  ,      (       73.  ..),      , -,   .          :  (. 117138)       ,  I (306337)    ,       .              .             ,         .            ,           ,        .    ,            ,     .          IV.  .    ,  ,   ,   ,    ,   ,   [55 - Harper. Slavery in the Late Roman World, p. 33.].      ,       .     ,      ,                .      ,    ,           .           ,        .







                .         ,      .  ,   , ,         .  IV.      :                 .

     ,         ,  , , , ,   (   )         .  ,        ,   ,       ,     . ,    ,    , ,            .       ,           ,            .           .     ,                  .            ,     .



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               . ,         ,    80.   50 85     ,            ,     306.          ,              .  ,            .     ,          .                       .      ,     ,     ,       ,    .

              .         :   XIVXV.         ,       .  ,          .                 ,     .

     .    ,        -      .     ,           ,             .      ,        ,        IV.    ,                  .       , , ,                          .

           .            .         , , , ,  ,  ,   [56 -           ,         .           .].  ,     ,        .     (   ,      79.)             .         :               .              : ,  ,   .

 ,       ,        .      lingua franca,       ,        .     :         V.  ..         ,  , , ,  , ,     ,         .           .

,        .           .  -               .      ,       : ,  ,  ,   .       .      :    ,    (     )        ,    .             C (condemno  )  A (absolvo  ). ,         ,   ,        .  70.  ..         (    ),                  . , I   II.,           .         ,        .

      , ,   ,               .              ,         ,        .      ,          .           ,        [57 - Richardson, John. Roman Law in the Provinces, in Johnston, David (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Roman Law (Cambridge: 2015), p. 5253.].               I.  ..     ,   ,  ,    ,  ,             [58 - Rudd, Niall (trans.). Cicero/ The Republic, and The Laws (Oxford: 1998), p. 69.].         ,    ,  ,       ,           ,          ,            .            .      ,   ,    .             .          .     ,            ,  ,       IV.   .




     


 250            .        ,        .       ,      ,        ,    .             ,       .  ,    ,     ,       ,   ,     (    ,     ),      .   ,     ,       ,        ,  ,  ,   .    I.   ,                     .  112.        ,    ( ),     .    ,     ,    ,       ,     [59 - Radice, Betty (trans.). The Letters of the Younger Pliny (London: 1969), 10.96, 293295.].

           ,     .           , ,    III.   .    III   IV.   . -,    . -,   III.    .        (. 249251),                III.  ,     (. 253260)  (. 284305)   ,    ,            .       ,             .         .         (VIII.9.12):



,    ,    -     ,  ,          ,     .     :  -         ,     ;   ,     ,     [60 - . :  .  . . ., . .. . .: -  , 2013. . . .][61 - Williamson, G.A. (trans.). Eusebius/ The History of the Church (revd. edn.) (London: 1989), p. 265.].


  III.      ,    ,    ,         .   IV.    .       ,    , ,     .   V.,        ,     .         ,         I.

,     (),   306.  ,    (),     ,            .   ( ),         ,       :    ,                 .     , ,    .       .  312.,               ,              :   (??????? ????).          -,        ,  ,   ,       .   ,       .       .               .           .           .          ,   313.     .      ,         .       ,   ,      .          ,    ,   327.,    .  330.    ,      ,  ? ( ),      .

      ,           ,      .      .            ,  361363.  V.     ,         ,        .   ,     ,    ,        ,   - (       ,    ,        )           , ,          ,   ,        [62 - MacCulloch, Diarmaid. A History of Christianity (London: 2009), p. 196.].

  -  ,  ,    ,   ,        .     ,  ,        ,  ,       ,     .                  .        IV.    .    ,         .            .    (,     )  .







  ,  ,  -      (. 161180)[63 -       .  .. . . .][64 - Hammond, Martin (trans.). Marcus Aurelius/ Meditations (London: 2014), p. 48.].            ,   ,      .       212.  ,       .    III.,   , ,  ,     .    ,    ,   , ,            .  ,      ,   370.    ,       ,    .

                 ,       .  ,    V.             , ,    .    ,         ,         :  , ,  ,  ,             .             ,      .

   V.   ,        .     .   ,     ,    , ,     ,   .     , ,      ,            ,        (   )     .         ,   ,    ,              .      .   ,           ,         .     .

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 ,  ,    , ?       ?

  .    

,    ,    ,         .    ,  ,     ,   ,      [65 - Ammianus Marcellinus, p. 410.].            ,    ,       [66 - Ridley, Ronald T. (trans.), Zosimus/ New History (Sydney: 2006), p. 79.].             ,   ,     ,      [67 - Bettenson, Henry (trans.), Saint Augustine/ City of God (London: 2003), p. 4344.].             ,    .        IV.,  ,  ,    ,   ,      ,   [68 - Ammianus Marcellinus, p. 410.].

 370- .,   ,      ,    ,         .     ,   V.          .         ,      .         :  ,     ,  .      .      , ,    ,        ,  ,    ,     ,            .           ,   ,                 ,    ,         ,        .

     ,          ,          .           ,    ,         .   .




  


    ,      (  ) 370.   .        ,     ,   ,           .    , ,   ,          .      ,      ,  ,   .  IV.        ,   .     ,    ,     :             150       100.               .                    .    ,             ,        ,      ,  ,      .       .

       ,   III.  ..          [69 -       . : Kim, Hyun Jin. The Huns (London/New York: 2016), p. 1236.         IV.         : Heather, Peter. The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (Oxford: 2006), p. 148149.].              ,  [70 - De la Vaissi?re, tienne. The Steppe World and the Rise of the Huns in Maas, Michael (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to The Age of Attila (Cambridge: 2014), p. 179180.].        ,  .  II...   ,       ,            . ,     ,       ,   ,       .         ,          ,       -.

  IV.     ,  -    .         .  313.         ,                    [71 - De la Vaissi?re, tienne. Sogdian Traders: A History (Leiden: 2005), p.4344.].     ,            ,           .   ,        .                ,       . , , ,         ,   ,        , ,    -   ,  ,     [72 - Ammianus Marcellinus, p. 411412.].

    IV.   ,      .  , ,      ,  :          .          ,        .           ,   .  ,   ,        ,        .      ,    .    ,        [73 - Ibid.].  ,          ,       370. ,    .

       ,       ,            .          ,     .  ,        ,    (Juniperus przewalskii).            20.                      .        ,       IV.[74 - Cook, Edward R. Megadroughts, ENSO, and the Invasion of Late-Roman Europe by the Huns and Avars, in Harris, William V. (ed.). The Ancient Mediterranean Environment between Science and History (Leiden: 2013), p. 89102. . : Wang Xiaofeng, Yang Bao, Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier. The Vulnerability of Qilian Juniper to Extreme Drought Events, Frontiers in Plant Science 10 (2019).].

             ,  ,  350370.     ,         .   .  ,      ,        1930- .    1870- .,        9 13 .              XIX.:    ,    ,    ,      ,   ,    ,     ,  ,         ,  -    ,  ,       [75 -  . : Reeve, Benjamin. Timothy Richard, D.D. China Missionary, Statesman and Reformer (London: 1912), p. 54.]. ,      IV.          .  ,     ,  ,       ,    .     :      .   .



 370.      ,         .          .    49.  ..  ,    350   ,                 2000    , .   ,         ,     .  370- .     .   ,      .

        ,  ,        :    ,    ,     .    ,            ,  . ,   ?      .  ,  ,         , ,   . ,   ,      ,       ,    ,    , , ,      ,     ,          ,     [76 - Zosimus, p. 79.].   ,               .     ,      .  376.               , .    , ,  90000 100000,      -  .   ,    .      ,       ,        ,    ,            .

     ,   376.   .     ,   ,            ,       (364378).  ,             I,          ,           .       ,           .             ,           .                 .      ,    .  :               ?      ,      :      ,          .             ,        .     ,           ,    .   ,       .

 376.               .    ,  ,              (     )  ,         .    ,         .              ()[77 -   ,      -    ,       ,    -. ,   ,     XIX.      ,     .].

,      ,  ,  ,     ,      ,   [78 - Ammianus Marcellinus, p. 416.]. ,     .           1500020000     , ,   [79 - Ibid., p. 417.].    ,        .  ,  ,         . ,             I.   ,   :        ,      [80 -    : Halsall Guy. Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West 376568 (Cambridge: 2007), p. 172175.].




 


          .  367369.      .    ,                 .  ,             .            ,            [81 - Ammianus Marcellinus, p. 418.].

  ,    ,     ,     -,          .     .      -,            ,  .  ,       376377.,         .      ,   .      ,         . ,    ,       ,  .    -     ,      ,      .      .

 377.       .           ,              [82 - Ibid., p. 423.].         (AdSalices,   )      ,   ,       蠫                  ,     ,      ,       ,   [83 - Ibid., p. 424425.].

 378.   .       .        .              ,          .          ()     .            .          ,   ,   ,   .

        .             .          ,    .      , ,   ,             .              .  ,            .            .        ,     ,    (  )         .   ,     10000.    .

  9     [84 - Ibid., p. 433.].        .  13             ,   ,  ,     :      ,    .        ,   . [  ],   ,   ,      [85 - Ibid., p. 434.].

    .  ,    .       ,       .   ,                  ,    .  .        ,   , ,  ,   ,   .        ,    .   ,  ,     ,       ,  [86 - Ibid., p. 435.].       .

 , ,       , .       ,       30000[87 -         : Heather. The Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 181.].    ,   ,     ,          ,      [88 - Ammianus Marcellinus, p. 435.].  ,         .            .  ,    .     , ,     ,    ,   .   ,       ,   ,      [89 - Ibid., p. 435436.].

     .     :  ,          ,  ,      ,    .  ,      ,  ,            . ,    ,     ,        [90 - Ibid., p. 437.].   ,    .      10000 20000,     .          .




 


  376378.            ,       .       ,     IV.      .   I       ,  392.,        ,     (),       III.      ,          ,    ,           .                   .   ,    ,      (     )    .      , ,  ,  ,            ,     ,        .

       [91 -      .  .        ,         ,     . .: McCauley, Leo. P. et al. Funeral Orations by Saint Gregory and Saint Ambrose (The Fathers of the Church, Volume 22) (Washington: 2010), p. 307.] 395.  ,        .          .      .        ,    ,      .            .          .       ,      (       ),      ,          .       ,           ,        ,    .

       , [  ]          ,   ,    [92 - Platnauer, Maurice (trans.). Claudian/ Volume II (Book 1) (New York, 1922), p. 367.].     (             ),       ,     ,   ,          ,          .

     395.,   370- .        .   ,     ,   .  ,         ,  390- .     .

      , ,   -    380-   420- .     [93 - ., , ,  Heather. The Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 203205Kim. The Huns, p. 7677.].  ,      ,      1700       (  , ).    ,   ,   ,     [94 -  390- .     ,      .      ,  390- .  ,   ,           .  -      :      ,         IV.].

 370- .,      ,   . ,     ,         : , ,      (),   ,                 .     (  )         IV.,             .          :           -.                 .     ,            .  405410.        .

     ,     405.          ,   100000 (   20000),    .  ,           ,        .    ,         [95 - Zosimus, p. 113.].     .         ,   ,    .           ,       ,   ,     .   ,       ,   406.       ,    .         ,        .

      .     ,  .      ,    ,       . 23       . , ,          ,         [96 - Ibid.].       . ,       ,          .             ,      .  ,        ,      ,     .



        ,     .31 406.    ,         [97 -          405.,         . .: Kulikowski, Michael. Barbarians in Gaul, Usurpers in Britain, Britannia 31 (2000), p. 325345.].    ,          ,           ,  .        ,     ,     .     ,  , , , , , , ,  . ,    ,   ,   .    ,          ,     ?[98 - Fremantle, W.H. (trans.). Saint Jerome/ Select Letters and Works (New York: 1893), p. 537.]        :   ,    [99 -    . : Halsall. Barbarian Migrations, p. 215.].      30000 100000 (  ) .         .

      . ,   ,          .    ,     ,     .  406.   ,  ,   ,   .       ,      .   407.     -.  III     ,             .          ,      .         -     ,             ,      . ,     ,   .

   .  408.       :     ( ),     ,     - (    )  ,     ,    .       ,           , ,   ,  .        .



                .                .   .            .       , ,    ,           .   395.           ,       ,     .       . , 401402403.,       .        ,        (),    . ,   ,   ,  ,     [100 - Claudian/ Volume II (Book 2), p. 173.].     .

    ,       .  406.      ,          .  408.,     ,     -,       . -    ,         (       ,   )  ,     ,         .  ,  , ,                ,     .    ,       ,     ,  [101 -   : Non est ista pax sed pactio servitutis (Zosimus, p. 114).].

     .  408.,      ,       ,       .    ,        ,               ,     .     ,        .   408.         .       .          . 22           .   ,            ,       [102 - Zosimus, p. 117.]. ,     ,       .      .

            ,        .       :              .   -,    ,    .                .    ,         ,    ,  .

     ,    ,       ,   . ,        ,     .         5000    30000 ,   ,      ,   .    ,    (   24) ,      :          .   -      .        ,     .     .

,   ,    ,       .        ,       : ,      ,     .         ,      ,  .          ,     .           ,         [103 - Zosimus, p. 125.].      .             ,     .

 409.           .      ,  ,   ,     ,     .   ,          ,          ,    .   -      ,          .   .   410.           .     ,    ,     .    , 24 410.,  . -              .

  .



     ,       .           .   ,             .       387.  ..       ,           .       , , [104 - Livy/ The Early History of Rome, p. 419.].                  ,  387.  ..  ,  ,   ,          [105 - Kneale, Matthew. A History of Rome in Seven Sackings (London: 2017), p.24.].        ,           .          .

    410.,           ,          .     ,       .     ,     , ,          ,     ,    .            ,     .   ,        ,          .     ,       2000,    ,     .

    .                   ,    :   ,     79- ,     : !     ,            ,      .    ,          [106 - Saint Jerome/ Select Letters and Works, p. 577;  : :  79.].              ,         ,              ,         .

,          .           :       ,  ,  ,   ,   .    (,  ),      .             ,             ,  - .  ,     -  III.  418.       ,       .

    ,   ,  ,       .             11 ,           .        ,  ,      .




 


,        ,        .       ,    ,    .            ,  ,  ,   .

  406411.        .          : ,   III.    .   V.      ,  , -,   . ,      ,      : 407.     ,                 .         .

  () ,  ,  410.  ,   ,       , ,          .   ,      ,     .             ,       . ʠ440- .         ,   ,            .   .     .    .       ,    .  ,          [107 - .  1.]         .         ,    ,   ,      ,   .

            ,              ,    .        ,    ,    (    )  . 367368.    ,      :                    ,            .     .

  V.         ,     .       ,  ,         1066.,     ,    .           ,   .        V.  ,       ,    ,           ,      ,     ,   .

-  450.,     III,                 .         .                .   ,      .     ,     ,  .            [108 - Winterbottom, Michael (trans.). Gildas/ The Ruin of Britain and other works (Chichester: 1978), p. 2324.].        .       .

        VI.     .     ,     ,            ,           , , ,   V.  ,         ,              ,  ,              [109 -         .  .. . . .][110 - Gildas, p. 28.].

         ,      . ,            ,     ,           -  -.  ,      ,         ,     .  ,        ,  -,     .       ,  ,        ,   ,  .     ,   [111 - Ibid.].



,     ,      .  ,  ,  ,    ,     ,      .     , [ ]   .   ,         ,      ,   ,       ,    [112 - Ibid.].   ,  ,   ,   . , ,   ,          .    :   ,  ;  ,  [113 - Gildas, p. 29.].            ,           .         - ,    ,       ,     -, ,     .         .       ,   ,            [114 -            :     ,  ,      , , ,    .].   ,        , ,       ,         .



      ,         .        .     ,          406408.      .              ,     .        ,     ,          428.    ,       .         .

       50000,    10000  .           ,      .            .         ,       ,      .

  429.              .  ,    ,   ,    ,                ,    III,      .    ,     .      ,            ,       .

    ,      ,        .    ,    ,   .       ; ,   [115 -         .  .. . . .],  [116 - Dewing, H.B. (trans.). Procopius/ History of the Wars, vol. 2 (Cambridge, Mass.: 1916), p. 3033.].   430.       (-,   )   .

           .     ,      ,            [117 -      .        , ,      ,     .    .    :      ,     .      ,  ,   , ,   .        325 .,     .].    ,   ,  ,    ,     ,    ,    [118 - Weiskotten, Herbert T. (trans.). The Life of Augustine: A Translation of the Sancti Augustini Vita by Possidius, Bishop of Calama (Merchantville, NJ., 2008), p. 4456.].      :    430.,        .   431.  ,       ,        ,  [119 -        : Merrills, A. H. (ed.). Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa (Abingdon: 2016), esp. p. 4958.].

      .  439.   ,      .     .         .  19,        ,      .        .     .   .     ,        264 146.  ..,    .

      .        ,    .        -  ,      .              .              ,  ,  .             ,     .          , ,   .  455.       ,  ,       .         .   , ,          ,  ,     ,   [120 - Procopius/ History of the Wars. Vol. 2, p. 4649.]. ,                 .       ,             , .

     .    ,    .   ,     477.          .      460468.    ,       .    .          .

,  ,       ,       .         ,  ,     .           ,    ,            .        ,        .       ,   [121 -           : Voprada, David. Quodvultdeus Sermons on the Creed: aReassessment of his Polemics against the Jews, Pagans, and Arians, Vox Patrum 37 (2017), p. 355367.].

      ? ,               .           .      ,   146.  ..,      :    ,       ,            50000.     ,     ,                   ,  180...            .       ,   ,     ,         .

        ,     ,              ,    ,        .        ,   ,       :            .        , ,       (   ),       [122 - .: Cameron, Averil, et al (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History XIV: Late Antiquity, Empire and Successors, A.D. 425600 (Cambridge: 2000), p. 554.].   ,        .             .   ,  -     ,  ,       .  ,        , ,     .     :



           ,    ,         , ,          .        ,    ,    ,    ,      ,   .       ;  ,     ,     .  , ,           ,     .      ,    ,             [123 - Procopius/ History of the Wars Vol. 2, p. 256257.].


   [124 - .  3.],       .              ,   ,    ,   ,   .




   


          ,              .   V.   ,                 ,    ,        . -  ,      ,      430- .,   ,     .              .

       ,    ,      ,      ,  .     ,             [125 -       . . : .      = Getica/ . ., . ., . .. . .: , 1997. . . .].      , ,   ,   .      , ,     ,  .   ,       ,    [126 - Mierow, Charles C. Jordanes/ The Origin and deeds of the Goths. (Princeton University doctoral thesis, 1908), p. 57.].    III          ,    []     , ,   ,        [127 - Kelly, Christopher. Attila the Hun: Barbarian Terror and the Fall of the Roman Empire (London: 2008), p. 189.].

     V.      ,  435.    .              ,    ,    ,         .     ,       .     ,             ,        .             ,     ,     [128 - Kelly, Christopher. Neither Conquest nor Settlement: Attilas Empire and its Impact, in Maas, Michael (ed.). The Age of Attila (Cambridge: 2015), p. 195.]. ,    ,     .          ,     .     ,      ,    ,    , , ,   ,    ,  ,   ,     .   V.      .

                 .           ,     ,         ,        ,        .                   .                  ,        .             ,   ,  ,         ,          .

  V. ,    ,       .  440- .           .        (),  ()  ()   :      ,         .   ,   ,        100000 200000[129 - Lenski, Noel. Captivity among the Barbarians and its Impact on the Fate of the Roman Empire, in Maas, Michael (ed.). The Age of Attila (Cambridge: 2015), p. 234.].           .            9000             ,            [130 - Ibid., p. 237.].         [131 - Cameron, Averil, et al (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History XIV: Late Antiquity, Empire and Successors, A.D. 425600 (Cambridge: 2000), p. 15.].

   ,         .  450.        III ,         ,              [132 -  ,       ,  ,      II   .].  ,           ,       ,         . ,   , , .   ,   451.        ,     ,   .         .     ,               .  ,       [133 - Brehaut, Earnest (trans.). Gregory bishop of Tours/ History of the Franks (New York: 1916), p. 3334.].

     .                           20 451.    .               ,   [134 - Sarti, Laury. Perceiving War and the Military in Early Christian Gaul (ca. 400700A.D.) (Leiden: 2013), p. 187.].                  ,     ,   ,   .     ,   ,     , ,   ,    ,    .         .  452.    ,      .

         .  , ,          . ,        ,     ,         (        ,           ). ,       , ,     ,    ,   I .       ,     .       , ,    ,       ,     .    !     ,   ,                 ,     [135 - Robinson, James Harvey. Readings in European History. Vol 1. (Boston: 1904), p. 51.]




  .


   .

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


          (   , medi?val) 1817 .   ,    , . .




2


., : Olstein, Diego, Proto-globalization and Proto-glocalizations in the Middle Millennium, in Kedar, Benjamin Z. and Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. The Cambridge World History V: State Formations (Cambridge: 2015).




3


Wickham, Chris, The inheritance of Rome: A history of Europe from 400 to 1000 (London: 2010).




4


     ,   ,          .         1260 . ,  ,  (. )        1264 .,      . . . .




5


    Powers and Thrones     ,       power. . . .




6


             Journal of Medieval Worlds.     .: Frankopan, Peter, Why we need to think about the global Middle Ages, Journal of Medieval Worlds I (2019), p.510.




7


 40,        . Johns, Catherine, The Hoxne Late Roman Treasure: Gold Jewellery and Silver Plate (London: 2010), p. 201.




8


De la Bdoy?re. Guy, Roman Britain: A New History (revd. edn.) (London: 2013), p.226227. Mattingly, David. An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire (London: 2006), p.294295.    ,             Woolf, Greg. Rome: An Empires Story (Oxford: 2012), p. 91.




9


    ,  1/24 . . . .




10


Johns. The Hoxne Late Roman Treasure, p. 168169.




11


  : ibid., p. 9.




12


        ,    .  1992 .   ,     .     .




13


       .  ..  .. . . .




14


Hamilton, Walter (trans.), Wallace-Hadrill (intro.). Ammianus Marcellinus. The Later Roman Empire (A.D. 354378) (London, 1986), p. 4546.




15


       Pratt, Kenneth J. Rome as Eternal, Journal of the History of Ideas 26 (1965), p. 2544.




16


     .  .. . . .




17


West, David (trans. and ed.). Virgil. The Aeneid (revd. edn.) (London: 2003), 1.279, p. 11.




18


          .  .. . . .




19


De Slincourt, Aubrey (trans.). Livy. The Early History of Rome (revd. edn.), (London: 2002), p. 122.




20


Ammianus Marcellinus, p. 46.




21


Gibbon, Edward. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: Abridged Edition (London: 2000), p. 9.




22


  ,           ,       1815. .: Oppenheimer, Clive. Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815, Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 27 (2003), p. 230259.




23


Ibid., p. 4449.




24


         .  .. . . .




25


Graves, Robert (trans.), Rives, J. B. (rev. and intro). Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars (London, 2007), p. 15.




26


   , ibid., p. 8889.




27


Church, Alfred John, Brodribb, Jackson, William (trans.), Lane Fox, Robin (intro.). Tacitus. Annals and Histories (New York: 2009), p. 910.




28


 300        ,   ,   .




29


Graves. Suetonius. Twelve Caesars, p. 59




30


 :     ,         .                 3,1%. ,   ,        , 3,1%     15%   .  ,       34   ,    .           ,       ,        ,     I.      .




31


Aeneid, VI. 851854.  : West, Virgil. The Aeneid p. 138.




32


      ,       .     :        . . . .




33


 212.         ,          . . . .




34


Waterfield, Robin (trans.). Polybius. The Histories (Oxford: 2010), p. 398399.




35


        .  .. . . .




36


Tacitus/ Annals and Histories, p. 648.




37


Ibid., p. 653654.




38


Luttwak, Edward N. The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century A.D. to the Third (Baltimore/London: 1976), p. 3.




39


          .    ,      , . : Tacitus/ Annals and Histories, p. 222224.




40


       . : Woolf. Rome: An Empires Story, p. 218229;   : Garnsey, Peter, Saller, Richard. The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture. 2nd edn. (London/New York: 2014), p. 131149.




41


Johnson, Allan Chester, Coleman-Norton, Paul R., Bourne, Frank Card (eds.). Ancient Roman Statutes: A Translation With Introduction, Commentary, Glossary, and Index (Austin: 1961), p. 226.




42


               XX.             , ,    XIIXIII. (.  9).




43


  :   , ,  .




44


Bodel, John. Caveat emptor: Towards a Study of Roman Slave Traders, Journal of Roman Archaeology 18 (2005), p. 184.




45


      .: Hunt, Peter. Slavery. in Benjamin, Craig (ed.). The Cambridge World History vol. 4: A World with States, Empires and Networks, 1200BCE-900CE (Cambridge: 2015), p. 76100.




46


  25:44.




47


         ,      ,        .




48


Hornblower, Simon, Spawforth, Anthony, Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.) (Oxford: 2012), p. 1375.




49


Trimble, Jennifer. The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery, American Journal of Archaeology 120 (2016), p. 447448.




50


    ,    .  . . . .




51


Kenney, E.J. (trans.). Apuleius. The Golden Ass (revd. edn.) (London: 2004), p. 153.




52


     .  .. . . .




53


Jones, Horace Leonard (trans.). The Geography of Strabo vol. VI (Cambridge, Mass: 1929), p. 328329.




54


  : Harper, Kyle. Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD275425 (Cambridge: 2011), p. 3536




55


Harper. Slavery in the Late Roman World, p. 33.




56


          ,         .           .




57


Richardson, John. Roman Law in the Provinces, in Johnston, David (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Roman Law (Cambridge: 2015), p. 5253.




58


Rudd, Niall (trans.). Cicero/ The Republic, and The Laws (Oxford: 1998), p. 69.




59


Radice, Betty (trans.). The Letters of the Younger Pliny (London: 1969), 10.96, 293295.




60


. :  .  . . ., . .. . .: -  , 2013. . . .




61


Williamson, G.A. (trans.). Eusebius/ The History of the Church (revd. edn.) (London: 1989), p. 265.




62


MacCulloch, Diarmaid. A History of Christianity (London: 2009), p. 196.




63


      .  .. . . .




64


Hammond, Martin (trans.). Marcus Aurelius/ Meditations (London: 2014), p. 48.




65


Ammianus Marcellinus, p. 410.




66


Ridley, Ronald T. (trans.), Zosimus/ New History (Sydney: 2006), p. 79.




67


Bettenson, Henry (trans.), Saint Augustine/ City of God (London: 2003), p. 4344.




68


Ammianus Marcellinus, p. 410.




69


      . : Kim, Hyun Jin. The Huns (London/New York: 2016), p. 1236.         IV.         : Heather, Peter. The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (Oxford: 2006), p. 148149.




70


De la Vaissi?re, tienne. The Steppe World and the Rise of the Huns in Maas, Michael (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to The Age of Attila (Cambridge: 2014), p. 179180.




71


De la Vaissi?re, tienne. Sogdian Traders: A History (Leiden: 2005), p.4344.




72


Ammianus Marcellinus, p. 411412.




73


Ibid.




74


Cook, Edward R. Megadroughts, ENSO, and the Invasion of Late-Roman Europe by the Huns and Avars, in Harris, William V. (ed.). The Ancient Mediterranean Environment between Science and History (Leiden: 2013), p. 89102. . : Wang Xiaofeng, Yang Bao, Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier. The Vulnerability of Qilian Juniper to Extreme Drought Events, Frontiers in Plant Science 10 (2019).




75


 . : Reeve, Benjamin. Timothy Richard, D.D. China Missionary, Statesman and Reformer (London: 1912), p. 54.




76


Zosimus, p. 79.




77


  ,      -    ,       ,    -. ,   ,     XIX.      ,     .




78


Ammianus Marcellinus, p. 416.




79


Ibid., p. 417.




80


   : Halsall Guy. Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West 376568 (Cambridge: 2007), p. 172175.




81


Ammianus Marcellinus, p. 418.




82


Ibid., p. 423.




83


Ibid., p. 424425.




84


Ibid., p. 433.




85


Ibid., p. 434.




86


Ibid., p. 435.




87


        : Heather. The Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 181.




88


Ammianus Marcellinus, p. 435.




89


Ibid., p. 435436.




90


Ibid., p. 437.




91


     .  .        ,         ,     . .: McCauley, Leo. P. et al. Funeral Orations by Saint Gregory and Saint Ambrose (The Fathers of the Church, Volume 22) (Washington: 2010), p. 307.




92


Platnauer, Maurice (trans.). Claudian/ Volume II (Book 1) (New York, 1922), p. 367.




93


., , ,  Heather. The Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 203205Kim. The Huns, p. 7677.




94


 390- .     ,      .      ,  390- .  ,   ,           .  -      :      ,         IV.




95


Zosimus, p. 113.




96


Ibid.




97


         405.,         . .: Kulikowski, Michael. Barbarians in Gaul, Usurpers in Britain, Britannia 31 (2000), p. 325345.




98


Fremantle, W.H. (trans.). Saint Jerome/ Select Letters and Works (New York: 1893), p. 537.




99


   . : Halsall. Barbarian Migrations, p. 215.




100


Claudian/ Volume II (Book 2), p. 173.




101


  : Non est ista pax sed pactio servitutis (Zosimus, p. 114).




102


Zosimus, p. 117.




103


Zosimus, p. 125.




104


Livy/ The Early History of Rome, p. 419.




105


Kneale, Matthew. A History of Rome in Seven Sackings (London: 2017), p.24.




106


Saint Jerome/ Select Letters and Works, p. 577;  : :  79.




107


.  1.




108


Winterbottom, Michael (trans.). Gildas/ The Ruin of Britain and other works (Chichester: 1978), p. 2324.




109


        .  .. . . .




110


Gildas, p. 28.




111


Ibid.




112


Ibid.




113


Gildas, p. 29.




114


           :     ,  ,      , , ,    .




115


        .  .. . . .




116


Dewing, H.B. (trans.). Procopius/ History of the Wars, vol. 2 (Cambridge, Mass.: 1916), p. 3033.




117


     .        , ,      ,     .    .    :      ,     .      ,  ,   , ,   .        325 .,     .




118


Weiskotten, Herbert T. (trans.). The Life of Augustine: A Translation of the Sancti Augustini Vita by Possidius, Bishop of Calama (Merchantville, NJ., 2008), p. 4456.




119


       : Merrills, A. H. (ed.). Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa (Abingdon: 2016), esp. p. 4958.




120


Procopius/ History of the Wars. Vol. 2, p. 4649.




121


          : Voprada, David. Quodvultdeus Sermons on the Creed: aReassessment of his Polemics against the Jews, Pagans, and Arians, Vox Patrum 37 (2017), p. 355367.




122


.: Cameron, Averil, et al (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History XIV: Late Antiquity, Empire and Successors, A.D. 425600 (Cambridge: 2000), p. 554.




123


Procopius/ History of the Wars Vol. 2, p. 256257.




124


.  3.




125


      . . : .      = Getica/ . ., . ., . .. . .: , 1997. . . .




126


Mierow, Charles C. Jordanes/ The Origin and deeds of the Goths. (Princeton University doctoral thesis, 1908), p. 57.




127


Kelly, Christopher. Attila the Hun: Barbarian Terror and the Fall of the Roman Empire (London: 2008), p. 189.




128


Kelly, Christopher. Neither Conquest nor Settlement: Attilas Empire and its Impact, in Maas, Michael (ed.). The Age of Attila (Cambridge: 2015), p. 195.




129


Lenski, Noel. Captivity among the Barbarians and its Impact on the Fate of the Roman Empire, in Maas, Michael (ed.). The Age of Attila (Cambridge: 2015), p. 234.




130


Ibid., p. 237.




131


Cameron, Averil, et al (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History XIV: Late Antiquity, Empire and Successors, A.D. 425600 (Cambridge: 2000), p. 15.




132


 ,       ,  ,      II   .




133


Brehaut, Earnest (trans.). Gregory bishop of Tours/ History of the Franks (New York: 1916), p. 3334.




134


Sarti, Laury. Perceiving War and the Military in Early Christian Gaul (ca. 400700A.D.) (Leiden: 2013), p. 187.




135


Robinson, James Harvey. Readings in European History. Vol 1. (Boston: 1904), p. 51.


