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XIV


 siecle. Paris, 2001; Ellenblum R. Crusader Castles and Modern Histories. Cambridge, 2007; Hillenbrand C. The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Edinburgh, 1999; Housley N. Contesting the Crusades. Oxford, 2006; Housley N. Fighting for the Cross. New Haven, London, 2008; Jotischky A. Crusading and the Crusader States. Harlow, 2004; Mayer H.E. The Crusades. Trans. J. Gillingham, 2nd edn. Oxford, 1988; Madden T.F. The New Concise History of the Crusades. Lanham, 2006; Jaspert N. The Crusades. New York and London, 2006; Richard J. The Crusades, c. 10711291. Trans. J. Birrell. Cambridge, 1999; The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades. Ed. Riley-Smith J.S.C. Oxford, 1995; Riley-Smith J.S.C. The Crusades: A History. 2nd edn. London, New York, 2005; Tyerman C.J. Gods War: A New History of the Crusades. London, 2006.].

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           ,           ,      :        - .        ,    .            ,        ,     ,               .      ,     [6 - Glaber R. Opera. Ed. J. France, N. Bulst, P. Reynolds. Oxford, 1989. P. 192.        .: Fletcher R. The Conversion of Europe. New York, 1998; Brown P. The Rise of Western Christendom. Oxford, 1996; Herrin J., Hamilton B. The Christian World of the Middle Ages. Stroud, 2003.   .: James E. The Franks. Oxford, 1988.        .: Riley-Smith J.S.C. The First Crusaders, 10951131. Cambridge, 1997. P. 6465.       .: McKitterick R. The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians 751987. London, 1983; McKitterick R. The Early Middle Ages: Europe 4001000. 2001; Wickham C. Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400800. Oxford, 2005.].




 


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          ,   -      .       , ,       ,  XI   .                    ,   .          ,  ,      .  ,  , ,         , , ,  , ,    ,   ,     ,     .   XI ,              .      ,         .      ,         ,   ,    :   ,        .

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   ,   ,  , ,        ,             ,             .        ,     -- (- ),     .      .         ,            .             ,       ,     [9 - Glaber R. Opera. P. 60; Bull M.G. Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade: The Limousin and Gascony, c. 970 1130. Oxford, 1993. P. 158.   ,    .: Bull M.G. Origins / The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades / Ed. J.S.C. Riley-Smith. Oxford, 1995. P. 1333; Hamilton B. Religion in the Medieval West. London, 1986; Lawrence C.H. Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages, 3rd edn. London, 2001; Sumption J. Pilgrimage: An Image of Mediaeval Religion. London, 1975; Ward B. Miracles and the Medieval Mind, 2nd edn. London, 1987; Webb D. Medieval European Pilgrimage, c. 7001500. London, 2002; Morris C. The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West: From the Beginning to 1600. Oxford, 2005.].




     


  ,          ,         .      XI      .          [10 -      XI       ,    12  (1  = 10),        .               ,      .        ,    .       ,       ,      ,  ,  ,   .   ,         ,      ,    .         .].    - ,     ,   ,    ,        .    ,       .    ,     ,   ,          ,          .

  XI    ,   ,     ,     ,      ,    .          ,         ,      .              , , ,    .                   [11 -  ,   ,      ,      .         .  ,  -     ,            ,           .       .    .: France J. Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades. London, 1999.].

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     :                  ;          ,  ,     ,             .         .               ,       ,  ,      .             ,        ,   [15 -      𻠖      .       - (),         ,     , ,     .         :                    .       .     .: Kennedy H. The Armies of the Caliph. London, 2001; Hillenbrand C. The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. P. 431587.]. , ,              .

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,     ,     , .          ,  .        ,              .  XI                  ⻠ ,       . ,      ,       ,   ,            .     ,            ,        [16 -      .: Sivan E. LIslam et la Croisade. Paris, 1968; Hillenbrand C. The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. P. 89103; Kedar B.Z. Croisade et jihad vus par lennemi: une tude des perceptions mutuelles des motivations / Autour de la Premi?re Croisade. Ed. M. Balard. Paris, 1996. P. 345358; The Jihad and its Times. Eds. H. Dajani-Shakeel, R.A. Mossier. Ann Arbor, 1991; Firestone R. Jihad. The Origins of Holy War in Islam. Oxford, 2000; Cook D. Understanding Jihad. Berkeley, 2005.   ,           .       ,      ,   ,       .].




      


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    ,         .  -,   ,       1092 ,         ,   .  ,         .        ,             .   ,   XII -,   , :            .   ,  ,       .       . , ,   , -   ,       [17 - Al-Azimi. La chronique abrge dal-Azimi / Ed. C. Cahen Journal Asiatique. Vol. 230. 1938. P. 369; Drory J. Some observations during a visit to Palestine by Ibn al-Arabi of Seville in 10921095 / Crusades. Vol. 3. 2004. P. 101124; Hillenbrand C. The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. P. 4850.].

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 ,      ,      .       ,   ,   .       ,   ,      ,          .   ,        ,   ,               [18 -      ,      .    ,    ,  ,        ,     ,       .   ,            10951096 ,      .      .: Fulcher of Chartres. Historia Hierosolymitana (10951127) / Ed. H. Hagenmeyer. Heidelberg, 1913. P. 130138; Robert the Monk. Historia Iherosolimitana, RHC Occ. III. P. 727730; Guibert of Nogent. Dei gesta per Francos / Ed. R.B.C. Huygens. Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis. Vol. 127A. Turnhout, 1996. P. 111117; Baldric of Bourgueil, bishop of Dol. Historia Jerosolimitana, RHC Occ. IV P. 1216.       .: Hagenmeyer H. Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 10881100. Innsbruck, 1901. P. 136138; Papsturkunden in Florenz / Ed. W. Wiederhold. Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu G?ttingen. Phil.-hist. Kl. G?ttingen, 1901. P. 313314; Papsturkunden in Spanien. I Katalonien / Ed. P.F. Kehr. Berlin, 1926. P. 287288.      .: Riley-Smith L. and J.S.C. The Crusades: Idea and Reality, 10951274. London, 1981. P. 3753.].




     



 1095 ,  II    ,     .      ,     ,     1088 ,  ,         ,    .    ,     ,       ,   .      ,              .  1095    , ,  ,                       .

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 ,                   ,       ,      ,    .               ,     .   1095                        ,          ,   ,    .         ,       ,           .     ,        : ,  ,   ,       ,         .

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                .           ,          .    ,  ,           ,     [ ],          .   ,    ,      .         ,   ,       .     ,   ,          ,       .      ,    ,    , ,     [20 - Fulcher of Chartres. P. 132133; Robert the Monk. P. 729; Guibert of Nogent. P. 113; Baldric of Bourgueil. P. 13.].

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 ,      ,  ,   ,       .   ,     ,     .      ,  ,    ,  .        ,  ,  ,            .              ,   ,      ,        .                 ,      ,       [21 - Fulcher of Chartres. P. 134; Guibert of Nogent. P. 116; Hagenmeyer H. Kreuzzugsbriefe. P. 136; Robert the Monk. P. 727728; Hamilton B. Knowing the enemy: Western understanding of Islam at the time of the crusades / Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3rd series. Vol. 7. 1997. P. 373387.].

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             ,   .     II     ,          .

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          [27 -  ,  -  ,       :        ,                ,        .       .            (   [61]).  ,       ,   - .             (183) .        300  (274).    .].  II       ,    ,   ,     , ,      .    :       ,    ,         .  ,         ,       ,    ,    ,   ,     ,    .

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  ,      - ,  ,    .         ,             .          ,    .   ,   ,   ,         .                 ,              ,     .    , ,                 . ,       ,     , ,   ,   , ,       [28 - Guibert of Nogent. P. 87; Hill J.H. and L.L. Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse. Syracuse, 1962.].

                 .     (),    ,      XI,     .      1080       ,           .            ,     ,             .    ,       .

 ,   ,        ,       ,   .    ,     . <>    ,           .       ,     ,  . <>        ,    ,    ,  .    -    ,     (      ). <>   -,             .      ,       .    -      ,       .

,     ,    ,         .  ,      1096 ,    ,      :       ,       .        .    ,            (, ,   -).         ,     ,      .           [29 - William of Malmesbury. Gesta Regum Anglorum / Ed. and trans. R.A.B. Mynors, R.M. Thomson, M. Winterbottom. Vol. 1. Oxford, 1998. P. 693; Comnena A. Vol. 3. P. 122123; Yewdale R.B. Bohemond I, Prince of Antioch. Princeton, 1917; Nicholson R.L. Tancred: A Study of His Career and Work in Their Relation to the First Crusade and the Establishment of the Latin States in Syria and Palestine. Chicago, 1940.].

          ,   1085           .  ,  ,   ( )  .    1060 ,            [] (  ,     ). ,      ,    ,   ,  ,   ,    .      ,        ,  ,   , ,           .     ,     ,    ,              .

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               ,           .   ,  ,   .        , ,       ,       ,    ,    ,         .   ,          .  ,   ,    ,     ,     ,      ,   :     ,    ,    .        .  ,   ,       ,   .           ,      ,      .         .     ,    ,         ,  .      ,       ,             .      ,       ,             [30 - Andressohn J.C. The Ancestry and Life of Godfrey of Bouillon. Bloomington, 1947; Gindler P. Graf Balduin I von Edessa. Halle, 1901; David C.W. Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy. Cambridge, Mass., 1920; Aird W.M. Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy. Woodbridge, 2008; Brundage J.A. An errant crusader: Stephen of Blois / Traditio. Vol. 16. 1960. P. 380395; Gesta Francorum. P. 7; Brundage J.A. Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader. Madison, 1969. P. 1718, 3039, 115121; Brundage J.A. The army of the First Crusade and the crusade vow: Some reflections on a recent book / Medieval Studies. Vol. 33. 1971. P. 334343; Riley-Smith J.S.C. The First Crusaders. P. 2223, 8182, 114; Mayer H.E. The Crusades. P. 2123; Riley-Smith J.S.C. The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. P. 47; France J. Victory in the East. P. 1116; Asbridge T.S. The First Crusade. P. 6676; Housley N. Contesting the Crusades. P. 2447.].








   1096             (),        .                    .      ,     ,          ,           .




  


  I        ,   ,          .       ,     ,     , ,   .            ,    ,      .     ,     -  10961097       .     ,      ,       . ,      ,    ,    . ,   ,     [31 - Comnena A. Vol. 2. P. 206207, 233.    .: Angold M. The Byzantine Empire, 10251204: A Political History. 2nd edn. London, 1997.            .: Lilie R.-J. Byzantium and the Crusader States 10961204 / Trans. J.C. Morris and J.E. Ridings. Oxford, 1993. P. 160; Pryor J.H. The oaths of the leaders of the First Crusade to emperor Alexius I Comnenus: fealty, homage, pistis, douleia / Parergon. Vol. 2. 1984. P. 111141; Shepard J. Cross purposes: Alexius Comnenus and the First Crusade / The First Crusade: Origins and Impact. Ed. J.P. Phillips. Manchester, 1997.P. 107129; Harris J. Byzantium and the Crusades. London, 2006. P. 5371.].

           ,       ,  .  ,    ,         .   XI      ,  ,  -   ,    .            ,             .

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          .   1097            ,     .       ,  ,   ,    ,    .       .           ,   ,     .  ,  ,     ,             [32 - Albert of Aachen. P. 84; Comnena A. Vol. 2. P. 220234; Asbridge T.S. The First Crusade. P. 103113.].




 


             1097 ,           75 ,    7500     35   .          .    -       . ,         ,        .                .

        ,        ,       .  -   .          ,        .            .     6     .  - ,        ,       ,   .      (9),     (5)  ,    .      ,          ,    ,    ,    ,      .

         . ,       , -       . 16             ,       .    ,  ,    ,        .     ,      ,     ,    - .  ,       ,            .      ,            ,      ,   .           ,      .         .         ,   ,       [33 - Raymond of Aguilers. P. 4243; Gesta Francorum. P. 15; Fulcher of Chartres. P. 187; Albert of Aachen. P. 118120.].

  -,     ,      .   ,          ,   ,      ,       .      ,        ,     .       ,       .       ,            ,     - .       ,      ,           .

    .     ,          ,  ,             .      ,     .     .    ,   ,    ,         .     ,        ,         .      ,      ,   ,      .   1  1097 . ,  ,       .    ,      ,      .

         ,    .      ,   ,     ,        .            ,   , ,    [34 -       . ,               .].        - .                    20  (32)   .   18          ,   ,       .  ,       ,     .       ,      .

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            .   ,      ,     ,    .     ,      , ,     ,   ,       ,     .                .           ,         ,     [35 - Gesta Francorum. P. 15; Hagenmeyer H. Kreuzzugsbriefe. P. 138140; Comnena A. Vol. 2. P. 230, 234.].

     1097   ,      ,   .               .    ,    ,    ,  .    ,     ,    ,      .




  



            .  ,     ,   ,     ,              .        .      :       :          ?

     .    ,    ,            .    1097       .          ,       ,            .             ,          .       .        ,      .          ,      ,  ,      .      ,       .    ,       .

-         ,   .        70-    ,     .    ,       ,   .             ,     ,         .            ,       [36 - Fulcher of Chartres. P. 202203; Zajac W.G. Captured property on the First Crusade / The First Crusade: Origins and Impact. Ed. J.P. Phillips. Manchester, 1997. P. 153186.].




  


27 1097           ,        ,     .           -  ,    . -, ,   .             ,      .          .  1                  .       ,                  -  ,     ,  . -    ,       ,      ,    .      , ,  ,    .      .    :  ,  ,    .   . , ,    ,     ,   .  ,         .

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   ,    .        ,    ,         ,          .    ,    ,  - .   :  4    3    ,       .    -  . -     ,     ,     [37 - Gesta Francorum. P. 1821; Fulcher of Chartres. P. 192199; France J. Victory in the East. P. 170185; Asbridge T.S. The First Crusade. P. 133137.].




  


      . ,        1097 ,     ,  .    ,        ,   500  . -     , , , ,    .      ,       .        , , ,  ,    .    ,   .    .       ,    ,    .

 ,       ,   ,       .       ,     ,         .     ,    -      ,       ,     .    ,  -       . -      [38 - Albert of Aachen. P. 138140.   ; Gesta Francorum. P. 23.].

      .  , ,         .   .    , , ,        .   -   ,         ,        .            ,             .         ,      ,    ,                    ,        .

         ,           .           , ,          ,         ,       ,    .        ,       ,      .            ,      .    ,  ,    ,       :     ,     ,      ,       ,   .    ,        .        ,       .        ,          [39 - Asbridge T.S. The Creation of the Principality of Antioch 10981130. Woodbridge, 2000. P. 1619; France J. Victory in the East. P. 190196; Albert of Aachen. P. 170.].

         1097      .       ,     .   ,         ,         .       ,    :  .




 2.  



  1097                   .      ,    ,       ,  .             ,                ,        .

  ,          ,     ,      ,      ,   ,   .    .     ,      .         ,         ,        ,   . ,       ,     ,   [40 -       2004 . Asbridge T.S. The First Crusade. P. 153157.].




 


          .   300   .. ,     ,      ,     .       ,      ,    .         VII ..       .    969    ,  -  1085      .     I    ,   ,            .            1097 .          .

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  -    ,         .   ,    ,    ,    .  1097  ,        .      ,          .      ,     ,     .       :    ,                    -.  ,      1097       ,   ,    .

   ,       ,     .        ,             .             .  VI         ,        (5)      (18),              .     ,    ,      .   XI            ,          .    ,       ,  ,      [41 - Hagenmeyer H. Kreuzzugsbriefe. P. 150; Raymond of Aguilers. P. 4748.].

      :      .      ,        1090- ,            ,            .  ,   ,   ,     ,      .   ,        , -,    .           5  .   ,      ,  ,      .        .     ,            ,    ,   .       ,    ,     ,  .









  


  ,       .         ,        ,    ,   ,      . ,    ,       .   ,            ,   ,    .        .           -  .             .      ,     ,     ,     .    .               .               .

    1097 .         , ,  ,        ,      .   ,         ,         ,     .      1098 ,    ,             ,    .     -       ,    .     ,    ,        .      ,         .    ,   .     ,   .

   -        .  ,     ,          .   ,   ,   ,   ,    . ,     ,      ,    .     .         .             .     ,     ,   .           .

     ,     .    ,       ,  ,     ,  , , .     ,     .   ,         .           ,             .         .         :                  . ,         , ,           .  ,  ,  ,       -  ,    ,     ,      ,         [42 - Gesta Francorum. P. 42; Fulcher of Chartres. P. 221; Albert of Aachen. P. 208210, 236238; Hagenmeyer H. Kreuzzugsbriefe. P. 150; Matthew of Edessa. P. 167168.].

       1098 . ,    ,     . ,     ,          ,   .     ,    ,     ,    .           :    .  ,           , ,  , . ,   ,     .    ,      ,         .     ,     ,  .       ,      .           ,         .      ,       - .

         ,      ,            .   ,  ,       :     ,      .             -,   . 4   -       ,   .             .          .

   -                ,   -  .     ,     ,    ,     .        .                ,   ,  ,    .                  ,     .         ,  ,  ,      ,              .       ,  ,        .

         ,           .      ,         400  .               ,         .         ,   ,        [43 - Fulcher of Chartres. P. 224226; Asbridge T.S. The First Crusade. P. 169196.      .: Lilie R.-J. Byzantium and the Crusader States. P. 3337; France J. The departure of Tatikios from the army of the First Crusade / Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research. Vol. 44. 1971. P. 131147; France J. Victory in the East. P. 243.     . : Rogers R. Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century. Oxford, 1992. P. 2538.].







  1098       . -         ,        .       ,      .         :      ,    .   ,     .

    ,   .          , ,      ,         -,        1097   1098 .            ,          .        ,     .

    ,      -     ,          ,         .      1097 .                -,  ,       .       ,  .        ,        .       .   ,       ,  ,        .          ,       ,             ,     .

   1098          ,     .   , ,      .   ,              -  . 28  ,    , ,    ,        ,   .        ,    40-     .         [44 - Hagenmeyer H. Kreuzzugsbriefe. P. 151; Raymond of Aguilers. P. 58.         .: K?hler M.A. Allianzen und Vertr?ge zwischen frankischen und islamischen Herrschern in Vorderren Orient. Berlin, 1991. P. 172; Asbridge T.S. Knowing the enemy: Latin relations with Islam at the time of the First Crusade / Knighthoods of Christ. Ed. N. Housley. Aldershot, 2007. P. 1725; Albert of Aachen. P. 268.].

  ,       ,     .        ,      ,        .         - ,     .         ,           .        . ,                 .    ,     ,   .  , ,   , ,     ,      ,        ,   ,       I ,    .  ,   . ,         ,       ,      .

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   ,     ,        .       .  ,  , ,       ,     .    ,   ,        , , .  :    ,   ,   .    ,          ,       -  ,        ,    .            ,   -             .               ,     ,      .  ,       ,    .     -.     ,       [45 - Fulcher of Chartres. P. 233; Albert of Aachen. P. 282284; Gesta Francorum. P. 48.].

    ,    .       . 4,     ,      .   ,      .







     1098      .      ,      .                  ,  .       ,     .      .

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 ,        .      .          ,     ,        .    ,   ,                 .               ,      .        ,    ,             ,    , , , ,       .

   1098           .           ,    ,  ,           ,     .   ,        .         ,       .  10       .            ,      ,             .         ,     .           ,  ,    ,        ,         .   ,     .     ,            ,    ,   , ,    .      ,         ,    .  -   ,      ,          ,    .

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      ,     .     ,    .  ,  ,     :

     ,    .    ,        ,   ,   , , .           .         ,   ,    .     .

   ,        .    ,   [46 - Gesta Francorum. P. 48; Tudebode P. P. 97; Albert of Aachen. P. 298300.   .].

 ,                  . 14    ,     ,      .  ,      ,       : ,    .   ,     ,  , :     ,        . <>    , ,   ,            .          ,         . ,    ,     ,  , ,   ,  ,      .       !

  ,      ,     ,    .       ,  .               .         : ,   ,   ,         ,      .      ,     [47 - Raymond of Aguilers. P. 75; Gesta Francorum. P. 6566.].

  ,   ,      ,    ,            .         .

  , ,       .       ,  ,     ,    ,   .   XI,    ,    , ,    ,  .     ,         ,       .           - ,   ,  ,      . ,   ,          .                     [48 - Asbridge T.S. The Holy Lance of Antioch: Power, devotion and memory on the First Crusade / Reading Medieval Studies. Vol. 33. 2007. P. 336.].

 24              .       ,   .      .  ,  ,        .     ,    ,          ,          .        ,  ,     ,       ,   , :     .

   ,      . ,       ,   ,    ,       .     ,  ,     ,      [49 - Matthew of Edessa. P. 171; Ibn al-Athir. Vol. 1. P. 16; Albert of Aachen. P. 320.].

      ,  .  , ,        .    ,    ,     .      .           20 ,      .         ,   .           .      ,      ,     ,   ,      .    ,    ,         .

    ,       :             ,  ,   .      ,    .     .       ,    .

 28      .       ,  ,   ,   .  ,    .       ,        .         ,      .   ,       ,         .        ,       .




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34


      . ,               .




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46


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