  . 12061335 .
  


  = Contemporary Eastern Studies
                 .  ,     ,      ,            - . Book of Excellence2017      .

  PDF A4    .





  

  . 12061335


 ,   



Bruno De Nicola

Women In Mongol Iran

The Khatuns, 12061335



Edinburgh University Press

2017








    








 Bruno de Nicola, text, 2017

 Edinburgh University Press, 2017

 . ,   , 2022

 Academic Studies Press, 2022

   .  , 2022




 




1.  

2.  , 12601335.



1.1.   ( 1)

1.2.   ( 2)

2.1.      

2.2.   

3.1.    

3.2.        

4.1.       

4.2.      



1.     XIX  ' -.

2.  

3.  

4.   (   )

5.     

6.   

7.   

8.   







         ,      ,          2007  2011 .          ,         ,             .        .      .   ,       .

           ,                      .  ,                   ,      .

            ,     ,          .   -  -      ,         .               ,    .          ,  ,       .      ,   ,   ,   ,   ,                  .        ,         .            ,   ,    ,              .

    ,     ,        ,       .          ,   ,       .      ,          :   ,  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     ,  ,      (   );           .

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       .       ,         ,     ,   ,     .    ,        ,  . .       [Boyle 1971].  ,     ,         -:    [Thackston 1998].    ,       -,     .           ,            .  , ,         (,    ..)  ,    .   ,       ,   ,       2004  [Rachewiltz 2004],      ,      ch.        ,   , , Kerman (. ), Yazd (. )  Khurasan (. ).  ,      ,  , ,   ,     . ,  ,    , ,   ,       ( ).    .



 









 1.   






 2.   , 12601335.






     


   ,             ,    .

[Hambly 1998: 23]




  


 1206     ,        ,               - (-) .          ,           .  ,     ,      ,                  . ,      ,       .       1227             ,         (, ,      ),                    (. 1241)[1 -     . [Jackson 1978: 186244; Amitai 1999: 1238].].

        ,  ,   ,       ,  .    ,  ,         ,         ,     .        ,    ,            ,       (. . khawatuv,       , ),            -,       ,   [2 -   , khatun,  . [Encyclopaedia; Doerfer 1967:132141].].       ; ,     (, ,   ),         .   , ,                  XIII  [Frye 1998: 5568; Nicola 2016: 107120].

       .    ,          ,    ,         .   ,  ,   ,     ,    .  ,    ,  ,     ,      ,         ,    ,  ,       ,   .   ,     , ,  , ,     : ,        [Hambly 1998: 22].  ,         ,     ,    ,   ,  ,    (   ,     ).   ,    ,                ,    ,    - ,       ,             [Historiography].

,      ,   .   ,     (  ,      )      ,    ,       ,               XIII   XIV .  ,                        , , ,     .  ,            , , ,              ,   .




 


             ,    ,      ,     .        ,       . ,       ,      ,            , ,           .       ,       [3 - ., ., [Birge 2002: 212240; Zhao 2004: 3-26; 2008; Zhao, Guisso 2005:17-46; Dardess 1974: 7-52; Franke 1980: 2343].].

 ,           ,        ; ,  ,       ,      .        :          ,       .             ,   , ,    ..,           (,   ).         ,         .               ,     ,   ,     [4 - ., [Abbott 1942: 106126].].     ,         ,   ,             -   ,   -         .             .

       / ,  , -    .                ,   ,         [Chartier 1988: 47].        1970- ,   ,    ,   ,  ,     ,  ,        [Burke 2004:7488].               ,      ,           [5 -          ,   ,         ; . [Burke 2004: 100125].].    ,            [ : 125],       ,          [Morgan 2015:271282].   ,        ,    ,   ,  ,                 [Burke 2004: 128129].

               ,    .     ,   ,     ,         [6 - ., ., [Mernissi 1993; Stowasser 1994; Cortese, Calderini 2006: 3].].           ,       ,     :  ,   .  ,  ,     ,       ,       [Cortese, Calderini 2006:1].    ,           ,    ,     .  ,   ,     ,   ,     ,                 .        ,  ,     ,     .  ,           - .    ,



         ,        ,   ,       ,      ,      [Tosh 2006: 100].


              .     ,          .                            .           ,  ,       ,             .          ,       .  ,            ,                  .




    :  


             1940- ,    ,     ,    [Abbott 1942: 106126; 1985; Fernea 1977; Keddie 1978; Morsy 1989; Fahmi 1990; Ahmed 1992; Roded 1999; Nashat, Beck 2003; Rapoport 2005; Cortese, Calderini 2006].

     ,         ,   .     ,   ,     ,   ,    .     . ,   1944   ,   ,           [Dunlop 1944: 276289].      ,             .            .       ,       . ,          ,        [7 -    , -,  () ,    , -, -      (  ),        XIV .            .].

       1970- ,     ,    ,    ( )     ( )  [Ratchnevsky 1976; Rossabi 1979].             ,             .                     .     ,     ,             :            [Rossabi 1994; Ratchnevsky 1976].     ,       .   ,       ,         ,  ,     . ,   ,       .     ,   ,        .      ,     ,   -  ,    ,    ,  .

                [Bayani 1974].           ,   ,     .             ,    ,   .          ,   -  -.        ,           .  . . ,   ,         ,        (    [Hambly 1998]).      ,       ,      ,       [Lambton 1988: 258296].              XI  XIV .           ,                     ,     .               ,       [U^ok 1983].               ,         ,    ,       .

                  [8 -           ,          [Mernissi 1993].].     ,         1980-   1990-           [Holmgren 1986,1987,1991].                           . ,  2002 ,     [Birge 2003].   1998 ,          ,              [Hambly 1998: 3-27].       ,     ,       ,     [9 - :  -,              [Hambly 1998:8].].        . ,           ,                   XIII  [Ryan 1998].

    ,             ,    ,         [Melville 1999].            ,  ,       (. 1335)      [ : 1416].                     XIII  [Nicola 20062007],                 .

 2003   ,   ,                [Zhao 2004: 3-26].        ,      1970- ,  ,  , ,       ,      [Rossabi 1979: 172].      ,             1979 .     ,      ,      [Zhao 2004: 20].  ,      [10 -  ,    .],      ,  ,                .

,  2006                (Daily Life in the Mongol Empire) [Lane 2006: 227256].         ;     .    ,   ,          ,     ,    ,            ,      [Morgan 2015: 271282].

 ,   ,      ,         .  ,     -,   2003              .  ,          ,       ,     .                ,        .     ,               .  ,           ,    ,       , ,     ,      .           ,  -,              .

-,   ( 2007 )           ,             XIII  XVI .    ,          ,      ()     ().           ,                       .

,  2008     ,                   [Zhao 2008].       ,      .  ,      :   .          ,         ,         (, ,   ),  ,       (,   ).       ,        (   2),   ,        ,      .

 2011 ,      ,     ,        [11 -  2010       .       ,                 ,       [Weatherford 2010].].  ,                  [Brack 2011].     -,  -,     XIV .        ,   ,                 -    1294  [ : 358].

           -,     2012  [Gilli-Elewy 2012].       ;        ,                1335 .            ,    ,       .

                ,         .   ,                 ,          [Broadbridge 2016].   ,  ,    1,      ,        ,      [Brack 2016]. ,           ,    ,                        [Nicola 2013, 2014, 2014].




        


    ,          -,    ,      ,      [Moses, Halkovic 1985: iii].                     ,        ,       [12 -      . [Browne 1928: 62-104].].

     ,           ,      ,  ,           .   , ,    ,   ,       .    ,                 ,   ,    .         ,    , , ,          ,        . ,      ,     ;             .        ,      ,    ,       ,          ,      .


 

          .      ,       . -,      ,      ,         .         ,    ,   ,       [Morgan 2007: 8].   -  - (. 1318),      ,      [13 -       [Rawshan, Musavi 1994]    [Boyle 1971].       [Jahn 1940].  ,      ,       [Karimi 19881989].     [Thackston 1998; Boyle 1971; Quatremere 1968].].  -,    ,          ,      - (. 12951304) [Thackston 1998; Kamola 2013].    ,   -,    ,    ,       ,  ,    ,    [14 -                 - . [Allsen 1996].].           (  ),         ,          [Melville 1999].   ,     , ,   ,       .    ,            (   )     , ,   -.             ,     ,       [Quinn 1989: 231].   ,                     ,               .

  ,   -        ( ,   ),       ,    ,    .                    .             ,       ,              .  ,   ,    -,       -,    . - 廠   ,    , , , -         [15 -          .]. , ,       ,        [16 - Muizz al-ansab. Biblioteque nationale, ancient fonds, Persian, Paris, ms. 67.   . [Sultanov 1996: 37].    -,   ,       , . 467  14306.].       ,    -,          ,        -.  ,       -       .    -    1426                  XVI [17 -     . [Quinn 1989: 229253].].             -,         [Boyle 1997].

        -         ,   .   -  [Jame][18 -    ,  , . [Rav-alde 2016: 5578; Koblas 2016: 155171].]                      .      ;          ,      -.            ,  , , ,          ,   - [Lane 2003].     -,           ,     (. 12511259)      (. 12651282) [Muhaddith 2003].         ,    , , ,    ,   -,      ,      XIII ,     ,      . -        ,          1258 .    :        ,    -   ,       .   -    ,    -,              .              , ,     -  ,    (),    .  -         ,                 .             ,             . ,     -          [19 -    . [Melville 2001: 6786; 2007: 7-64].]. ,           ,        [Habibi 19631964; Raverty 1881].

          ,     -.   - 軠 ,   [Morgan 1982: 110111],   -  .        ,          .      ,       ;              [Isfahani 1853][20 -   . [Ayati 2004].      . [Pfeiffer 2007].]. ,        , ,       ,       .

  XIV          - (. 1304),          (. 1316) [Encyclopaedia].        -,           ,            ,    [21 - . [Encyclopaedia].].           -  (. 1344),    XIV  [Qazvini 1903; Browne 19101913; Qazvini 2008; Madayini 2001; Ward 1983].           ,   -    (  )   -,           [Hambly 2005].

        -   -  ,       -,                 [Banakati 2000].           ,       ,    ,            .   ,    -  (. 1358),           1304  [Walbridge 1993; Niazi 2014].

  XIV            .          .       (-,   )     - (. 1311) [Shirazi2010; Lane2012:541559].    ,   ,   ,     1284  [Bayani 1971][22 -  . [Hafez-e Abru].].   ,        ,      3.

      1335 ,   ,             ,        .             ,             ,    .     -  (. 1430), -  -  -      -  [Thackston 1994; Ross 1970]            ,       ,        [Melville 2000: 7-14].

   ,    ,    ,    :      [Kirmani 19831984; Shirazi 1972;Meynard 18601861; Afshar 1978; Aqsara'i 1944; Jalali 1999].    ,     ,      .                      ,  ,     [Parizi 19761977].         ,   -      ,     ,   XIII       . ,     - -,       ,            [Melville 2006; Muttahidin 2011; Jalali 1999]. ,   ,       ,   ,                  .         -  ,  -      ,        [Paul 1990].

          ,     .  XIII ,     XIV ,             (),       ,      ,     -    ,           .    ,    ,      ,     ,           [Majd 1994; Yazici 19591961; Visal 19851986].          ,                ,     ,       .  ,  ,   -   -,         ,       [Morton 2004; Darke 1961; Darke 1978].  ,      ,    ,   ,     /         [Morgan 1986: 8, 45].


   

,  :       ,   ,  .           ,        ,           .     ,   ,   ,       ,          [Rachewiltz 2004]. ,      ,    ,     ,        .                  [Bawden 1955].    ,    ,        ,      腻     [Cleaves 1956: 185303, 19791980: 138150; Zhao 2008: 237262; Hambis 1945].       XVI   XVII ,       ,           ,        .

            ,       (12791368).          (13681644)     ,              .               , ,     ,        [Waley 1931][23 -  ,        - -֒     [Rachewiltz 1962].].       ,    ,    ,   . ,                      [Olbricht 1980][24 -   .   ,       .].  ,            ,     .        ,         ,    ,   [25 -       .   [Richard 1977, 1977b; Jackson 2005].].


 

        ,     . ,           ,    ,     ()       .           11 Milione   [Polo 1903,1938][26 -         [Olschki 1960].].   ,              XIX .        :      ,    XIX ,         . ,     XX [27 -     [Dawson 1955];       [Rockhill 1900; Jackson 1990].].         ,  ,   ,          .

             ,      ,       .        ,         .           -  ,  , ,     . ,    ,      ,                  .     ,     ,     . ,           ( 1316  1330.)      ,     ,     [28 -            . [Yule 19131916].]. ,                  [Guzman 1971; Holt 1986; Mostaert, Cleaves 1963; Pfeiffer 2006a; Bruguera 1991].         ,   ,     -  [Blake, Frye 1949; Fiey 1975].

   ,    ,       ,   ,  ,            (-)    ,     (, ,  ,    ).      ,  ,         ,   .        ,   ,   , ,   ,       (  ).      ,         ,  ,   ,   -, , ,  .   ,       (     , ,      ),         .   ,       ,         ,      ,     ,      .


 

           .  ,           ,     ,         .       ,                      .        :         ,       (   ) [Brosset 18491857; Michell, Forbes 1914].        , ,   ,     ,      ,   .

   ,        ,          ,              .          ,         ,  , [29 - .     [Hayton].           XVI        . .   [Hayton 1988];   [Hayton 1585];   [Hayton 1595].].        Fleur des es-toires dOrient (   )    ( ),      XIV        [Bedrosian 1986; Smpad 1959; Thomson 1989; Orbelian 1864; Dulaurier 2001].    ,       ,             [Aigle 2008b; Lane 1999].

,      ,    - (-  ) [Lane 2003; Aigle 2005].              1286 .             ,  , -,       ,    ,         .  -    [Budge 2003]      ,      [30 -        ,    ,          ,     ,     ,   ,    ,        /      .]   ,     [31 -          . [Aigle 2008].     . [Sayili 1960; Saliba 1994].        -   [Aigle 2008].] .

      -,   -           ,           [Budge 1928; Rossabi 1992; Borbone 2009].

                       .     (    III)              ,         ,   ,        [Amitai 2001; Jackson 2000: 210; Ashtor 1961; Little 1970].

         -,             ,   ,        ,    - .


 

              [Richards 1998; Qumayhah, Shams al-Din 20042005; Sadeque 1956][32 -          - [al-'Umari 1968].].        ,    , ,  ,       . ,       ,           , ,         ,   XIII     [Holt 1983; Gabrieli 1957; Richards 2002; Richards 20062008; Broadhurst 1980; al-Qalanisi 1932].  ,           ,           [Amitai 1995: 47; Melville 1996: 313317].

         ,                [Aigle 2007:100].         ,                      ,        ,     [Jawad 1932; al-Kazim 1995]. ,  ,   -   ,      ,     ,      ,                [Lyons 1971].  ,  -     ,               [Guo 1998].  -                 -    [Behrens-Abouseif 1997; Rapoport 2007]. ,   ,   ,  ,     ,  ;            [Quatremere 1968].

  ,               .              [Defremery et al. 1962; Gibb 2005].

     ,    ,     ,         , ,    ,              .

               ,  .     ,               ,    ,     ,      .   ,        ,  , , ,  ,  ,     .




  


         ,              -  .

      ,    ,       ,     ,         ( )    1256  1335 .          ,                 XIII .

      ,            .    ,  1         ,             ,          .      ,          ,   ,         .     ,             . ,                .         ,                (12061260.).




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notes








1


    . [Jackson 1978: 186244; Amitai 1999: 1238].




2


  , khatun,  . [Encyclopaedia; Doerfer 1967:132141].




3


., ., [Birge 2002: 212240; Zhao 2004: 3-26; 2008; Zhao, Guisso 2005:

17-46; Dardess 1974: 7-52; Franke 1980: 2343].




4


., [Abbott 1942: 106126].




5


         ,   ,         ; . [Burke 2004: 100125].




6


., ., [Mernissi 1993; Stowasser 1994; Cortese, Calderini 2006: 3].




7


   , -,  () ,    , -, -      (  ),        XIV .            .




8


          ,          [Mernissi 1993].




9


:  -,              [Hambly 1998:8].




10


 ,    .




11


 2010       .       ,                 ,       [Weatherford 2010].




12


     . [Browne 1928: 62-104].




13


      [Rawshan, Musavi 1994]    [Boyle 1971].       [Jahn 1940].  ,      ,       [Karimi 19881989].     [Thackston 1998; Boyle 1971; Quatremere 1968].




14


                - . [Allsen 1996].




15


         .




16


Muizz al-ansab. Biblioteque nationale, ancient fonds, Persian, Paris, ms. 67.

   . [Sultanov 1996: 37].    -,   ,       , . 467  14306.




17


    . [Quinn 1989: 229253].




18


   ,  , . [Rav-alde 2016: 5578; Koblas 2016: 155171].




19


   . [Melville 2001: 6786; 2007: 7-64].




20


  . [Ayati 2004].      . [Pfeiffer 2007].




21


. [Encyclopaedia].




22


 . [Hafez-e Abru].




23


 ,        - -֒     [Rachewiltz 1962].




24


  .   ,       .




25


      .   [Richard 1977, 1977b; Jackson 2005].




26


        [Olschki 1960].




27


    [Dawson 1955];       [Rockhill 1900; Jackson 1990].




28


           . [Yule 19131916].




29


.     [Hayton].           XVI        . .   [Hayton 1988];   [Hayton 1585];   [Hayton 1595].




30


       ,    ,          ,     ,     ,   ,    ,        /      .




31


         . [Aigle 2008].     . [Sayili 1960; Saliba 1994].        -   [Aigle 2008].




32


         - [al-'Umari 1968].


