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1


         .  "Huxley, Haeckel, andthe Oceanographers: TheCase ofBathybius haeckelii," Isis 66, no. 4 (1975): 50433.  ,  1868 Quarterly Journal ofMicroscopical Science (n. s.) 8 (1868): 20312,  Π ,      .    ,      ,    Bathybius Haeckelii ( ,   ,    ).




2


     : Robert J. Richards, TheTragic Sense ofLife: Ernst Haeckel andthe Struggle Over Evolutionary Thought (Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 2008),    : Georgy S. Levit, Uwe Hossfeld, "Ernst Haeckel inthe History ofBiology," Current Biology 29, no. 24 (2019): R127684.  (pp. R127276)  ,    : Florian Maderspacher, "The Enthusiastic Observer Haeckel asArtist,"       .

,      ,   ,      .        .     ( ,       )  "Ernst Haeckel's Alleged AntiSemitism andContributions toNazi Biology," Biological Theory 2 (2007): 97103. ʠ     , ,   (      ).   ,        -,    ,        .




3


       ,   1871 . . :  ,       ,   - ,    ,  (,    )  ,  -   ,     ,  , ,       ,      ,        ,    ,    ( , , , 1 1871, Darwin Correspondence Project, darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-7471.xml (https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-7471.xml)).




4


 ,  ,       .




5


Ѡ1735  Systema Naturae    .       ,   .




6


.:Hogg, "On theDistinctions ofa Plant andan Animal andon aFourth Kingdom ofNature," Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal (n. s.) 12 (July Oct. 1860): 21625. ,   ,      ,      ;        .




7


     ,   -     (  ).   ,   ,    .   ,    蠫,    ,  .




8


., ,   Π.    ;    ,    ;   Π    . .:Christopher Shields, "The First Functionalist," Historical Foundations ofCognitive Science, ed. J-C. Smith (Dordrecht, TheNetherlands: Kluwer, 1990), 1933.

  :          .   ,   (animal)    anima,    (Justin E. H. Smith, "Machines, Souls, andVital Principles," inThe Oxford Handbook ofPhilosophy inEarly Modern Europe, ed. Desmond M. Clarke andCatherine Wilson (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2011), 96115).




9


      "Ren Descartes", TheStanford Encyclopedia ofPhilosophy, ed. Edward Zalta, Summer 2018, plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/descartes (https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/descartes/).     -;        .  :     ,      ,         . Ѡ  ,       .  ,    :    ,     ,     .      ,     .

       .       ,    , , ,   .       .      ,     ',    (plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/)).




10


       'Protoplasm Feels': TheRole ofPhysiology inCharles Sanders Peirce's Evolutionary Metaphysics, HOPOS: TheJournal ofthe International Society forthe History ofPhilosophy ofScience 8, no. 1 (2018): 2861.     . . ,     .       .  ,      ,      ,   ,  ,      (1868),    .  ,      ,   1870-     : "      ,  .




11


    ,          , , .  XVII   ,       .  ,     ,  ,           .  ,       .  ,  ,      ,      ,   .   ,     ,      .    !




12


       ,   ; .:Art Forms from theAbyss: Ernst Haeckel's Images from theChallenger Expedition, ed. Peter J. leB. Williams etal. (Munich: Prestel, 2015).   ,   -    ,    , , ,    ("Thomas Henry Huxley andthe Strange Case ofBathybius haeckelii; APossible Alternative Explanation," Archives ofNatural History 2 (1983): 16980).




13


.   "Bathybius andthe Moners," Popular Science Monthly 11 (October1877): 64152.       : ,    蠖  .




14


  "How You Consist ofTrillions ofTiny Machines," TheNewYork Review ofBooks, July9, 2015,   : "  400    -   ,  The NewYork Review."  ?     .    .    (   ),        25 ⠖ 25 .       500 2.      ,      85 2.   ,     170 . ,      ,     ,  ,     .




15


.   What IsIt Like toBe aBat?, ThePhilosophical Review 83, no. 4 (1974): 43550. [ :  .    ? //   / .. , . . : -, 2003. C. 349360. . .]




16


    ,    Mortal Questions, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 18195.       ; .:"Realistic Monism: Why Physicalism Entails Panpsychism," Journal ofConsciousness Studies 13, no. 1011 (2006): 331.      ,    ; .:"Panpsychism andPanprotopsychism," Consciousness inthe Physical World: Perspectives onRussellian Monism, ed. Torin Alter andYujin Nagasawa (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015).            Scientific American, January14, 2020, scientificamerican.com/article/does-consciousness-pervade-the-universe (https://scientificamerican.com/article/does-consciousness-pervade-the-universe).




17


  .       (   )  1874 Π,  堖  ,   , : "On theHypothesis that Animals Are Automata, andIts History," Collected Essays, vol.1 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 199250.




18


.:"Materialism andQualia: TheExplanatory Gap," Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 64 (1983): 35461.       ,  ,       :    ,  ,     ,  ,     (Lessons inElementary Physiology (London: Macmillan, 1866),193).




19


       .     ;      . .:"Our Monism: ThePrinciples ofa Consistent, Unitary World-View," TheMonist 2, no. 4 (1892): 48186.




20


         ,    ,        XX.




21


.:"The Abyss," TheNewYorker, September24, 2007.




22


      ,      .   ,      .             ,  -    .  蠖    , ,  ,    ,   .      ?  ,   ,     , ,     .  ,    ,           .     . Ѡ      "Consciousness Without aCerebral Cortex: AChallenge forNeuroscience andMedicine," Behavioral andBrain Sciences 30, no. 1 (2007): 6381.    ,       ; .:Damasio andGil B. Carvalho, "The Nature ofFeelings: Evolutionary andNeurobiological Origins," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14 (2013): 14352.




23


  .   Rcoltes et Semailles, p.553,   .    - ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Rcoltes+et+semailles.         ,   Colin McLarty, "The Rising Sea: Grothendieck onSimplicity andGenerality,"  Episodes inthe History ofRecent Algebra (18001950), ed. Jeremy J. Gray andKaren Hunger Parshall (Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, 2007). ,  ,   (    ).        .




24


     ,      .  ,   XIV,      .      ,          ,   .           () .     ,    ,   ;   .  ,  ,  ,    ,    .       ,       ,     .       .




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27


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28


         Taming ofChance ( ),     (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990).  -       (     Life's Ratchet).




29


Lectures onPhysics, vol.2, chap. 1, "Electromagnetism," feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/II_01.html (https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/II_01.html).    ,     feynman lectures.caltech.edu/index.html (https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/index.html).




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31


           ,      2014.   젖             .




32


   2017.




33


            .         ;     ,        . .    "The Cognitive Cell: Bacterial Behavior Reconsidered,"  Frontiers inMicrobiology 6 (2015):264.


