   .     
 . 


 
  XX          ,   .  19201930-        ,      ,    , , ,  .        ,      ,      .    ,    ,   - ,   .  .       ,   ,   ,  ,          .  . 㠖  , PhD,   .





 . 

  .    









 1932       :



  ,     ,      .          :    ,          ,      . , , , , ,         ,    .   ,   ࠖ          ,    ,    .  ,  ,    .  , - - -,     .  ,        ,     ,    [1 - Bennett M. American Girls inRed Russia // Every Week. 1932. May2829. P.4.].


  堖    1932.    ,   -,   ,   1930-    . ʠ           Moscow News     ,  1930    . Ƞ, ,    ,     .

Π,   X     ,   .   ,  1920-  ,  ,    ,     ⠖       ⠫ [2 -             : They All Come toMoscow // American Mercury. 1931. Dec. P.394.].          껠  , ,    . ,         ,  ,       (  ) ,    ,    [3 -      ,       ;      . . , Connelly K. Sylvia Pankhurst: Suffragette, Socialist andScourge ofEmpire. London, 2013. . Faur C. TheUtopia ofthe New Woman inthe Work ofAlexandra Kollontai andIts Impact onthe French Feminist andCommunist Press // Women inCulture andPolitics: ACentury ofChange / Ed. J. Friedlander, B. W. Cook, A. Kessler-Harris, andC. Smith-Rosenberg. Bloomington, 2006. P.376389.]. Ƞ         ,  ,    ,   ,     .

        -    19201930-        ,    .        ,     ꠫ .

    ,   ,       ,         蠖 ,  , ,   ,    ,               .       .    ,    -   -  -堖           .         ,            .   :  ,     1921,   ,                -. 堖  ,     ,   ,   .  1934      . ,  ,     ,  ,   .   -   1930 (   ),   ,   - ,     150 頖  ,    [4 - Bourke-White M. Eyes onRussia. NewYork, 1931. P.23;   , 131 1935,  1,  14,   , -   (NYPL),   .].      ⠫     ,  .           .

  XIX  ࠖ  ,  ,    ,    , ,    蠖     ,  ,  .       .              ,    ,    .   ,           .

       ,    ,    , , , , ,  ,  ,   ,   . ,   ,          .    ,     :       ,    ,        ,  ,      ,   [5 - . Feuer L. S. American Travelers tothe Soviet Union, 191732: TheFormation ofa Component ofNew Deal Ideology // American Quarterly. 1962. 24. P.119149.].

          ,   .        ,    ,  ,   ,  , ,   .          ,     :



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   ,    ,        ,     .

             ࠫ   (    ),         .   1940-        , ,  -     ,    ,  [7 -  ࠫ  (  )        . Schaub T. H. American Fiction inthe Cold War. Madison, 1991. Π   . Bentley E. Out ofBondage: TheStory ofElizabeth Bentley. NewYork, 1951; Chambers W. Witness. NewYork, 1952; Massing H. This Deception. NewYork, 1951; Counts G. S., Lodge N. P. TheCountry ofthe Blind: TheSoviet System ofMind Control. Boston, 1949.       1980- ,     . . Gornick V. TheRomance ofAmerican Communism. NewYork, 1977.].     ,     , ,    ,     .           :     ,  ,      ,   ,           .

        ,           ,      ,    .              , -,     ,    - ,          ,   .       ,      ,     .




 ,   


  -  ,  ,     ,      . Ѡ ,    1905,    1917,        1917   ⠖ ,         ,    젖         [8 -   , ,    ,  1890    ;      . . Donnelly H. G. Darkest Russia (APlay in4 Acts). NewYork, 1891.].

    ,  .    ,    ,  ,       .     1917      -  .         : ,       ; ,     ,  ,     ;  ,   ,          軠        X.            . ʠ        ,   ,      ,      .  -   ,        ,        [9 -        : Cott N. TheGrounding ofModern Feminism. New Haven, 1987. P.15,14.].

  ,  ,             (     ),       ,   ? (1863)  ,         .       ,       ꠖ    .   ,     - -,    ,   , ,   ,    [10 - Stansell Ch. American Moderns: Bohemian NewYork andthe Creation ofa New Century. NewYork, 2000. P.43, 227, 321. Π   . Michels T. AFire inTheir Hearts: Yiddish Socialists inNewYork. Cambridge, 2005.].    .

  ,        ,    .    .      ,      .    ,   ,        .    ,              , , ,         ,    ,       .    ,    ,      ,      .     ,  ,         ( ). ʠ1918     ,  ,            (  )  ,     .    ,      ,     ,        [11 - Engel B. A. Women inRussia, 17002000. NewYork, 2004. P.142.     1920  ; .:sfr-21.org/zetkin.html ( : 06.04.2011). Goldman W. Z. Women, theState, andRevolution: Soviet Family Policy & Social Life, 19171936. Cambridge, 1995. P.51. Π      .:Wood E. A. TheBaba andthe Comrade: Gender andPolitics inRevolutionary Russia. Bloomington, 1997. P.50.   , ,    1917-,  1920    ( . .  . , 1927. C.12).].

     -     렖     ,  1919 ,     .       ,      .  ,       :    ,     .          , ࠫ  . Ƞ     1919, ,   ,    ,     [12 -  . .  IV     //   . ., 1974. .39. .198.].     ,   ,   ,       ,  .     ,    ,   .     ,           ,    ,   .    ;    ;     ,   ,  ,       ,   [13 - Engel B. A. Women inRussia. . 142147; Wood E. A. TheBaba andthe Comrade. . 3036, 51;  ,  IV      ( 1919).   ,    : Hayes E. Woman, Bolshevism, andHome // Woman Citizen. 1919. 47. . 1002; Rockman J. TheAlleged Nationalization ofWomen // International Woman Suffrage News. 1919. 8. . 110111; AsWe Unfortunately Get No Direct News from theWomen ofRussia // International Woman Suffrage News. 1924. 2. . 19; Black R. A. Women inRussia // Equal Rights. 1925. 50. . 395; Russia Becoming Feminist // Equal Rights. 1925. 50. . 394; AnEnviable Record // Equal Rights. 1925. May2. . 92; Murray E. R. Women under theSoviet // Weekly News. NewYork League ofWomen Voters. 1928. 2. . 1; Enter theWoman Warrior // Modern Review. 1921. 5. .549.].  ,           .




  


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    ,  .     .  ,   .       . Ӡ    Ӡ    ,    .    .  ,   ,  .  ,    ,  [14 - Doty M. Z. Behind theBattle Line, around theWorld in1918. NewYork, 1918. P.34, 36, 4041.].


   ,             ,   堖    ,    .      [15 -   (. Harlem Renaissance),    (. New Negro Movement),  ,     ,      19201930- .           .       .    : ,    .       -  . ..],          ,  젖   ,   ,    .  ,  ,  ,    ,  [16 -  , 4 1932,  1,  1,   -,  .].

      ,    ,  ,         . ,      1935                   :



   ,  ,  .     ,     .    , -   .


Ƞ    .  ,        :



    ,       .    ࠖ      ,   ,   ,    .


 ,   ,   ,    ,       ,  ,   .     ![17 - Luscomb F. Russia diary. . 6162,  12,  291,   , MC 394,  ,  .]

        ,    .            頖 ,  ,    ,    .     (19181921)     ,     ,        .     ,           ,      .  1921     .        ,   -     .  ,          ,  ,    ,   ,  ,       ,      ,     .      ,  ,       ()[18 - Benjamin S. Shedding theWhite andBlue: American Migration andSoviet Dreams inthe Era ofthe New Economic Policy // Ab Imperio. 2013. 1. Esp. 7071. . Bernstein S., Cherny R. Searching forthe Soviet Dream: Prosperity andDisillusionment onthe Soviet Seattle Agricultural Commune, 19221927 // Agricultural History. 2014. Vol.88. 1. . 2244.].   ,    ,           .   렖    ,      젖      .

     ()  1922 1927.       ,   ,      .   ,     ,        . -        ,       .    ,        ,    ,   ⠖    .     ,      ,     . Ƞ     ,       蠖     컠   [19 - Π .:Stites R. Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision andExperimental Life inthe Russian Revolution. NewYork, 1989; Fitzpatrick S. Rabinowitch A., Stites R. Russia inthe Era ofNEP: Explorations inSoviet Society andCulture. Bloomington, 1991.   .:Strong A. L. TheFirst Time inHistory: Two Years ofRussias New Life (August, 1921 toDecember, 1923). NewYork, 1924. . 210; Fischer M. My Lives inRussia. NewYork, 1944. . 12, 13, 15; Mally L. Culture ofthe Future: TheProletkult Movement inRevolutionary Russia. Berkeley, 1990; Marx M. TheNew Russian Women // Nation. 1923. 117. . 508510.   .].

   (19281932)        ,      .      ,             .      ,  ;      [20 - ,  ,      140 ,    250 ,   ,    ,      (Tzouliadis T. TheForsaken: AnAmerican Tragedy inStalins Russia. NewYork, 2008. P.39).].       㠖    ,           .  1932        ,     .          ,   ,     .      [21 -  . .          //  . 1979. 6. .170; Tzouliadis T. TheForsaken: AnAmerican Tragedy inStalins Russia. NewYork, 2008. P.3537; Roman M. L. Racism ina Raceless Society: TheSoviet Press andRepresentations ofAmerican Racial Violence atStalingrad in1930 // International Labor andWorking-Class History. 2007. 71. . 1993;  .   蠫 :      1920- 1930- . ., 2000. C. 2931.],[22 -    ໠   ,  1929    ,  ,   ,     1930- .  25 ,   1936, 29,1%   (   ,  13,5%).  1936     ,              . Duranty W. Immigration Now anIssue inSoviet // NewYork Times. 1932. Mar. 14. . 8. Π  .:. . 9612. . 2. .146.].     ,  ,     -   ,        .

   ,         ,      : ,  1930   ,    ,    л,         .      ,      ,      .  1929    ࠫ  , , ,        1930- .      ,     ⠫  ,         .    ,   -         ,      [23 - Engel B. A. Women inRussia. . 166; Friedrich G. Miss U. S. S. R.: TheStory ofa Girl Stakhanovite. NewYork, 1930; Chatterjee Ch. Celebrating Women: Gender, Festival Culture, andBolshevik Ideology, 19101939. Pittsburgh, 2002. .106.].




 ,     


      ,    ,  ,  ,   .       Ѡ     ,  1925    , , , ,    ,  ,    [24 - David-Fox M. l. Showcasing theGreat Experiment: Cultural Diplomacy andWestern Visitors tothe Soviet Union. NewYork, 2011. .16.].

 1926  . ,      ,        ,    -  ,         .       ,       .  ,   ,               .    ,     ,     ,     ,   . . , ,   -,       [25 -   : . . 5283. . 3. . 39. . 146 (1927); . 5283. . 3. . 1003. . 14, 30, (1937); . 5283. . 3. . 1001. . 11 (1937).].

   , ,   , ,    ,        . ,  ,    ,    ,        .  ,      (   ),   , ,    -  .    ,        1935,      -,          .  ,      ,   ,  ,     ,   :     .  ,   ,        ,             [26 - MacCannell D. TheTourist: ANew Theory ofthe Leisure Class. Berkeley, 1999. . 7; Hawes E. Fashion IsSpinach. NewYork: Random House, 1938. . 292; Diedrich M. Cornelia James Cannon andthe Future American Race. Amherst: University ofMassachusetts Press, 2011. . 219220; Storrs L. R. Y. TheSecond Red Scare andthe Unmaking ofthe New Deal Left. Princeton, 2013. . 3840; Oberlander P. H. Newbrun E., Meyerson M. Houser: TheLife andWork ofCatherine Bauer. Vancouver, 1999. . 146147.].

  ,  ,       ,     -  ,    :   ?    ?           :     ,    ?       , 堖  ?       ?

  , , ,    , , ,   .    ,  ,    , , ,  , ,    : ,   蠫, , ,   .          ,        ,     ,    ;  , , , ;    , ,         頖 .      ,   1919,   ,   ,  ,    .      ,  ,   ,    - , ,   , ,  ,    :    ,  젖 [27 - Fitzpatrick S. Foreigners Observed: Moscow Visitors inthe 1930s under theEyes ofTheir Soviet Guides // Russian History / Histoire Russe. 2008. Vol.35. 12. . 224225; Smith J. Woman inSoviet Russia. NewYork, 1928. . 166 (  蠫 ); Reyher R. Russia/Palestine diary,  12,  3+4,   ,  ,  .].

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     ,       ,     -,      ,          [28 - Williams F. E. ToHell with Bandanas,       , 19921993, , pp. 236237, UCLA Oral History Program,  ,   . URL: https://archive.org/details/tohellwithbandan00will ( : 21.10.2015).].


    ,      ,      (   ,   ),       ,   ,    ,        .    ,   ,     ,      ,    -    ,     [29 - Hollander P. Political Pilgrims: Travels ofWestern Intellectuals tothe Soviet Union, China, andCuba, 19281978. NewYork, 1981. . 141; Fitzpatrick S. Foreigners Observed; David-Fox M. TheFellow Travelers Revisited: The Cultured West through Soviet Eyes // Journal ofModern History. 2003. Vol.75. 2. . 300335; David-Fox M. Showcasing theGreat Experiment; Stern L. Western Intellectuals andthe Soviet Union, 192040: From Red Square tothe Left Bank. NewYork, 2006.]. ,      ,      ,         ,  ,       .

        ,      .      1936   ,     ,    . Ƞ        .     ꠖ , ,    頖 :



  ,     , . ,   -  ,      ,      [30 - Babb S. There Are No Fences inRussia: Collective Farm (). . 3,  30,  14,   ,     ,  . :  68,  78.       (Whose Names Are Unknown,  1930-,   2004)     - .].


       , ,  ,    ,  ,     , ,  ,      ,      . ,        (1939)      , ,  ,       .     ,      .  ,       ,      ,    :   ,  ,  ,    ,    [31 - Allen J. Passionate Commitments: TheLives ofAnna Rochester andGrace Hutchins. Albany, 2013. . 120123; Gruber R. I Went tothe Soviet Arctic. NewYork, 1939, . : Nekola C., Rabinowitz P. Writing Red: AnAnthology ofAmerican Women Writers, 19301940. NewYork, 1987. .236.].

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蠖  ⠫   蠫 ,    ,    . 



,     :       , ,      ;    ,     .


    .   ,  .    ,  ,   ,   ,    .            ,    .



,  ,  ,    ,   ,  , , , ,  ,  ?   ,    ⠖ ,    ? ,        , , ,  , ,  , , ,   ,    ?[33 - Flanagan H. Three Russian Women (), Hallie Flanagan papers, NYPL forthe Performing Arts.    Two Russian Women // Tanager. 1932. Sept.]


    ,     ,        .

       ,   ,   -  ,         . ,  ,   ,     젖  ,          ,    .     :    ,  ,  ,  , ,   .          .  ,   1924   ,  :



  ,   ,            . ,        ,  ,       [34 - Pesman R. Duty Free: Australian Women Abroad. Melbourne, 1996. P.140; Lillian D. Wald, Windows onHenry Street. Boston, 1934. .262.].





   


            , ,   ,      .         ;    ,          [35 -  .   :    / .. . . ., 2021. .20.    ,   ,   ,    ,        ,    蠖  ,      (),  ,     () (Chatterjee Ch., Petrone K. Models ofSelfhood andSubjectivity: TheSoviet Case inHistorical Perspective // Slavic Review. 2008. Vol.67. 4. .978).].

    ,   ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,    .      ,        ,    .       .      1934    :



Ѡ ,    ,  ,   堖 :   -,   -  ࠖ  ,     [36 -  .   ;  , 16 1934.].


,   ,       ,  ,  .     ,     ,     . Ƞ  ,                  .        1921 :



ࠖ  -, ,  ,   ,   -   .     ,  頖      , ,    .    ,     ,     , [37 - Massing H. This Deception. . 51; Duncan I., Macdougall A. R. Isadora Duncans Russian Days andHer Last Years inFrance. NewYork, 1929. P.66.].


  ,    ,      ,     1922 (     )   :



    ,            ,    - ,    ,  ,      ,     ,    ,     , , ,    ? ߠ . ,  ,  , ,   , :         .     .  ,       ,  ,       [38 - Stokes R. P. Impressions ofRussia,  67, . 24,    ,  , - .].


 ,    ,    ,   ,       ,       ,   .      ,          , ,   ,     ,      ,    ,         [39 - Allen J. Passionate Commitments. . 120.       ,     ,     ,     . Ibid. .xi.].   -     ,        ,  ,     ,      .

Ӡ    ,        :     ,   ,        .      ,      ,   ,       軠    ,     .     ,  1934          .     ,       ,             .   ,  ,  ,         ,   .       ,      - ,     [40 -            1922: McKay C. ALong Way from Home / Ed. Gene Andrew Jarrett. New Brunswick, 2007. P.118. Soyer D. Back tothe Future: American Jews Visit theSoviet Union inthe 1920s and1930s // Jewish Social Studies. 2000. Vol.6. 3. . 125; Weinberg R. Stalins Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan andthe Making ofa Soviet Jewish Homeland: AnIllustrated History, 19281996. Berkeley, 1998. P.13.         ,         ; ,   ,          .  , 4 1935.  , ,        .  31,   .    . Baldwin K. A. Beyond theColor Line andthe Iron Curtain. Dunham, 2002; Carew J. G. Blacks, Reds, andRussians: Sojourners inSearch ofthe Soviet Promise. New Brunswick, 2008; Gilmore G. E. Defying Dixie: TheRadical Roots ofCivil Rights, 19191950. NewYork, 2008; McDuffie E. S. Sojourning forFreedom: Black Women, American Communism, andthe Making ofBlack Left Feminism. Durham, 2011; Solomon M. I. TheCry Was Unity: Communists andAfrican Americans, 19171936. Jackson, 1998; Roman M. L. Opposing Jim Crow: African Americans andthe Soviet Indictment ofU. S. Racism, 19281937. Lincoln, 2012; Blakely A. Russia andthe Negro: Blacks inRussian History andThought. Washington, 1986; Matusevich M. Journeys ofHope: African Diaspora andthe Soviet Society // African Diaspora. 2008. 1. . 5385.].

,      ,     ,  ,   .     ,         ,    . Ƞ ,      ,    :  ,    .   ,      ,    .     1931,  ,  蠖  -,      -  .   ,      ,    ,    .   ,     ,    .   ,      .  -  . Ӡ,   ,   :   .   ,       ,     .       1964.   ,   ,  ,  :    [41 - Leder M. M., Bernstein L. My Life inStalinist Russia: AnAmerican Woman Looks Back. Bloomington, 2001.     . Tzouliadis T. TheForesaken: AnAmerican Tragedy inStalins Russia. NewYork, 2008. . Haynes J. E., Klehr H. InDenial: Historians, Communism & Espionage. San Francisco, 2003. . 235247.].

  ,       ,        . Ӡ (  )       .  ,    ,     ,    ,     .        ,      . Ѡ     ,     1927  . ,     ,     .  ,     , ,     ,     .     [42 -  䠖   , 30 1927,  32,  2,    ,    -  .].     1932:



ʠ   ,    .    ,  ࠖ   ,    ,    ,      .


- ,     (,    ⠖    ),   [43 -   [ ], 27 1932,  2,  1,   ,  ; Goldman E. My Disillusionment inRussia. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1923.]. ,        ,        ,     ,        ,     .




 


   ,    ⠫   ,    ,        .  1926  ,   ,     ,        ( ),      :      -     ,    ,  ,  . -       ,   蠫, 堖 ,  .       ,  ,     ,             ,  []    [44 -   , 13 1926, . 515, . 773,   55,   ,  , - .].

      .  ,  1921 1928       ,    ,     ,    ,     .          :   ,     (   ,      ,     )    . ,      (,   )     . Ƞ-,     ,        ,         ,  ,   ,        . Ѡ ,  , ,   ,         .     ,    ,   蠖  .      [45 - Sawyer B. Shedding theWhite andBlue. P.67; Baker C. L., Page M. Ina Generous Spirit: AFirst-Person Biography ofMyra Page. Urbana, 1996. P.125; Fitzpatrick Sh. Foreigners Observed. P.234.],[46 -  ,     ,    , ,       ,      ,              (Louise Thompson Patterson oral history, recorded Nov. 16, 1981, Oral History ofthe American Left collection,  , - ).   ,          (Massing H. This Deception. NewYork, 1951. . 98).      ,   ,    ,   ,    .].




  蠫 


  , , ,    ,  ,     ,     . ,      ,   , ,              砖  [47 - Π  . Everyday Life inSoviet Russia: Taking theRevolution Inside / Eds. Kiaer Ch., Naiman E. Bloomington, 2006.].         ,       ( -    ,   ),     .

         .   ,  ,      ,   ,      ,      .   ,      ,  ,            .        . ,  ,      .      1920-,   ,     ,   ,       [48 -  . .  . , 1927. .: Engelstein L. TheKeys toHappiness: Sex andthe Search forModernity inFin de Siecle Russia. Ithaca, 1992; Carleton G. Sexual Revolution inBolshevik Russia. Pittsburgh, 2005; Fitzpatrick Sh. Sex andRevolution: AnExamination ofLiterary andStatistical Data onthe Mores ofSoviet Students inthe 1920s // Journal ofModern History. 1978. Vol.50. 2. P.252278; Kon I. S. TheSexual Revolution inRussia: From theAge ofthe Czars toToday. NewYork, 1995; Naiman E. Sex inPublic: TheIncarnation ofEarly Soviet Ideology. Princeton, 1997.].

Π      ,   -.  ,     ,     :        ,  ,      ,   .        頖      ,   ,    ,     - . 堖    ,       ,       ,       .    1928:



     ,      ,         ,    ,     .       ,  , ,      ,            ,   .      ,   -    ,    , ,     蠫,     [49 -     : Clements B. E. Emancipation through Communism: TheIdeology ofA. M. Kollontai // Slavic Review. 1973. Vol.32, 2. P.336; Fitzpatrick Sh. Sex andRevolution. P.255. .:  . .    //  . .   . ., 2022.].


Ѡ ,      ,  , ,    .        (,           ,   )       : ,   .           ?  ,     ?   :   ,      ,      ,  ,     [50 -  .  . ., 1955. .4849.].

       ,   ,   ,  ,     ,       , 蠫      ,   .  ,      ,     ,    ,    .        ࠖ      , 蠫 .  ,    ,   ,      [51 - Clements B. E. Emancipation through Communism. P.336 ( );  . .   . ., 2022.].

                   .



 ,     ,   ,   ,     1932,     ,      ,     .    ,  ;     ,   ,   ,    ,       ,   .      ,    ,  ,   [52 - Winter E. Red Virtue: Human Relationships inthe New Russia. NewYork, 1933. P.6.].


             .  ,   ,  ,  ,     ,      ,  .      ,   ,   ,    , ,     ,  ,        [53 - Ibid. .116.].

         , ,        ,   .       (1929) . .  (   ) ,     -  ,    ,  .   ,             ,   .         ,      ,    ,  , [54 - Foley B. Radical Representations: Politics andForm inU. S. Proletarian Fiction, 19291941. Durham, 1993; Foreman H. J. Sex inthe Civilization ofthe Twentieth Century // NewYork Times Book Review. 1929. June9 ( ); Calverton V. F. Sex andthe Social Struggle // Sex inCivilization / Ed. V. F. Calverton, Samuel D. Schmalhausen. NewYork, 1929. P.276279; Hindus M. Humanity Uprooted. 1929; repr. NewYork, 1932. P.90.].

           .         (1935) - ,  ,  :  , , , ,  !    ( ,     ),     ,      ,  ,   ,    [55 - Page M. Moscow Yankee. NewYork, 1935. P.16; Delegard K. Battling Miss Bolsheviki: TheOrigins ofFemale Conservatism inthe United States. Philadelphia, 2012. P.2829.    Woman Patriot   ,         .].

     ,    -      .  1928      ,  ࠫ       :



   ,  :  ,     堫, ࠫ?  ,     蠖       ,   ,    -?


  :



  堫 .      堖    ,      - .


 ,      .    :



 ,     ,    ,    ,     [56 - Thompson D. TheNew Russia. Henry Holt, 1928. P.263264, 274; Goldman, Women, theState, andRevolution, p.109.].


Ӡ        ,        :            .     ,      ,   ,     .  ,  1928      ,      , ()        (, ), ,             ,  ,   :     -   ,       ,      [57 -  [ ] ,  , 15 1932,   1,  9,   ,  ,  ; Kennell R. Soviet Satisfied with Free Love: Prudery andHypocrisy Ended, Says American Woman // San Francisco News. , . 1928, ,  6,  16,    ,  ,  (堖  ); 렖  , 20 1926,  9,  3,  .].

     ,      ,         ,    .   :



  ,          ,         .           .      ꠖ , ,   .        .


 ,   ,     ,  ,     .        (      ,    1927  1928),   ,       :     ,     ,      .   :  ,  ?[58 - Hindus M. Humanity Uprooted. P.97; Lloyd J. AFlapper inRussia ( ). . 22,  88,  1015,    O,  .]

  1930-         .  1933      ,    ,       ,   ࠫ [59 - Healey D. Homosexual Desire inRevolutionary Russia: TheRegulation ofSexual andGender Dissent. Chicago, 2001;   , 28 1934,  4,  22,   ,  .].  1936    ,     ,     . ʠ 1930- ,      ,    .




    


Ƞ,      -   ,  ,   ,       ,     .    -  1932  The NewYork Times:



     ,    蠖  .    ,    [60 - Bourke-White M. Silk Stockings inthe Five-Year Plan // NewYork Times. 1932. Feb. 14.SM4.].


 ,   , ,     ,     ,   . Ƞ-    ,      ,   ,    ,     ,   -   [61 - Hindus M. Humanity Uprooted. .288.].

           ,         .         ,       ,     : 1920- 1940- ,          ,      . ,    ,   ,    ,     ,    -   . ʠ      ,        (,  ,   ),         -    (WPA).     - ,  ,       ,   .  1932         :  ,  ,        ,         [62 -  ,  1932,   1,  9,   ,  ,  .  ., , Scharf L., Jensen J. M. Decades ofDiscontent: TheWomens Movement, 19201940. Boston, 1987; Melosh B. Engendering Culture: Manhood andWomanhood inNew Deal Public Art andTheater. Washington, 1991.].

   ,      蠖 ,       :



       ,   (sic),        ,   -  . ,    , 蠖 - ,     , .


        ,    ,  -    ,         [63 - Flanagan H. Blood andOil: InRussia Drama IsMade toServe Mans Welfare inUnprecedented Ways // Theatre Guild Magazine. .28.].




,   


 , ,  -  -   ,       ,     .   ,    ,     ,        .     ,    ,  ,       ,           .  ,    ,      : 1916 1921 , ,    16  .     , ,   [64 - Goldman, Women, theState, andRevolution. .96.].

               ,     .       ,   , ,      . Ƞ ,   ,    ,  ,    ⠖ ,   .      , -  [65 - Engel B. A. Women inRussia. . 150153.].

Ƞ      :          (,  ,    ),    ,          .  ,  1929  Β , :



      ,       ,      .


      ,      ,  ,   ,     ,  .     .       ,     ,        ,  ,      .     ,   1930-  ,     ,           [66 - OHare McCormick A. TheHammer andthe Scythe: Communist Russia Enters theSecond Decade. NewYork. 1928. . 159; Chatterjee Ch. Celebrating Women. H. 139 (   ); Engel B. A. Women inRussia. . 172 ().].

    1932,        (      )     ,           ,   (   ).  ,     ,         ,      .   1930-        ,       [67 - Engel B. A. Women inRussia. . 180185.].

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   , ,  / ;    .       ( ):  ;  ,  ;     ;     ;    ;  ,  ;   ;  ;    .

 ,       ,   ,   .  ,    ,               .       .




 I

   



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        ,  ,



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   ĸ   :     ,   ,  ,    ,   . ĸ, ,    ,    ,    :    堖       [83 - Russian Girl Glories inDeath ofTyrant; Mlle Spiridonova Tells Her Tale ofWrongs; Happy inHer Martyrdom // NewYork Times. 1906. Apr. 30. . 6; Durland K. Red Reign asSeen Byan American: AWidespread Revolutionary Movement, inWhich Are Many Women Leaders // NewYork Times. 1907. Oct. 13. Π       . Knight A. Female Terrorists andthe Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party // Russian Review. 1979. Vol.38. 2. . 139159. Π  . Five Sisters: Women against theTsar / Ed. A. B. Engel, . N. Rosenthal. NewYork, 1975; Maxwell M. Narodniki Women: Russian Women Who Sacrificed Themselves forthe Dream ofFreedom. NewYork, 1990; Broido V. Apostles into Terrorists: Women andthe Revolutionary Movement inthe Russia ofAlexander II. NewYork, 1977.].



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       -,     ࠖ   [85 -           ࠖ Shaya G. Empathy andModernity: With Evidence from theVisual Culture ofthe Railway Disaster inNineteenth Century France (,   Global France 10 2012 ).   -      .   - (),    ,  (堖 ).].           .  19041905     ,  ,  ,        ࠫ ,  1880-.      , , , ,          .

 ( )  1844         .       ,    ,       堖   .          ,   .       .  -,       .     ,   -   ,              -  ,    .   ,     ,         .       ,     .      ,   - .  1873     .    .    .  :  ,      [86 - Good J. E., Jones D. R. Babushka: TheLife ofthe Russian Revolutionary Ekaterina K. Breshko-Breshkovskaia (18441934). Newtonville, 1991. P.731; Blackwell A. S. TheLittle Grandmother ofthe Russian Revolution: Reminiscences andLetters ofCatherine Breshkovsky. Boston, 1917. P.39.      : Good J. E., Jones D. R. Babushka; Blackwell A. S. Little Grandmother ofthe Russian Revolution (   ); Breshko-Breshkovskaia E. K., Hutchinson L. Hidden Springs ofthe Russian Revolution. London, 1931; Strunsky A. Catherine Breshkovsky ( ),  33,  396,  ,  .].         .

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    ,     蠖  1885  1886ࠖ   ,     ,  ,   , -      .       :



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 1885     .    : , ,  . , , ,    .     ,  - ,  , ,     ,   ,   ,    .        .      :



,  ,   ,   .    ,      ,    -  [91 -  . ibid. . 129130.].


, - .    TheCentury,    (   ) , ,   1893   - ໠    ,     ,    .         ,         ,    .             :   ,    , ,  ,   ![92 - Ibid. . 177, 178 (  ). Π,      , . Good J. America andthe Russian Revolutionary Movement, 18881905 // Russian Review. 1982. Vol.41. 3. P.274.]

     18851886,     (   )   ,      .  1882        ,     [93 - Π . Moser C. A. ANihilists Career: S. M. Stepniak-Kravchinskij // American Slavic andEast European Review. 1961. Vol.20, 1. . 5571.]




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1


Bennett M. American Girls inRed Russia // Every Week. 1932. May2829. P.4.




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            : They All Come toMoscow // American Mercury. 1931. Dec. P.394.




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     ,       ;      . . , Connelly K. Sylvia Pankhurst: Suffragette, Socialist andScourge ofEmpire. London, 2013. . Faur C. TheUtopia ofthe New Woman inthe Work ofAlexandra Kollontai andIts Impact onthe French Feminist andCommunist Press // Women inCulture andPolitics: ACentury ofChange / Ed. J. Friedlander, B. W. Cook, A. Kessler-Harris, andC. Smith-Rosenberg. Bloomington, 2006. P.376389.




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Bourke-White M. Eyes onRussia. NewYork, 1931. P.23;   , 131 1935,  1,  14,   , -   (NYPL),   .




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. Feuer L. S. American Travelers tothe Soviet Union, 191732: TheFormation ofa Component ofNew Deal Ideology // American Quarterly. 1962. 24. P.119149.




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Lyons E. Assignment inUtopia. NewYork, 1937. P.329330.




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 ࠫ  (  )        . Schaub T. H. American Fiction inthe Cold War. Madison, 1991. Π   . Bentley E. Out ofBondage: TheStory ofElizabeth Bentley. NewYork, 1951; Chambers W. Witness. NewYork, 1952; Massing H. This Deception. NewYork, 1951; Counts G. S., Lodge N. P. TheCountry ofthe Blind: TheSoviet System ofMind Control. Boston, 1949.       1980- ,     . . Gornick V. TheRomance ofAmerican Communism. NewYork, 1977.




8


  , ,    ,  1890    ;      . . Donnelly H. G. Darkest Russia (APlay in4 Acts). NewYork, 1891.




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       : Cott N. TheGrounding ofModern Feminism. New Haven, 1987. P.15,14.




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Stansell Ch. American Moderns: Bohemian NewYork andthe Creation ofa New Century. NewYork, 2000. P.43, 227, 321. Π   . Michels T. AFire inTheir Hearts: Yiddish Socialists inNewYork. Cambridge, 2005.




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Engel B. A. Women inRussia, 17002000. NewYork, 2004. P.142.     1920  ; .:sfr-21.org/zetkin.html ( : 06.04.2011). Goldman W. Z. Women, theState, andRevolution: Soviet Family Policy & Social Life, 19171936. Cambridge, 1995. P.51. Π      .:Wood E. A. TheBaba andthe Comrade: Gender andPolitics inRevolutionary Russia. Bloomington, 1997. P.50.   , ,    1917-,  1920    ( . .  . , 1927. C.12).




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 . .  IV     //   . ., 1974. .39. .198.




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Engel B. A. Women inRussia. . 142147; Wood E. A. TheBaba andthe Comrade. . 3036, 51;  ,  IV      ( 1919).   ,    : Hayes E. Woman, Bolshevism, andHome // Woman Citizen. 1919. 47. . 1002; Rockman J. TheAlleged Nationalization ofWomen // International Woman Suffrage News. 1919. 8. . 110111; AsWe Unfortunately Get No Direct News from theWomen ofRussia // International Woman Suffrage News. 1924. 2. . 19; Black R. A. Women inRussia // Equal Rights. 1925. 50. . 395; Russia Becoming Feminist // Equal Rights. 1925. 50. . 394; AnEnviable Record // Equal Rights. 1925. May2. . 92; Murray E. R. Women under theSoviet // Weekly News. NewYork League ofWomen Voters. 1928. 2. . 1; Enter theWoman Warrior // Modern Review. 1921. 5. .549.




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Doty M. Z. Behind theBattle Line, around theWorld in1918. NewYork, 1918. P.34, 36, 4041.




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  (. Harlem Renaissance),    (. New Negro Movement),  ,     ,      19201930- .           .       .    : ,    .       -  . ..




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 , 4 1932,  1,  1,   -,  .




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Luscomb F. Russia diary. . 6162,  12,  291,   , MC 394,  ,  .




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Benjamin S. Shedding theWhite andBlue: American Migration andSoviet Dreams inthe Era ofthe New Economic Policy // Ab Imperio. 2013. 1. Esp. 7071. . Bernstein S., Cherny R. Searching forthe Soviet Dream: Prosperity andDisillusionment onthe Soviet Seattle Agricultural Commune, 19221927 // Agricultural History. 2014. Vol.88. 1. . 2244.




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Π .:Stites R. Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision andExperimental Life inthe Russian Revolution. NewYork, 1989; Fitzpatrick S. Rabinowitch A., Stites R. Russia inthe Era ofNEP: Explorations inSoviet Society andCulture. Bloomington, 1991.   .:Strong A. L. TheFirst Time inHistory: Two Years ofRussias New Life (August, 1921 toDecember, 1923). NewYork, 1924. . 210; Fischer M. My Lives inRussia. NewYork, 1944. . 12, 13, 15; Mally L. Culture ofthe Future: TheProletkult Movement inRevolutionary Russia. Berkeley, 1990; Marx M. TheNew Russian Women // Nation. 1923. 117. . 508510.   .




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,  ,      140 ,    250 ,   ,    ,      (Tzouliadis T. TheForsaken: AnAmerican Tragedy inStalins Russia. NewYork, 2008. P.39).




21


 . .          //  . 1979. 6. .170; Tzouliadis T. TheForsaken: AnAmerican Tragedy inStalins Russia. NewYork, 2008. P.3537; Roman M. L. Racism ina Raceless Society: TheSoviet Press andRepresentations ofAmerican Racial Violence atStalingrad in1930 // International Labor andWorking-Class History. 2007. 71. . 1993;  .   蠫 :      1920- 1930- . ., 2000. C. 2931.




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   ໠   ,  1929    ,  ,   ,     1930- .  25 ,   1936, 29,1%   (   ,  13,5%).  1936     ,              . Duranty W. Immigration Now anIssue inSoviet // NewYork Times. 1932. Mar. 14. . 8. Π  .:. . 9612. . 2. .146.




23


Engel B. A. Women inRussia. . 166; Friedrich G. Miss U. S. S. R.: TheStory ofa Girl Stakhanovite. NewYork, 1930; Chatterjee Ch. Celebrating Women: Gender, Festival Culture, andBolshevik Ideology, 19101939. Pittsburgh, 2002. .106.




24


David-Fox M. l. Showcasing theGreat Experiment: Cultural Diplomacy andWestern Visitors tothe Soviet Union. NewYork, 2011. .16.




25


  : . . 5283. . 3. . 39. . 146 (1927); . 5283. . 3. . 1003. . 14, 30, (1937); . 5283. . 3. . 1001. . 11 (1937).




26


MacCannell D. TheTourist: ANew Theory ofthe Leisure Class. Berkeley, 1999. . 7; Hawes E. Fashion IsSpinach. NewYork: Random House, 1938. . 292; Diedrich M. Cornelia James Cannon andthe Future American Race. Amherst: University ofMassachusetts Press, 2011. . 219220; Storrs L. R. Y. TheSecond Red Scare andthe Unmaking ofthe New Deal Left. Princeton, 2013. . 3840; Oberlander P. H. Newbrun E., Meyerson M. Houser: TheLife andWork ofCatherine Bauer. Vancouver, 1999. . 146147.




27


Fitzpatrick S. Foreigners Observed: Moscow Visitors inthe 1930s under theEyes ofTheir Soviet Guides // Russian History / Histoire Russe. 2008. Vol.35. 12. . 224225; Smith J. Woman inSoviet Russia. NewYork, 1928. . 166 (  蠫 ); Reyher R. Russia/Palestine diary,  12,  3+4,   ,  ,  .




28


Williams F. E. ToHell with Bandanas,       , 19921993, , pp. 236237, UCLA Oral History Program,  ,   . URL: https://archive.org/details/tohellwithbandan00will ( : 21.10.2015).




29


Hollander P. Political Pilgrims: Travels ofWestern Intellectuals tothe Soviet Union, China, andCuba, 19281978. NewYork, 1981. . 141; Fitzpatrick S. Foreigners Observed; David-Fox M. TheFellow Travelers Revisited: The Cultured West through Soviet Eyes // Journal ofModern History. 2003. Vol.75. 2. . 300335; David-Fox M. Showcasing theGreat Experiment; Stern L. Western Intellectuals andthe Soviet Union, 192040: From Red Square tothe Left Bank. NewYork, 2006.




30


Babb S. There Are No Fences inRussia: Collective Farm (). . 3,  30,  14,   ,     ,  . :  68,  78.       (Whose Names Are Unknown,  1930-,   2004)     - .




31


Allen J. Passionate Commitments: TheLives ofAnna Rochester andGrace Hutchins. Albany, 2013. . 120123; Gruber R. I Went tothe Soviet Arctic. NewYork, 1939, . : Nekola C., Rabinowitz P. Writing Red: AnAnthology ofAmerican Women Writers, 19301940. NewYork, 1987. .236.




32


David-Fox M. Showcasing theGreat Experiment. . 2526.




33


Flanagan H. Three Russian Women (), Hallie Flanagan papers, NYPL forthe Performing Arts.    Two Russian Women // Tanager. 1932. Sept.




34


Pesman R. Duty Free: Australian Women Abroad. Melbourne, 1996. P.140; Lillian D. Wald, Windows onHenry Street. Boston, 1934. .262.




35


 .   :    / .. . . ., 2021. .20.    ,   ,   ,    ,        ,    蠖  ,      (),  ,     () (Chatterjee Ch., Petrone K. Models ofSelfhood andSubjectivity: TheSoviet Case inHistorical Perspective // Slavic Review. 2008. Vol.67. 4. .978).




36


 .   ;  , 16 1934.




37


Massing H. This Deception. . 51; Duncan I., Macdougall A. R. Isadora Duncans Russian Days andHer Last Years inFrance. NewYork, 1929. P.66.




38


Stokes R. P. Impressions ofRussia,  67, . 24,    ,  , - .




39


Allen J. Passionate Commitments. . 120.       ,     ,     ,     . Ibid. .xi.




40


           1922: McKay C. ALong Way from Home / Ed. Gene Andrew Jarrett. New Brunswick, 2007. P.118. Soyer D. Back tothe Future: American Jews Visit theSoviet Union inthe 1920s and1930s // Jewish Social Studies. 2000. Vol.6. 3. . 125; Weinberg R. Stalins Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan andthe Making ofa Soviet Jewish Homeland: AnIllustrated History, 19281996. Berkeley, 1998. P.13.         ,         ; ,   ,          .  , 4 1935.  , ,        .  31,   .    . Baldwin K. A. Beyond theColor Line andthe Iron Curtain. Dunham, 2002; Carew J. G. Blacks, Reds, andRussians: Sojourners inSearch ofthe Soviet Promise. New Brunswick, 2008; Gilmore G. E. Defying Dixie: TheRadical Roots ofCivil Rights, 19191950. NewYork, 2008; McDuffie E. S. Sojourning forFreedom: Black Women, American Communism, andthe Making ofBlack Left Feminism. Durham, 2011; Solomon M. I. TheCry Was Unity: Communists andAfrican Americans, 19171936. Jackson, 1998; Roman M. L. Opposing Jim Crow: African Americans andthe Soviet Indictment ofU. S. Racism, 19281937. Lincoln, 2012; Blakely A. Russia andthe Negro: Blacks inRussian History andThought. Washington, 1986; Matusevich M. Journeys ofHope: African Diaspora andthe Soviet Society // African Diaspora. 2008. 1. . 5385.




41


Leder M. M., Bernstein L. My Life inStalinist Russia: AnAmerican Woman Looks Back. Bloomington, 2001.     . Tzouliadis T. TheForesaken: AnAmerican Tragedy inStalins Russia. NewYork, 2008. . Haynes J. E., Klehr H. InDenial: Historians, Communism & Espionage. San Francisco, 2003. . 235247.




42


 䠖   , 30 1927,  32,  2,    ,    -  .




43


  [ ], 27 1932,  2,  1,   ,  ; Goldman E. My Disillusionment inRussia. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1923.




44


  , 13 1926, . 515, . 773,   55,   ,  , - .




45


Sawyer B. Shedding theWhite andBlue. P.67; Baker C. L., Page M. Ina Generous Spirit: AFirst-Person Biography ofMyra Page. Urbana, 1996. P.125; Fitzpatrick Sh. Foreigners Observed. P.234.




46


 ,     ,    , ,       ,      ,              (Louise Thompson Patterson oral history, recorded Nov. 16, 1981, Oral History ofthe American Left collection,  , - ).   ,          (Massing H. This Deception. NewYork, 1951. . 98).      ,   ,    ,   ,    .




47


Π  . Everyday Life inSoviet Russia: Taking theRevolution Inside / Eds. Kiaer Ch., Naiman E. Bloomington, 2006.




48


 . .  . , 1927. .: Engelstein L. TheKeys toHappiness: Sex andthe Search forModernity inFin de Siecle Russia. Ithaca, 1992; Carleton G. Sexual Revolution inBolshevik Russia. Pittsburgh, 2005; Fitzpatrick Sh. Sex andRevolution: AnExamination ofLiterary andStatistical Data onthe Mores ofSoviet Students inthe 1920s // Journal ofModern History. 1978. Vol.50. 2. P.252278; Kon I. S. TheSexual Revolution inRussia: From theAge ofthe Czars toToday. NewYork, 1995; Naiman E. Sex inPublic: TheIncarnation ofEarly Soviet Ideology. Princeton, 1997.




49


    : Clements B. E. Emancipation through Communism: TheIdeology ofA. M. Kollontai // Slavic Review. 1973. Vol.32, 2. P.336; Fitzpatrick Sh. Sex andRevolution. P.255. .:  . .    //  . .   . ., 2022.




50


 .  . ., 1955. .4849.




51


Clements B. E. Emancipation through Communism. P.336 ( );  . .   . ., 2022.




52


Winter E. Red Virtue: Human Relationships inthe New Russia. NewYork, 1933. P.6.




53


Ibid. .116.




54


Foley B. Radical Representations: Politics andForm inU. S. Proletarian Fiction, 19291941. Durham, 1993; Foreman H. J. Sex inthe Civilization ofthe Twentieth Century // NewYork Times Book Review. 1929. June9 ( ); Calverton V. F. Sex andthe Social Struggle // Sex inCivilization / Ed. V. F. Calverton, Samuel D. Schmalhausen. NewYork, 1929. P.276279; Hindus M. Humanity Uprooted. 1929; repr. NewYork, 1932. P.90.




55


Page M. Moscow Yankee. NewYork, 1935. P.16; Delegard K. Battling Miss Bolsheviki: TheOrigins ofFemale Conservatism inthe United States. Philadelphia, 2012. P.2829.    Woman Patriot   ,         .




56


Thompson D. TheNew Russia. Henry Holt, 1928. P.263264, 274; Goldman, Women, theState, andRevolution, p.109.




57


 [ ] ,  , 15 1932,   1,  9,   ,  ,  ; Kennell R. Soviet Satisfied with Free Love: Prudery andHypocrisy Ended, Says American Woman // San Francisco News. , . 1928, ,  6,  16,    ,  ,  (堖  ); 렖  , 20 1926,  9,  3,  .




58


Hindus M. Humanity Uprooted. P.97; Lloyd J. AFlapper inRussia ( ). . 22,  88,  1015,    O,  .




59


Healey D. Homosexual Desire inRevolutionary Russia: TheRegulation ofSexual andGender Dissent. Chicago, 2001;   , 28 1934,  4,  22,   ,  .




60


Bourke-White M. Silk Stockings inthe Five-Year Plan // NewYork Times. 1932. Feb. 14.SM4.




61


Hindus M. Humanity Uprooted. .288.




62


 ,  1932,   1,  9,   ,  ,  .  ., , Scharf L., Jensen J. M. Decades ofDiscontent: TheWomens Movement, 19201940. Boston, 1987; Melosh B. Engendering Culture: Manhood andWomanhood inNew Deal Public Art andTheater. Washington, 1991.




63


Flanagan H. Blood andOil: InRussia Drama IsMade toServe Mans Welfare inUnprecedented Ways // Theatre Guild Magazine. .28.




64


Goldman, Women, theState, andRevolution. .96.




65


Engel B. A. Women inRussia. . 150153.




66


OHare McCormick A. TheHammer andthe Scythe: Communist Russia Enters theSecond Decade. NewYork. 1928. . 159; Chatterjee Ch. Celebrating Women. H. 139 (   ); Engel B. A. Women inRussia. . 172 ().




67


Engel B. A. Women inRussia. . 180185.




68


 ,  , 17 1935,  12,  9,   ,  ,  .




69


National Security Council, NSC-68: United States Objectives andPrograms forNational Security, Apr. 15, 1950. URL: http://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsc-hst/nsc-68.htm ( : 04.09.2015).       . Isserman M. IfI Had aHammer: TheDeath ofthe Old left andthe Birth ofthe New Left. NewYork, 1987; Diggins J. P. TheRise andFall ofthe American Left. NewYork, 1992.  : , 1950- 1960-,       ,      . Carew J. G. Blacks, Reds, andRussians. . 200207.




70


Berlant L. Cruel Optimism. Durham, 2011; Scott J. Fantasy Echo: History andthe Construction ofIdentity // Critical Inquiry. 2001. Vol.27. 2. .289.




71


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