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notes








1


Russell Bertrand. The Study of Mathematics // Mysticism and Logic: And Other Essays. Longman, 1919. P. 60. . . .

         . ,   ,    . .; ,  ,   .;    - .




2


        Metro,  , :     ,     ⠖     . . . .




3


      : Oscar Morgenstern. Abraham Wald, 19021950// Econometrica, 1951, Oct., 19, no4, p.361367.




4


  SRG      : W. Allen Wallis. The Statistical Research Group, 19421945// Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1980, June, 75, no370, p.320330.




5


  [   ,    (20052007). . . .].




6


W. Allen Wallis. The Statistical Research Group, p.322.




7


W. Allen Wallis. The Statistical Research Group, p.322.




8


         . -,   -     ,       [ ;               XX . . . .].  ,     .




9


W. Allen Wallis. The Statistical Research Group, p.329.




10


           : Howard Wainer. Uneducated Guesses: Using Evidence toUncover Misguided Education Policies. NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.             ,      .




11


.:Marc Mangel, Francisco J. Samaniego. Abraham Walds Work onAircraft Survivability// Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1984, June, 79, no.386, p.259267.




12


  ,      . . . .




13


   ,      :   .   렖 .   ,        -,      (. . . , , ,  ! /. . . . , . . , . . .:     , 2001. . 39). . . .




14


.:Jacob Wolfowitz. Abraham Wald, 19021950// Annals ofMathematical Statistics, 1952, Mar. 23, no.1, p.113.




15


,   ,       .        ,     (    ),   堖 ,    ,      . . . .




16


 ,     (mutual fund),  ,           . . . .




17


   ,    S&P 500      212,5%    .




18


Amy L. Barrett, Brent R. Brodeski. Survivor Bias and Improper Measurement: How the Mutual Fund Industry Inflates Actively Managed Fund Performance (http://www.etf.com/docs/sbiasstudy.pdf (http://www.etf.com/docs/sbiasstudy.pdf)).




19


Martin Rohleder, Hendrik Scholz, Marco Wilkens. Survivorship Bias and Mutual Fund Performance: Relevance, Significance, and Methodical Differences// Review ofFinance, 2011, vol.15, no2, p.441474 . .         ,         ,   .




20


Abraham Wald. Method ofEstimating Plane Vulnerability Based onDamage ofSurvivors. Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analyses, repr., 1980, July, CRC432.




21


     ,   ,  . . . .




22


     :     ,       (. .   / . . . .: ; , .. [1998]. . 27). . .




23


        (       ): 1)     蠖    (. .            //   . 2008. 19. http://trv-science.ru/2008/12/23/18/ (http://trv-science.ru/2008/12/23/18/));2)          (. .     ?       .       21  2000  // . http://scepsis.net/library/id_649.html (http://scepsis.net/library/id_649.html)).       .   ,     ,  (, )    ,     . . . .




24


.: J. von Neumann. Collected Works. Volume I: Logic, Theory of Sets and Quantum Mechanics. New York; London; Oxford; Paris: Pergamon Press, 1961. Pp. 19. [     . . . , .: . . .       // . 1983. 2. . 8687. . .]




25


        ,      (    ),      . ,   ,        - .




26


   . . . .




27


 . . . .




28


   ,     : John Derbyshire. Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem inMathematics. New York: Plume; Reprint edition, 2004 [. .  .        . .: ; Corpus, 2010....];Marcus duSautoy. The Music of the Primes: Searching toSolve the Greatest Mystery inMathematics. New York: Harper Perennial; Reprint edition, 2012.   ø .:Douglas Hofstadter. G?del, Escher, Bach: AnEternal Golden Braid. New York: Basic Books, 1999 [. . ø, , .   . : -, 2001....].   ,  ø     ,         ,   .




29


,       -  -    ,      .         堖  The Grasshopper King ( ).      ,  ,      ,    :   .




30


. . .      . . 86. . . .




31


Daniel J. Mitchell. Why IsObama Trying toMake America More Like Sweden when Swedes Are Trying toBe Less Like Sweden?// Cato Institute, 2010, March16 (www.cato.org/blog/why-obama-trying-make-america-more-sweden-when-swedes-are-trying-beless-sweden (http://www.cato.org/blog/why-obama-trying-make-america-more-sweden-when-swedes-are-trying-beless-sweden)  13.01.2014).




32


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33


,             . . . .




34


,  ,  ,   .           .




35


Horace. Satires1.1.106/ Trans. Basil Dufallo// Satis/Satura: Reconsidering the Programmatic Intent ofHoraces Satires 1.1. Classical World, 2000, vol.93, no6, p.579590.




36


. , II, 1, 106107 / . .  //   . , , , . .:  , 1970. . 248. . .




37


.  , . II, . 2, . 1104a / . .  // .    . .: , 1983. . 4. . 80. . .




38


   (1984),           . . . .




39


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40


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41


   :       .    ,    ,       ;          蠖     (  ),    , ,    (  / -: . , . , . , . . .: , 1993). . . .




42


  500   1       .




43


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44


. : JonathanChait. Prophet Motive: Jude Wanniski, the GOPs odd man in// New Republic, 1997, March31.




45


Hal R. Varian. What Use IsEconomic Theory? [Working Paper] University ofCalifornia atBerkeley, 1989, August (http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hal/Papers/theory.pdf (http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hal/Papers/theory.pdf)  13.01.2014).




46


      1988      -.,  1996     - (  ). . . .




47


David Stockman. The Triumph ofPolitics: How the Reagan Revolution Failed. New York: Harper& Row, 1986, p.10.




48


N. Gregory Mankiw. Principles ofMicroeconomics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1998, vol.1, p.166.




49


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50


,    ,       ,             ,     .




51


Martin Gardner. The Laffer Curve//Martin Gardner. The Night IsLarge: Collected Essays, 19381995. New York: St. Martins Griffin, 1996, p.127139.




52


   1978  ࠖ ,     .




53


.     : [=>Q][Q ]; л; .: . . . , ,     //  . 2000. 6 (14). . . .




54


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55


,  ,     ,    ,     .   ,           ,      VI    ,      .           800    .           ,      ,   .




56


.:Christoph Riedweg. Pythagoras: His Life, Teaching, and Influence. Ithaca; New York: Cornell University Press, 2005, p.2.




57


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58


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59


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60


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62


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63


George Berkeley. The Analyst: ADiscourse Addressed to an Infidel Mathematician (1734)/ Ed. David R. Wilkins, (www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Berkeley/Analyst/Analyst.pdf (http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Berkeley/Analyst/Analyst.pdf)  13.01.2014).




64


. . ,  ,    //  .  / ., . . . . . . ; . . . , . . , . . , . . , . . . .: , 1978. . 425426. . . .




65


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66


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67


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68


.:David O. Tall, Rolph L. E. Schwarzenberger. Conflicts in the Learning ofReal Numbers and Limits// Mathematics Teaching, 1978, 82, p.4449.




69


 , 2- ,    ,    ,  .        렖      .   ,     x ,           ,        x.   ,   ,        . ,       !   2-        ,       ,     2.   ,   1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 +     ?1,    ,    1, 3, 7, 15, 31     ?1.       ,     2-     .    31  ?1  32,     2-  2


.      ࠖ    511,    ?1  512,    ( 2- ).   ,    (,    , ),     2-  (     p-    p).              .




70


         : Morris Kline. Euler and Infinite Series// Mathematics Magazine, 1983, Nov., vol.56, no.5, p.307314.




71


 ,    ,      ,     .   ,      ,        .      ,             ,       Winning Ways (    ), .: Elwyn R. Berlekamp, John H. Conway, Richard K. Guy. Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays. Natik MA: A K Peters/CRC Press. 2ed. Vol. 14. 20012004.




72


   ,     ; ,              Ē.    ,       :     ,     .




73


. . .   / . . . . . .: -  , 1951. . 19. . .




74


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75


     ,   :   ! [  Mean Girls, 2004 ( ). . . .].




76


  -   ,     ,    , ,       .




77


. : (. . )       ,   .     :    (. .  . .: , 1990. . 42). . . .




78


    ,   ,   : Amir Alexander. Duel atDawn: Heroes, Martyrs, and the Rise ofModern Mathematics. Harvard University Press, 2010.               XIX.            : Michael J. Barany. Stuck in the Middle: Cauchys Intermediate Value Theorem and the History ofAnalytic Rigor// Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 2013, Nov., 60, no.10, p.13341338.




79


. ,   ,   : Youfa Wanget al. Will All Americans Become Overweight orObese? Estimating the Progression and Cost of the USObesity Epidemic// Obesity, 2008, Oct. 16, no.10, p.23232330.




80


abcnews.go.com/Health/Fitness/story?id=5499878&page=1 (http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Fitness/story?id=5499878&page=1).




81


Long Beach Press-Telegram, 2008, Aug.17.




82


  (arcade games)       . . .




83


              ,        , .:Carl Bialik. Obesity Study Looks Thin// Wall Street Journal, 2008, Aug.15.         .




84


         ,   Journal of Stuff I Totally Made Up in Order to Illustrate My Point (,       ).




85


     North Carolina Career Resource Network (www.soicc.state.nc.us/soicc/planning/c2c.htm (http://www.soicc.state.nc.us/soicc/planning/c2c.htm)),    .




86


       .           ,   ,           ,              ,     ,      .   ,     .      ;  ,     ,   ,   ,          .       ,      .             15.




87


 .    / . . - //  .    12 . .:  , 1960. . 4. . 351352. . .




88


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