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,    ,    ,    ,      ,   ,   ,      () .   ,         ,          , ,      .           ,       ,     .      :  .       ,    .        ,   [6 - Williams, G. C. Plan & Purpose in Nature. New York, Basic Books, 1996, p. 157.],



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notes








1


       (18861947), ,       ,   .  . ,    ,  .




2


   (Hominidae, . great apes)     , ,   . . .




3


      .             . . .




4


 a devils chaplain       . ,       .      ,     .       . , ,   ,      ,     . . .




5


http (http://www.efabre.net/chapter-iv-the-cetonia-larva):// (http://www.efabre.net/chapter-iv-the-cetonia-larva)www (http://www.efabre.net/chapter-iv-the-cetonia-larva).efabre (http://www.efabre.net/chapter-iv-the-cetonia-larva).net (http://www.efabre.net/chapter-iv-the-cetonia-larva)/chapter (http://www.efabre.net/chapter-iv-the-cetonia-larva)- (http://www.efabre.net/chapter-iv-the-cetonia-larva)iv (http://www.efabre.net/chapter-iv-the-cetonia-larva)- (http://www.efabre.net/chapter-iv-the-cetonia-larva)the (http://www.efabre.net/chapter-iv-the-cetonia-larva)- (http://www.efabre.net/chapter-iv-the-cetonia-larva)cetonia (http://www.efabre.net/chapter-iv-the-cetonia-larva)- (http://www.efabre.net/chapter-iv-the-cetonia-larva)larva (http://www.efabre.net/chapter-iv-the-cetonia-larva).




6


Williams, G. C. Plan & Purpose in Nature. New York, Basic Books, 1996, p. 157.




7


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  (Romanes Lectures)   ,          -  , ,    .         (18481894).  . .




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              (by the Creator),      .




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         (To my Heart, bidding it have no Fear):

		 ,  , ,
		    :
		      ,
		 ,     ,
		  ,   
		  ,   
		  ,    .

. .



19


      ,   ,  --             ,    ,       .




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      Hall of Mirrors    --- 2  2000 .




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  ,           . (       . . :      ; /  : /    , /       . . .)




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26


        ,           ,        . . .




27


       : Gregory, R. Eye and Brain, 5th edn. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998.




28


   ,     ,       ,    ,         .                  ( ),   ,      .   ,      .       ,    .




29


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31


 ,      ,   ,    . ( speciesism   . . species     .       ,    ,       ,     . . .)




32


 1,8   1,5  . . .




33


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34


   (19082001)   ,  ,    ,     .




35


 ,   (. 1948)   ,  . ,  ,            (). . .




36


        : , 21  2000  (http (http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2000/may/21/gm.food):// (http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2000/may/21/gm.food)www (http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2000/may/21/gm.food).guardian (http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2000/may/21/gm.food).co (http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2000/may/21/gm.food).uk (http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2000/may/21/gm.food)/science (http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2000/may/21/gm.food)/2000/ (http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2000/may/21/gm.food)may (http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2000/may/21/gm.food)/21/ (http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2000/may/21/gm.food)gm (http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2000/may/21/gm.food).food (http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2000/may/21/gm.food).). .            : , 24  2000  (http (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2000/sep/24/activists.gmcropsi):// (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2000/sep/24/activists.gmcropsi)www (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2000/sep/24/activists.gmcropsi).guardian (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2000/sep/24/activists.gmcropsi).co (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2000/sep/24/activists.gmcropsi).uk (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2000/sep/24/activists.gmcropsi)/environment (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2000/sep/24/activists.gmcropsi)/2000/ (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2000/sep/24/activists.gmcropsi)sep (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2000/sep/24/activists.gmcropsi)/24/ (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2000/sep/24/activists.gmcropsi)activists (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2000/sep/24/activists.gmcropsi).gmcrops (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2000/sep/24/activists.gmcropsi)1 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2000/sep/24/activists.gmcropsi)).




37


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