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      2002.   ,    .            ,    .          .     elementy.ru,         ,     軠   - ,   -. ,     ,     .          : www.dynastyfdn.ni (http://www.dynastyfdn.ru/)












      ,           ,    .        .      ,             :   (Bill Amos),   (Rosalind Arden),   (Christopher Badcock),   (Rosa Beddington),   (David Bentley),   (Ray Blanchard),   (Sam Brittan),   (Francis Crick),   (Gerhard Cristofori),   (Paul Davies),   (Barry Dickson),   (Richard Durbin),   (Jim Edwardson),   (Myrna Gopnik),   (Anthony Gottlieb),   (Dean Hamer),   (Nick Hastie),   (Brett Holland),   (Tony Ingram),   (MaryJames),   (Harmke Ramming),   (Terence Kealey),   (Arnold Levine),   (Colin Merritt),   (Geoffrey Miller),   (Graeme Mitchison),   (Anders Moller),   (Oliver Morton),   (Kim Nasmyth),   (Sasha Norris),   (Mark Pagel),   (Rose Paterson),   (David Penny),   (Marion Petrie),   (Steven Pinker),   (Robert Plomin),   (Anthony Poole),   (Christine Rees),   (Janet Rossant),   (Mark Ridley),   (Robert Sapolsky),   (Tom Shakespeare),   (Ancino Silva),   (Lee Silver),   (Tom Strachan),   (John Sulston),   (Tim Tully),   (Thomas Vogt),   (Jim Watson),   (Eric Wieschaus)    (Ian Wilmut).

   ,        (International Center for Life)       .                    .      (Alastair Balls),   (John Burn),   (Linda Conlon),   (Ian Lells),   (Irene Nyguist),   (Neil Sullivan),   (Elspeth Wills)   .

          .      (Charles Moore)  Daily Telegraph    (David Goodhart)  Prospect   .

    (Lelicity Bryan)     .        ,     ,   (   ),    .  ,   (Christopher Potter),   (Marion Manneker)    (Marten Carbo).

         ,      (Anya Hurlbert).







    ,       ,   23  .           (1-),    (22-) .       :      X,      X,  , , Y.     X   7-  8- ,   Y     .

    23     .   ,       ,  ,     .   ,  ,   ,    .      ,    ,      ,     (David Haig),  ,      19- .      ,  .          .         .           .       ,         ,       ?       (Primo Levi),       .          ,         .

        .              ,       .    ,       ,         .   ,     ,       .       ,       .    ,            .      ,          .






  (19191987)  ,       () .       Se Questo ? un Uomo (  ),        .


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           .   1990- ,        (     )   () ,     ,       ,    .    ,    ,                ,   .         ,       ,           ,  ,    .     .             ,        .        .        ,  ,     ,          .          1999 ,    .        .  1999-   .  ,    ,   ,   .     Genome: the autobiography of a species in 23 chapters -         .    ,   :      ,     , ,       .

             ,      .          2006 ,           .   :






    sonic hedgehog   ,         (ThewissenJ.G.etal.2006. Developmental basis for hind-limb loss in dolphins and origin of the cetacean bodyp/an.  PNAS, e-pub ahead of print).





 1









  .               .        ,          ,  .          .  ,        ,       .

 ,      ,      ,                   .     ,  4     ,         .  5 ,  ,     .  6          ,      .                ,                   .     .    ,    .           ,  ,  ,        .

   , -,                ,     ,                 ?   1794  ,        (Erasmus Darwin. 1794. Zoonomania: or the laws of organic life. Vol. II, p. 244. Third ed. 1801. J. Johnson, London).  ,   ,    ,    ,             (   65          ),        .      .

     - ?          ,     .          .    .    .         .           ,   .      ,            .    ,      .      ,     ,       .      (Erwin Schrodinger),       .






  (18871961)      .    ,    ,       (),     .        What is Life? (  ?).


          ,   .           .       .   ,                   .              ,   ,       .        ,      ,      .     ,      -,        .     (Max Delbruck),            (Campbell J. 1983. Grammatical man: information, entropy, language and life. Allen Lane, London).






  (19061981)   ,      .  1969            .


    ,      ,  .    .  ,   ,     ,     .   ,     ,      .  ,    ,    ,      .  ,    ,         : , , G  .

,      ?    XX     ?    . ,         .      1953 ,      ,    10  ,  1943 . ,     10    ,        .   (Francis Crick)        .       (James Watson)      15    ,     .   (Maurice Wilkins)       .   (Rosalind Franklin)        .

   1943      (Josef Mengele)           .     ,         ,   .

   1943 ,      ,     (Erwin Schrodinger)            ?.    .  ,      :    -  ,       ,       . ,   ,  ,       ,   .       ,  , ,   ,   ,    .     ,    .  ,              ,   ,   .         .      (Schrodinger . 1967. What is life? Mind and matter. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).

 -  1943       (Oswald Avery)   ,     .    ,  ,  ,  ,       ,    .  ,        .           ,       ,    .     ,   1943 ,      :   , , ,    ,    ,    ()    ,      ,       .  ,              .   ,       (Judson .  1979. The eight day of creation. Jonathan Cape, London).

     ,       .     ,   1648      (Jan Baptista van Helmont).        ,    (Friedrich Wohler)  1828 ,           ,     ,     .   ,         ,       .   ,     , ,  ,      ,     .             ,   ,     98%  .       ,  ,    ,    .    ,       ,      .       .

    (Bletchley)  1943       (Alan Turing)         .        ,    ,   Colossus.           .      ,    ,  , ,       .       ,     .         ,            ,       .     . ,         ,   .              (Hodges . 1997. Turing. Phoenix, London).






 digital         ,    ,         ,      , , .


 -  1943        (Claude Shannon)   ,        (Princeton)   .     ,            ,       .     ,      .            ,      ,   .      .          .  ,  ,       .         ,     .           (Campbell J. 1983. Grammatical man: information, entropy, language and life. Allen Lane, London).

  ,      .   ,          :   .        ,          .

 ,        .   23               .            ,       .       ,   .     1         120  (, , G  ).       ,      120- .       .  ,           .

                 . 120      ,   5S .          ,     ,          ,      ,    .  ,          ,         .  ,   ,       .              .

      ,  ,   ,    , , ,   ,    .      .   ,       .   ,   ?     ,    ,    ,     .     ,     ,   .     ,      ,  .         ,               .        ,   ,      ,  ,  ,   .              ,    .

     ,       .                   .     ,          .

  .    ,       .

1.           . ,   (),   ,    U ()  .

2.        .

3. ,            - .      ,   .

4.     ,  ,          .  -     ,     .     ,      ,                .

5. ,           ,      ,      .          ,      .

    ,    (Thomas Cech)    (Sidney Altman),      .     ,       ,       , ,         . ,         ,   ,         . ,   ,    ,           5S ,      1.






 1989              .


   ,  ,  ,  ,          .  , ,  4   .  ,    - .    ,      ,   . ,      .     ,   ,         (Gesteland R. , Atkins J.  (eds). 1993. The RNA world. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York).

  -    . ʖ   ,     .        ,          .                    .      .       ,     ,    .       , ,        .         ,    ,  ,  .               .     ,       .  ,   ,       ,    ,        .

      (Luca  Last Universal Common Ancestor,    ).      ? ,         , ,      .          ,   ,          (     ) .      ,    ,     , ,   .   ,     ,   .                ,      (Gold . 1992. The deep, hot biosphere. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA 89: 60456049; Gold T. 1997. An unexplored habitat for life in the universe? American Scientist 85: 408411).

,    ,       .           ,     . ,           .  ,          ,        .          ,     ,       .    ,   (Carl Woese)        ,   . ,       ,       .           . ,    ,      ,      .  ,       ,      (Woese . 1998. The universal ancestor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA 95: 68546859).

      ,       . , ,       ,                    .        ,       . ,    .

     ,       ,      .        ?        ,   1998 ,   ,         . ,            ,  ,       .       ,       .






-,        ,        ,     .


          .        ,       ?     .                 . ,     -      ,  ,      (  ) .      ,            .  -       ,  ,   ,    .  , , ,   (Patrick Forterre), ,              ,    ,      . ,     ,          ,   ,    .            ,    .       .

 ,   ,     .      ,           ,   .     :  ,  ,   ,      .     .   ,      ,  ,         . (       ,         .       (Occams razor).)






      XIV    (William Occam, 12851349),   .


    ,        ,           .        ,      ,          .        (     ,   )         .          ,           . ,     ,  -  () ,         (Poole . ., Jeffares D. ., Penny D. 1998. The path from the RNA world. Journal of Molecular Evolution 46: 1-17; Jeffares D. C., Poole A. M., Penny D. 1998. Relics from the RNA world. Journal of Molecular Evolution 46: 1836).






            ,   . ,              () .     .

   ,       .     ,    ,           (Hershberg R., Altuvia S., Margalit H. 2003. A survey of small RNA-encoding genes in Escherichia co/i. Nucleic Acids Research 31:18131820).


        . , CGA  , a GCG     :  , ,   .     ,   ,              .          .        ,       ,    ,           .       . (        ,  ,   .)






  ,          ,   , -   . , ,     ,       .            .


  ,        ,             . ,  ,      ,         .  ,          ,          .     1960         ,       ,     .           .    ,  ,                 .

 ,        :

?       ;

?       ;

?  ,       ,        ,     .  ,          .

        ,  4   .        .                ,        10           .            ,   ,                   .     ,           .






      ,        .    ,        ,                  : ,    (Forterre . 2006. Three RNA cells for ribosomal lineages and three DNA viruses to replicate their genomes: ahypothesis for the origin of cellular domain. /WAS 103: 36693674).





 2









   ,           ,      .  1955        ,      24  .    1921 ,     (Theophilus Painter)         ,         ,       .             ,   24.    ,    ,   . ,      ,   ,     ,   24.

  30        .        ,      23    .      ,      24.    1955 ,   -  (Joe-Hin Tjio)     ,     (Albert Levan),   .   ,    ,   23  .    ,    ,       ,      23 . ,     ,  ,    ! (Kottler . J. 1974. From 48 to 46: cytological technique, preconception, and the counting of human chromosomes. Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 48: 465502).

  , ,     24  .   24 ,      .      .         ,     ,   ,       . ,      ,   ,     ,   ,          .  2,      ,        .   ,        2    .

       22  1996     II (John-Paul II) ,           ⻠ ,       .  ,        .  ,         ,      . ,     -   2.

        .     ,    ,   .                      . ,       ,       ,          ,    ,  ,    ,     .

,      ,  ,     . , ,     ,           .         .     .         ,         .                     ,         .     ,    ?

    , ,   .        ,    .   6,      300   .           ,   ,   :   .       ,     !    ,        ,         .

 ,           .     ,   ,   ,            .  ,    ,  ,     (Pandion haliaetus),  (Tyto alba)    (Sterna dougallii),            . ,         ,     . ,       .

 ,        .        15   ,   ,   .   , 45  ,              .   ,   , 200       . 360          ,   , 500  ,   ,       ,     .       ,   .

 4        ,    (Richard Dawkins)   ,  ,  ,     .       -          .         , ,   .     ,      ,       .           :    ,                 .     3 ,                .      ,      .  , ,     .

     .            .       ,   ,  ,    1020 .        :     ,     ,   .     ,              .        .        ,  ,      ,   -    ,         ,        .         .          .   ,   ,       ,         ,   .           ,         ,    .          ,     ,      -  ,       .

               10  .    ,     , ,   ,         (  )  .  ,              .   ,    .        ,           .        ,      .    5          .   ,        .

  1950    . 3.  (J. Z. Yang)    ,             ,      60  .      ,  ,        (Yang J. Z. 1950. The life of vertebrates. Oxford University Press, Oxford).         ,             ,    ,     5-10  .         ,  ,    ,     .    ,          ,     .     ,     ,       ,         .

,     ,       ,  .             ,      . (,  ,          .)   ,            .  ,  ,       .       ,         , ,   ,      .         5  10  (Arnason U., Gullberg A., Janke . 1998. Molecular timing of primate divergences as estimated by two non-primate calibration points. Journal of Molecular Evolution 47: 718727).






             ,  7 ,    ,        .


        2,         .    13      .               ,      ,     100 , ..  99%    .       ,      97%.  ,     ,    .

   ?      .   ,       ,  ,   .    -  ,     99%  ,   .    ?    ?          ,    ,        .       ,     .        ,       ,     .      ,  ,        .     , ,  ,       99%.       ,      .        ,       . , , ,        .       .    ,            .      (Richard Owen) ,         ,    ,          .        ,        (Paul du Chaillu).      (Thomas Huxley). ,    ,  .   , ,  .  ,      1861              Punch ()      (Charles Kingsley) The water babies ( ).      .  :              ,   ,  ,       .         (Huxley . . 1863/1901. Man's place in nature and other anthropological essays, p. 153. Macmillan, London).      .

 ,        ,  -  ,   300 000 .       ,    ,      ,        -  ,            .        ,       ,   .    25 ,     .

    ?        ,        .      , ,  -  (Ardipithecus),    4 .       ,  ,   .        .   , ,   ,       ,       .          .    ,   ,      .     ,    .       ,     .     :     .      . , ,    ,          ,   . ,     ,       ,         .

     ,     ,   -    .   -      .    ,        .             .     ,    (,         ),           ,       ,        .     (Yves Coppens)        .         ,  ,      .   ,           ,            .  ,          .

     ,   ,       ,       .    , ,     , ,       , ..      ,       -  .       .         ,       (Rogers A., Jorde R. . 1995. Genetic evidence and modern human origins. Human Biology 67: 1-36).

 ,        .         ,        . (    ,           .)           .         ,             .        ,       .      . (           ,     .)

        .    ,       ,              . ,               .    .   ,       ,       .            -      ,             ,        (Boaz N. . 1997. Eco homo. Basic Books, New York).

     ,         ,        :       ,  ,  .      ,    .    ,       , ,       .  ,  3,6  ,    ,      .         ,  -        .     ,      ,      .        ,     .         ,  ,           .

       .    ,        ?   ?  ?         ,          .          . ,   .      ,       ,     ,                 ,         .            .

 -      .        ,       .       . ,    ,     .     .      ,   ,   .           .     (Leakey),   (Donald Johanson)   .     ,    .     ,  ,      .      .   - , ,         ,         .  -   ,     .  ,      .

           ,   ,    .        ,    (Alan Walker)    (Richard Leakey)   1,6  (Walker A., Shipman . 1996. The wisdom of bones. Phoenix, London).              .     ,      .       .   ,   .            .           ,       .         .    ,   100 000     150        ,     .  ,  ,     . (        ,  :     ,     .)     .          .




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