    
  


 -  ,  ,           .    ,   100    ,         .





 

    


     .  ,   -   .    ,       ,    .





Abstract




   ?

     ⠖  ,    .

 ,    ,      .    .

   ?

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 ,   .    !

 ,                (   , ).

   ࠖ          /  ,      ,     ,  ?

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  .      !

  .      .

       .   ,         .

 ,     .

  :  ,  -, ,   ,   .

, ,  ,      .

      ( ,    ):

   ,   ?




Chapter I. Systems and Goals

 I.    





I.0. Axioms and definitions

 


         .

  ,  ,   


  ,   ,      .  ,     ,      .




I.0.1. Alpha and Omega of System Theory

    


         .

 ,  ,           .

       . :

      .

     .

     .

      .  ,         ,       .

        ?  ,   . ,     :

   ;

  ;

  -;

   ;

  -;

  (     !)    .

 ,     ,           RAND Corporation,          .

RAND     頖               .

    (        )    RAND.

 ,    ,  .  堖                General System Theory and System Analysis (    ).

 ,  ,         ,  ,   -.    ,     .




I.0.2. Lost in Translation

 


    ,  .     蠖  ,  .

     ,      ( ,  ?).

,    ,     ,     V   . .  , , , , , .      !

 (    )       ,      ,     c             .

    ,    .  ,    -    !

:

      .  ,  .

      : , , , .

 ࠖ , , ,  .

 堖   ,       .

 堖          ,    .

  ࠖ ,   .

 ,  ,   :   .

       . , ,    ,   ,   .    ,     ,   .     ,   ,   .

 ,     .

          .




I.1. Analytical system structure definitions

   


      ,      .

 


     ,               .

  (    )           ( ) .

          DN,  D   definition; N  ,   .




I.1.1. Basic system definitions

 


        ,        .


D1.

   :

S = A(1,0).

       .   A(1,0)      .


D2.

   :

S = (org,M),

 org  ; ̠  .


D3.

   ,   :

S = (m,n,r),

 m , n , r .




I.1.2. Analytical-based system definitions

  


        ,   (,   D4)    (  )  D5.

     , ,  . :


D4.

   ,          .

S = (,?ST,?BE,?E),

 堖  , ST  , BE  , E  .


D5.

   ,  ,  ,      :

S = (X,?Y,?Z,?H,?),

 X , Y , Z , H  , G  .


D8.

 D5,      :

S = (T,?X,?Y,?Z,?H,?G,??,??),

 X , Y , Z , H  , G  , ?     y(t


)=k(x(t


),z(t


),t


), ?     z(t


)=phi(x(t


),z(t


),t


).




I.1.3. Special system definitions

   


    ,           .   6             .


D6.

D6        (..  ) :

S = (GN,?KD,?MB,?EV,?FC,?RP),

 GN  , KD     , MB  , EV   () , FC  () , RP   .


D7.

D7        (  )    :

S = (F,?SL,?R,?FL,?FO,?LP,?RE),

 F    , SL   (link structure), R   , FL   (頖 learning functions) , FO   (頖 organization functions) , LP   (link performance), RE    (rules of excitation).


D9.

,    ,       :

S = (PL,?RO,?RI,?EX,?PR,?TD,?SV,?CR,?EF),

 PL    (planning), RO   (outer resources), RI   (inner resources), EX  (executioners), PR  (processes), TD   (time delays), SV   (supervision), CR   (control routines), EF    ,  (effects).




Chapter II. The Right Goal

 II.  


,   -   ,   .

 ,  , - 


     ,      .        .




II.0. S.M.A.R.T. Way to be Smart

S.M.A.R.T.    !





II.0.1. The Meanings of Smart

,   ?


 S.M.A.R.T.      .      ,         (     !).

       ( )   .  ,        .

,  .  S.M.A.R.T.    -       1981   ,      (George Doran, Arthur Miller, James Cunningham: Theres a S.M.A.R.T. way to write management goals and objectives).

 堖    .  S.M.A.R.T.   ,     (  ࠖ     , ?) .

 S. Specific   .

 M. Measurable :        , ,   .

 A. Achievable .   堖     ࠖ     ?           2050      . , ,    :    ,    .

 R. Relevant    , . ,            .    ?

 T. Timely              ,   .       ( ,    ,        )     ,    .  . .

,          .    !




II.0.2. Late Introduction

 


!    ,    .       S.M.A.R.T. (, smart          ,           ).

,     ,    ?

S-Specific.     ,   ,  ,    .

M-Measurable.    ,   ,   .

A-Achievable. ,   .       ?

R-Relevant.    .   ()      .      (),       ().    ?)

T-Timely.      1112 .    . , ,  .




II.0.3. Smartest One

 


                .   ,    ,      ,          .

     S.M.A.R.T.,       ,    (),        ()  , ,   .

   S.M.A.R.T.E.S.T.= S.M.A.R.T.+

 E Evolution.     .

,    Agile,              .

 S Set of functions.       (,       )  .       頖      .

       蠖  :   . ,         .

 T Tolerance limits.  ,  , . ,    SMART     ,  -    .

     ,  ,    ,          ,     . ,     ,       ࠖ   .




II.2. , , 

Goal, Question, Metric


  ,    , ,     .

 ,  , -




II.2.1. GQM   .

GQM conception and its levels


S.M.A.R.T.    ,              .

      -  , - ,        ,      ,            .  ,     NASA    ,      KPI    ,      .

      (Victor Basili)      GQM Goal, Question, Metric (, , ).       .

1. 頖  (goal) .

    ,        (object or entity  ),          :

o  (products):  ,  ,    . .;

o  (processes): ,     ;  ;    .;

o  (resources): , , ,   .

2.     (questions).

    ,    ,    .

      .

o     ()       ?

o      ?

o      ?

3.     (metrics).   蠖        .     ࠖ   .

  :

   ;

  ;

      .

  :

    10- ;

    5- ;

     .

!

 GQM    ,    ,      .

         ,           .




II.2.2.   GQM.

GQM goal structure


  GQM     ,    .

 Object:  . ,   (),   . ,    .

 Purpose:  .    GQM-砖      ,     ,      .

 Quality Focus:  .    ( )     ,   .

 Viewpoint:  .           ,    ,  ,   .

 Environment:  ,  .      ,         :         .




II.2.3.   

Yin Yang


     :    S.M.A.R.T.  GQM?

  ,  ,       S.M.A.R.T.E.S.T. GQM.

        ,           . !




   S.M.A.R.T.E.S.T. G.Q.M.







II.2.4. GQM S.M.A.R.T.E.S.T.

Template  GQM S.M.A.R.T.E.S.T.


              :








                  .

!




Chapter III. Evaluations and Estimations

 III.   



         . :

    ?

   ?

    ?

     .




III.0. Scales and estimations

   


,     :      .  ,   

 ,    


        ,      .

     ,        , ,    .




III.0.1. The lesser evil

 


 ,     -  ,      ,         .             .

   ,        ,   /   .

  頖 - ,      .

,   ,    ,        堖 ,        .

     ,   -.

     ?  , ,   ,  ,    .         ,     .     .




III.0.2. Error source

 


       .     ,   ,  ,  .

,      ࠖ ,    ;    ,      ,   .




III.0.3. Data types

   


     .

1.   ().

2.   ().

3.  .

4.  .

    ,      :         . ,   :

    ;

     ,    ;

     ,    ;

    .

         .

,     (   )           IQ ( ).

            ( ),     ( ).

 ,              ,      .




III.1. Quality and quantity

  


렖     .

 ,    




III.1.1. In between   


    ,         ,    ,      ,        ,        .

      ,    :           ,      ,  ,         ,   .   ,        ,    .

 ,        :

     :    ,   ,   ;

    ,     ,     ,        .




III.1.2. Crucial definitions

 


       .  ,         ,        .

   ,   ,     .

  ࠖ        ().

,       ;         ;   蠖         .

  ࠖ       .            ,   .

  ࠖ         .

       .

        : ,   ;   ;  ;   .

        ,    - ;     ,   ,    ,         .




III.2. Scales review

   


   ,  ࠖ   ,  .

 ,     




III.2.1. Important names

 


             .

  ,    , ,    ,      .

           ,       -, -  .

 ,    ,   : ,    ,  ,   젖 .

   :

   ;

    ;

  ;

  ;

   .

      ,              : ,    ,     젖 .

   ,          :

 蠖    ,  ,  (   ).      ,       ( ).




III.2.2. Ordnung muss sein

 


 ࠖ   ࠖ       ,       ()  .

 ,     ,    ,     ,   ,          ,     .         :  (  )          ,      ?

   :  ,    ,   (, ,  , ),  -  ( ,  ).

,  ,     ,  ,    .

        ()  .    ,         ,   ,     ,    .

       堖 ..  ,      (  ) ,     .    , ,    ,            .

 ,         ( ,      ),          蠖  .

 ,       (  -  )    5  10 .    ,        72     ,  :

 7  ;

 7    ;

 7    ;

 5, 7  9      .

   ,           ,    ,   :

  蠖 , ,  ;

       ,      .




III.2.3. Strength of simple continuum

 


              (),  ,             .

             ,    ,            .

        ,          , ..      (     ).

     ,     ,    ( ).

   ,           ,    ,   :

 蠖 . ,  ,   .     , ..    .

    ;    .




III.2.4. Lesser infinity

 


      :         ?   ,     ,   ,                .

     ,      .

  頖        :    ,  , , ,   .

   ,          ,    .




Chapter IV. Highway 60

 IV.  60



    ( ) ,      .          .




IV.0. Gathering evidence

  


   ,   .

  




IV.0.1. Do not cross!

 


     .         .

,              .

 :   ?  .    ,   ,   .  ,  ,    ( ),  ( 蠖  ),      (   )      (蠖      ).

,   ? ,     .

1.    ( )    .

2.   堖         : -,   (       )  !

3.     ,   :   ( ),  ,   ,    ,    - .

      ,    ,  ,    ,       - .  :     -,    ,      ISO 26262 (     )  SAE J3016 (   ).

,         ?              .

   : 蠖    .    ,  General Electric     . ,      ?




IV.0.2. Witnesses

 


,        .   ,   (  -  ,    ,  -   ).     ,         ,   Braid. .

,    .   頖 ,  ,  ;   .     ? ,  ,         ,   젖  ,      .

,    .

1.  ,    .

2.    (, ) ,        .

   ,     




IV.0.3. Crime Evidencies

 


     ,        ,        .

    .

1. ,    ,          .

2.  ⠖  ,    ,        (, ),         .

3.     ,      ?

.   ,  ,  .     ( ,   )!




IV.1. Calculations, implications and preparations

,   


 .  .

  




IV.1.1. Milestones and resource planning

    


         .       




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/dmitriy-evgenevich-chikrin/otsutstvie-alternativ-ili-illuziya-vybora-69160708/)  .

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