    
 


 ()
                         -     .     - ,      . .    , ,      ,   ,    , , , , ,  , ,      -          ,     .          ,            .      1980.       ,   .





 

    



 John Finnis, 1980

  ͻ, 2012

 . . , , , 2012




 


                 ,       - ( ).     1980.          .

 .                  - ,      .       -     ,            - .                ,      .

 ,             .         ,                ,      .    , ,  ,        ,   ,            .    ,        -   ,          .

       ,    -    ,    .       (       )  ,       .  ,    ,          ,      ,      ,        ,        .

 ,    -    ,       ,          ,          ,     .         .

      . :    .  ,     ,         ,            ,       ,           . ,             (  ),      ..    ,    ,    ,  ,        ,       ,    ,       ,    ,    ,          ..

     ,          ,         .      . ,    ,    . ,         .



 

 2012.





















      .        IIIXII  ,  ,  ,   ,       .        ,   ,  ,   ,         .         . ,        ,    I; ,    ,     XIII.  ,  ,  , ,        ,           ,      XII,  , ,   II.

   .            .            ,     ,       .              .  ,     ,  ,    .    ,      ,         ,      . ,          ,      ;     ,   ,     ,    ,      . ,       ,  ,         (  )    ,     ,  ,           .

    .       ,     ;        ,      ,     , ,   ,    .  ?      ,        , ,  ,   ,   ,     .

 1953.       ,   , :          .  ,     ,     .      ,      ,   [1 - L. Strauss. Natural Right and History. Chicago, 1953, p. 7.].          ,   ,    ,    .  ,    ,     ,                 .    ,               ?   .       ,  ,      ,           .       ?    ,      , ,  ,      .         ,              , ,  ,        .

,              .    ,     . ,    , ,    ,     ,         ,   .         ,    .  ,    IIIV,      VI.2  XIII.2                .

,  ,      ,     ,  ,  , . . . ,  ?, . . ,     .                  .

  ,      , 


[2 -   ,    .]        .       ,  ?  ,  ,       , ,   ,     .

 1979.




 





 I

   





I.1.     


  ,   ,         ,      (practical reasonableness),      .     ,            ,                 (  ) .

 ,       ,     ,               ,     .       ,       ,           ,            ,    ,             .

 ,      ,  ,        .     ,  , ,  ,       .     ,    .. ,    ,       ,     .  ,    ..            ,  ,  ,  ,    ,    ,   ,     ..     , ,              ,    ,     , ,     .  ,  ,    ..       , ,    .        ,     ?

,        .       (law) (  jus, lex, droit, nomos


),         ,  .                .  ,         .       ,  ,        ,  ,     ,        ,  .      ,             ?             .  ,     ,   ,                    .

  ,       ?        ?    .  ,              ,    .     ,            .      ,     .         ,        ( :  ,  ,      养[3 - Bentham. Of Laws, p. 1;    (real elements)    (real entities) .: Ibid., p. 23, 251252, 278, 294,  : A Fragment of Government (1776), ch. V, para. vi, note 1(6).]),    ,    (   ,       )   ,      . Obiter dicta


   ,      ,             . ?,  ,           ,     ,    [4 - Austin. Province, p. 7778.].           (,    ),    ,   ,       (,            ).       [5 - Ibid., p. 78.];    ,           .

                     ,  ,  . ,     ,     ,   ,  ,        ,  ,      . ,       :  ,            ,    ,  [6 - Kelsen. General Theory, p. 19.        :   ,    (ibid., p. 21);   ,     ,        , ,  ,          (p. 22); . : Ibid., p. 392, 399.].            , ,   ,         .       ?   :

             ,    (law),    ? [ :    ?          (   ,   ,           )   ?   .][7 -         ,          ,         (    ).]    ,               , ,      ,    ,             셻

   ?   law <, >.    ,       (  ) ,           (, ,   law of nature < ,  >, moral law < >, sociological law < >, international law < >, ecclesiastical law < >, law of grammar < >) , ,         (,     ).    .          ,  ,   ,         .   ,              (.. )  ,  ?   law    (       ).

        ,    . . .    ,           ,   .        ,       .




I.2.   


           ,    :     ,       [8 - Hart. Concept of Law, p. 78


.].  ,     ,  ,   .       ,    ,                   ,      [9 - Ibid., p. 38, 39.       .  : p. 2728


.].    ()    ,             .      ,          ,      , `    .     ,       ,     ,    .  [10 - .: Ibid., p. 189190, 193, 194195


; . : Hart. Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals (1958) 71 Harvard L. Rev. 593, in: Dworkin (ed.). The Philosophy of Law. Oxford, 1977, 17 at p. 35


.]           ,               .

   ,   ,            .  ,    ,     ?  ;   ,   (.. )    ,   ,  (a)       (        )  (b)  (..    )    ,              [11 - Raz. Practical Reason, p. 136, 137, 139.].              ,           ,    ,   [12 - Ibid., p. 138, 141.].  ,            ;    ,              ,        [13 - Ibid., p. 151.]; ,     ,          ,     [14 - Ibid., p. 153.].    ,      ,          ,       [15 - Ibid., p. 154.]. , , ,                   ,        [16 - Ibid., p. 159.].   ,   ,      ,          ,      [17 - Ibid., p. 158.].     ,        ,    ,   ,      ,    ,       [18 - Ibid., p. 159.].

        (      ) ,   ,     ,                    [19 - .   On the Functions of the Law, in: Oxford Essays II, p. 278304, at p. 300303,   : G. A. Almond, G. B. Powell. Comparative Politics. Boston, 1966.].  ,                       ,     (i)   ( ,  )    (ii) ,         ,          .

 (   )      ,    ,   ,   ,      (  ),         ,    .       ,       ,          ,                .       ,      ,         ,          .            ,     ,            ,     .  ,             ,     , [20 - L. Fuller. Morality of Law, p. 210, 214, 216; 3940, 61, 155; 20


.].

   ,      ,     ,    .         (non?evaluative) [21 - Raz. Practical Reason, p. 165.].   ,        ,        ,               [22 - Ibid., p. 165.].  ,             ,           ,           .




I.3.      


 ,   ,       ,   :              ? ,      ,     ,          ?   .

 ,      ,      .       ( pros hen  aph henos


).               ,   .      ,  ,   ,  :         ,               ,         씻,                  ?    (,  )    ,   ,   ,   ,    ,   ? .          ,      ,    ,  ? ,   [23 - . . VII, 2, 1236 a 1630.]      . ,   ,          .      ,   (extension)            [24 - Concept of Law, p. 15, 210; .  p. 234


.]. ,      ,    [25 - . . VIII, 4, 1157 a 3033; . III, 1, 1275 a 33  1276 b 4


.],       :

  ,    , ,            .             .    ,                        ,          ,           [26 - Practical Reason, p. 150.].

      ,       (      ),     ,       ,  


.

      (          ),        ,   ,   ,    ,  ,    (simpliciter)     ,       (secundum quid)           , , ,      ,           : . , XII.4.

 , ,   ,             ( ,  ,  ,      ..: . , VI.4).     ,      (,   ,      ).   ,    ,       ,     (,  ).         ,               ,   ,    .    ,          ,      ,        .          ,   ,        .             ,        , ,     ,   .  ,     ,     (, , )         ,      .




I.4.   


        ,    ;     ,    ?      ,    I.3:              ?

    ,    ,   [27 - .: Raz. Legal System, p. 201.] ?           ,  [28 - Ibid., p. 200 n. 2.], [29 - Hart. Concept of Law, p. 96.]  [30 - Ibid., p. 88


.]       (     ).    ,     ,         ,    ;        .       ,  (?) ,  , .        ,  ,        .             ,          .  ,   ,     (    )              ,    ,                 ,     ,           ,  ,        .

,           (, , ) ,      , .. ,                       ,              ,     [31 - Ibid., p. 9596; .  p. 8687, 5960, 113, 197, 226


.].          [32 - Legal System, p. 200 n. 2.],         , ..   ,        (     )[33 - Practical Reason, p. 177, 171.].

 ,         .      ,            ,           ,     ,     ,  .      .  ,      ,    ,      .        : ,    ;     ;           ,  [34 - Hart. Concept of Law, p. 198;  p. 111, 226


.].            ,       ,         ,      ,    ,         [35 - Practical Reason, p. 148.].      ,        ,        (        ,   [36 - Ibid., p. 171.])   .        ,         , ,                .

  ,      ?,       ,         ,      ,     .  ,           .       ,   ?                   ,  .   ,   ,      ( , ,    ),    .        ( !)  ,     ,   ,             , ,  ,   .     ,   ,     (..  ),                  ;   ?  ,               ,      (   )   . ,         ,        ,               .  ,      .

       ,    ,            ,   ,     ,  [37 - .: Raz. Practical Reason, p. 147148.].       ,   [38 - Concept of Law, p. 226


.],   ,  ,     ,  ,    ?                ,       .

   .    ,             (,  , ?  ,               )[39 - Ibid., p. 169


.],  ,       ,          ,       ,    ,          .                      ,  ,       .        .          (. V.1, V.10, VI.1, XI.1, XI.4).    ,      (Rule of Law) (X.4)                     ,           ,    .

    .  ,           ,    ,    ,         ,    ,   .  ,         ,       ,     ,  : ;          (flourishing)       ;          ,      ,        [40 -                     ,      spoudaios ( ,   ): . , XII.4     (. IX, 582 a  e),          ,       ;  ,                , . : . III, 408 d  409 c.].                  ,    ,         ,          ?

             ,          .            ;       ,      (. IX.4)        .        (  , .. ,         )     ,   ,         ,   .

       ,   .          ,      ,      , ,   ,       ,   ,      .

 ,            ,    ,        (        ),                  ,       ,     .           ,          ,    ,         ,        .            , ,   ,        ,  ,  , ,          .      (      )   ,  ,  ,    ?  ,            ,     , ,   .

  ,    (    )          ,     ?  ,  .

 ,     ,         , , ,        ,    ,      .  ,          , ,  ,      ,                       (   )  ?     ,      .  ,           ,        ,       .          , ,        ,     .

 ,             ,   ,   (   ,           ),    ,     ?   ? .    (    II.4)                     (human situation),         ?                 :     .                  ,    ,     ,   ,            ,                            .




I.5.   


, , , ,             ,         ;          .            ( ,     )              .      ,    ,            ,                  ,       ?      ?   .      ,           ,            .              ,           (     )               ,          /  ,    .

               .    ,    ,      ,    ,     ,    .                   ,    , ..   ,          .  ,  ,                         ,      .        (. II.4);        ,      ,      . , ,     ;     ,      ?    .








I.1

         .: Max Weber. Theory of Social and Economic Organization, ed. T. Parsons. New York and London, 1947, p. 88126; On Law, p. 110; Alfred Sch?tz. Concept and Theory Formation in the Social Sciences (1954) 5 J. of Philosophy,    Collected Papers, vol. I (ed. M. Natanson, The Hague, 1962), 48 at p. 5859; Eric Voegelin. The New Science of Politics. Chicago and London, 1952, p. 2729.

    . : Bentham. Collected Works (ed. J. Bowring, Edinburgh, 1863), vol. IV, p. 483; ,     XI.8.

    . : Hans Kelsen. Pure Theory of Law. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1967, p. 3031.


I.2

  ,   ,       () . : J. Raz. On the Functions of the Law, in: Oxford Essays II, p. 278304, at 278; Legal System, p. 145.

      ,   ,   ,                     (Raz. Legal System, p. 146).          ,           (p. 201).  Legal System     (p. 200),   ,          ,    ,     ,   (p. 192).  ,         ,    ,     (p. 198).   Practical Reason     ,    ,      ,  .            (p. 142).    :        ,       (p. 142;  p. 148).          ,  ,                  , ..     (      ),  ,          (p. 139, 143, 171).


I.3

        .: W. F. R. Hardie. Aristotles Ethical Theory. Oxford, 1968, p. 5960, 6365; Gauthier  Jolif, II, 1, p. 4546; II, 2, p. 686 ff.; .: W. W. Fortenbaugh. Aristotles Analysis of Friendship: Function and Analogy, Resemblance and Focal Meaning (1975) 20 Phronesis 5162; , XII.4.     (Concept of Law, p. 1516, 234)      ,     (    ),  ,     pros hen (  ) (       )


.  (p. 1516), ?,    ,          .   ,    ,         ,               .       ,      (..        )               .          . : Hart. Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence (1954) 70 L. Q. R. 37 at p. 38, 44 n., 5659.

             .: Weber. Methodology, p. 8993. . : Alfred Sch?tz. The Problem of Rationality in the Social World,   Collected Papers, vol. II. The Hague, 1964, 64 at p. 8188.

          ,             , .: Province, p. 367. . : Raz. Legal System, p. 140; Practical Reason, p. 150.

            .: Weber. Methodology, at p. 7280; Eric Voegelin. The Theory of Legal Science: aReview (1942) 4 Louisiana Law Rev. 554 at p. 558564.


I.4

 ,  ,    .           , .: . . . VI, 2, 1139 a 2631; De Anima < > III, 9, 432 b 27; . S.T. I, q. 79, a. 11; Raz. Practical Reason, p. 1013.     <>   theoretike (     speculativa), .: . Locc. citt.,  : . VI, 1, 1025 b 1929.   theoretical <>,   speculative <, >         ;        descriptive <, >  descriptive explanation < >.  ?    ,         , ..  .    ,    ;             (,     ).

               .,  : Weber. Methodology, p. 58, 7682, 24; : Julien Freund. The Sociology of Max Weber. London, 1968, p. 5161. ,        , ..     : . II.3 (). ,    ,          ,  ,            .   ,              ,             ,     ,          ,     ,     .

      ,     ,        , , ,    ,         ,    . . .      ໠      ;        [ ],       , ,    ,     (R. M. Dworkin. Taking Rights Seriously. London, 1977, p. 67)


. (     (  ),      ? ; .  p. 51,  6, 11.) .  p. 117


; Dworkin. No Right Answer?, in: Essays, at p. 82. , ,          ,      ,      .         ,    ( )    , inter alia


, ,          ,    ,         ,  酻 (Taking Rights Seriously, p. vii  viii)


.         ,     ,  ,  (    )  :           ?     ,    ,     ,  ,       ,    ,     ,     ,     ,   (      ),      (  )         .      ,    (..     )      ,    ,        ,      (     ,      )  ,     .  ,     (op. cit., p. 14, 15, 44)


,    ,       .  ,  ,  ,     (        ),         ;        ,           .  , ,      , ,   ,                ,             ,     ()  .

      ,       ,        . . .     (B. J. F. Lonergan. Insight: A Study of Human Understanding. London, 1957, p. 554568).    (p. 566),       ,   .            (.: , ),     (.. )   .




 II

  





II.1.      


     ?         (natural law)      ,  ,  ,    ,        :  (i)     ,          ,    ,     ,      ,  ,  ,       ;  (ii)        (         ),    (sound)             ,  (   ?  ) ????? (   ???),  ,   , ..        , ,  ,   (iii)     .

             ,              ,  ,    ,        ,   ,       .   ,        .   ,           ,       ,        ,     ,      ,        .   ,       (     )  ,            .               ,                 .

         ,     ,   ,     .       ,       ,   .    ,    ,    .     ,  ,     ,  .

      ,  ?     ,     .   ,   ,          ,      ,  ,    ,    ,     ,       .  ,    󻠖  ,         ,      ,       .  ,    ,               .     ,           .     ,     ,          .       ,  ,    .

    ,   ,     .         .              .

      ,   ,  ,     ,  , ,   ,   ,    . ,  ,        ,  ,                            .  ,  ,         ,                   .  ,      [41 -    : A. P. DEntr?ves. Natural Law. London, 1951, rev. ed. 1970, , p. 13, 18, 22  .; Julius Stone. Human Law and Human Justice. London, 1965, chs. 2, 7.].

     .       ,      .     .        ,       ,               .    ,            ,        ()[42 - .: Alf Ross. On Law and Justice. London, 1958, p. 258, 262263.]      ,         [43 - .: Wolfgang Friedmann. Letter (1953) 31 Canadian Bar Rev. 1047 at 1075.], [44 - .: Wolfgang Friedmann. Review (1958) 3 Nat L. F. 208 at 210; : Hans Kelsen. Allgemeine Staatslehre. Berlin, 1925, S. 335   ?    (     1945.  (.: General Theory, p. 300),       ).],        .           ,       ,    .       ,        .             ;      .




II.2.   (legal validity)  


            ,            .        ,       ()  .

        (image)   ,    ,  ,   .        ,     ,     ,  ,          ,         .              :

  ,           .   ,    ,       , ..  .             , .. ,    , .. .      ,    ,   .     ,        ,   [45 - Raz. Kelsens Theory of the Basic Norm (1974) 19 Am. J. Juris. 94 at p. 100.].

             ,        ,        :     [46 - Practical Reason, p. 162.          ,            : Concept of Law, p. 181


. . : Practical Reason, p. 155, 162;   , ?,            ,    (definitional),    (derivative) . (     ,            .)].

  ,      ,                 .  IX.2, X.2, X.5, X.6, XI.4, XII.3  XII.4     .   ,     , ?,               ,          .         I.3       .

               .   ,               ,          (delegation)  [47 - General Theory, p. 412.].     (     ).          ,                ,      ; ,  ,   ,    ,         ,     ,        (material validity)     [48 - Ibid., p. 412413. .  p. 411:                         , .. [non sequitur


]            .]. , non sequitur    ,      ; ,    ,   petitio principii


.  ,  ,           (  ),    :     ( ,    )         (..   ),      ,   ,    , (i)       ( , ,     )  (ii)           ,      [49 - .: S.T. I?II, q. 96, a. 4c;              infra potestatem commissam


. . , X.7  XII.2.].             : . , XII.4.       / ,     .     .

      ,        ,    ,      :

     ,  ,       ,         ;  ,  ,     ;          ,     ,   ?  [50 - General Theory, p. 416.]

 ,  , ,  ,     .     .          ,   ,   ?  ,  , ,   ,  , ,                 ,                      ,  ,    . ,  ,        ;      ,                  ,   (   )[51 - .: S.T. I?II, q. 95, a. 2 (q. 91, a. 3 q. 95, a. 1            q. 99, a. 3ad 2, q. 99, a. 5c, q. 100, a. 11 c).   : X.7.].  ,       .      ,   ,   ?  ,                .     ,       (   )[52 - .: . . V, 7, 1134 b 2024 ( ,    X.7); . In Eth. V, lect. 12, no. 1023; .: .  I, 13, 1373 b


.]                 .                   X.7.

,   ,                ,   (   , ,   ),  :       [53 - S.T. I?II, q. 90, a. 3ad 2; q. 95, a. 1c  ad 1; q. 96, a. 5c; . : . ., 519 e; . . . X, 9, 1180 a 22.].       ,           ,    ? ,     ,  ,   ,  ,     ,          [54 - General Theory, p. 411.]. , ,    ;              ,   : . , X.1.




II.3.     


.. .  :            ,             (  ,      ),     [55 - Hart. Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals (1958) 71 Harv. L. Rev. 593,   .: Dworkin (ed.). Philosophy of Law. Oxford, 1977, 17 at p. 36.].   ,    ,  ?  ? . ,            ,                   ,          .          ,                  ,          :            [56 - Strauss. Natural Right and History. Chicago, 1953, p. 10


. . : H. Rommen. The Natural Law. St. Louis and London, 1947, p. 4.        , .: . . . V, 7, 1134 b 2735; I, 3, 1094 b 1416;      .:  .     III, xxiv, 198238


.].

          [57 - S.T. I?II, q. 93, a. 2c; q. 94, a. 2c, a. 4, a. 5ad 1, a. 6c; q. 99, a. 2ad 2; q. 100, a. 1c, a. 3c, a. 6c, a. 11 c.].       ,   ,           . ?,    (communissima) ,      ,   ,   [ ] [58 - S.T. I?II, q. 100, a. 11 c; .  q. 90, a. 2ad 1.];      ;      ,         ,   ,         ,  ,    ,         [in universali]      [59 - S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 6c,   a. 2c; q. 99, a. 2ad 2; q. 100, aa. 5ad 1, 11 c; q. 58, a. 5c; q. 77, a. 2c; De Veritate, q. 16, a. 3c.].        ,            .      ,      : , , ,             , ..  ,   ,        ,     ,   ,  ,      ,          ,    .

?,                           ? , , ,           ..[60 - S.T. I?II, q. 100, a. 1c (     ,   ); q. 94, aa. 4c, 6 c (        ).]; ,   (    ,     ) ,           ,    ,    ,     ?    [61 - S.T. I?II, q. 100, a. 5ad 1; II?II, q. 122, a. 1c.]. , ?,            ,   [62 - S.T. I?II, q. 100, a. 1c, a. 3c, a. 11 c.].

 ,   ,     ,   ,     ,  ,   [63 - Concept of Law, p. 187


.],   ,                 [64 - ., : . . I, 5, 1095 b 14  1096 a 10; . . I, 5, 1215 b 15  1216 a 10; S.T. I?II, q. 2, aa. 16,   , , , ,  ,       .           S.T. I?II, q. 1, a. 7;   S.T. I, q. 2, a. 1ad 1.].    ,               ,          ,   ,          .          ,       .             .           (  )  ,         .

            ,     :   [  ]  ,         ?[65 - Stone. Human Law and Human Justice, p. 212.]      ;         :       [  ?]   .

  ,       ,   (      )   ,     ;    ,            .          ,   ,          .

           ,                ,       [66 - . . I, 3, 1094 b 28  1095 a 12; 4, 1095 a 31  b 13.].       ?      ,   ,   ,      , ,          [67 - . . IX, 4, 1166 a 2023; VIII, 7, 1159 a 912.]. ,   ,     (  propositio per se nota   ). ,   ,       , ,      ,       ,      ,       ( )  , `  [68 - S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 2c; q. 66, a. 5ad 4. , ,   (. . II, 19),     ?  ;   ,      ,            : S.T. I, q. 79, a. 2c; De Veritate, q. 16, a. 1c.].            :            .       ,  ,     communissima,  ,  ,                  . ,          [69 - S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 2c.].    ,             [70 - S.T. I, q. 2, a. 1.].

?,      ,      ,       ,    ,       .     ,            ,    ,    ,    ,     ,       :       ,  III.4;      . XIII.2.




II.4.     


     ,  , :     ,        ?[71 - Stone. Human Law and Human Justice, p. 212.]     :    ,     ,             .

,     .     ,          .             ,          .

  ,    ?        ,               [72 - D. J. OConnor. Aqinas and Natural Law. London, 1967, p. 68; .    : Norberto Bobbio. Quelques arguments contre le droit naturel (1959) 3 Annales de philosophie politique 180; Id. Locke e il Diritto Naturale. Torino, 1963, p. 7071.], ? .   ,         ,      ,      [73 - OConnor. Op. cit., p. 19.]. ,      ,     ,              ,     (   ),  per se nota ()  [74 - . In Eth. V, lect. 12, para. 1018; S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 2; q. 91, a. 3c; q. 58, aa. 4c, 5 c.].      .     .         ,         [75 - .    (Margaret MacDonald. Natural Rights, in: P. Laslett (ed.). Philosophy, Politics and Society. Oxford, 1956, 35 at p. 44); . : Kai Nielsen. The Myth of Natural Law, in: S. Hook (ed.). Law and Philosophy. New York, 1964, 122 at p. 132.];         [76 -     : Strauss. Natural Right and History, p. 78; Hart. Concept of Law, p. 182187


.],        .     ?     ?.    (   ).          ,     ,    ?    .   ,     (prosequendum),   ,   ,   ,    ( ,    );

    ,        ,   .

,      ,     ,      [77 - OConnor. Aquinas and Natural Law, p. 18.].   ,   ,        .  ,             ,  , ,    ,   [78 -   Β,  (ibid., p. 15):      ,        ,        .],    , ,  , ,    . , ?,      .   :  (  )     ,    :    ,    . ,    ,     ,  ,              (  ,  ).

        . Β      :   ,        ,       ,    [79 - Ibid., p. 73.        . V.].  ,            ,  .

      ?    ;     .   :        ,  ,         ,      ( / )[80 -     a priori   ,       ,  ,    . .       


 ( ,  ,    )         : c. Nature, in: Mill. Three Essays on Religion. London, 1874.     , ,  ,   (. XIII.1),       (    );       (            ,         (. V, 5, 1015 a 20)      ,   ,    (: S.T. I?II, q. 1, a. 2c)).].     ,   ,  ,        (XIII.1) ,    ,      ,   ,                (II.6).

    ,          ;     .                  .    ,    . ,    ,      ,             , bene disposita secundum convenientiam suae naturae[81 - S.T. I?II, q. 71, a. 2c.].    ,       ,        [contra naturam].      ,              (          ).        ,       ,    .        .

  ,    , , ,     ,  ,    ,             ,      .   ,     ,   ,     ,  [tantum inquantum]  ;     ,     [82 - Ibid. ( )


.     I?II, q. 94, a. 3ad 3; q. 18, a. 5.                  , ,    : . IV, 444 d; IX, 585586.].

 ,       ,     (),    (),    ,  ,   ,    .              , ,              .             ;         ,     ,   ,         prima principia per se nota


   .

              (   !) ,   (!)         ,       ,              .       ;          ,     .




II.5.       


 ,     ,        ,        ,   oa       ;  ,   , ,    ,   ,      ,     ,            .    ,         .            ,        ,          ,    ,   ,          ,          ,                [83 -  .     (1740), . III,  i, . 1


(Raphael. British Moralists, para. 504).].

    ,          .  ,  ,    ,        XIX.:    ? (,  , ?)        ( ) .                     XVIII. (   ),    ,                   .          ,     ,             ,  ? ;    ,       .  ,    ,     :                ,         [84 -     ,                    (.    .: Jonathan Harrison. Humes Moral Epistemology. Oxford, 1976, p. 110125),   ,           . ,       (Harrison. Op. cit., p. 124),        ,           (   ,   ,           (1751), . I


(Raphael. British Moralists, para. 563)),  ?     . , ,         ,        ,     :        .      ,     ,      ,          ,       ,    :  ,   , ,        ,        ,    ?,   (   ),  ?             .].        .

 ,       ,   ,                      ,    [85 - , III, i, 1 (British Moralists, para. 488).       ,   ,  ,    , .: British Moralists, para. 489, 490, 505


 .].      ,  ,      ,    ,       ,      ,            ,     [86 - Ibid.; British Moralists, para. 488.         <> . paras. 497  500


. (    ,     ,     , . paras. 500  634 (       ,  16  1740.).].

   ,     ?         (Joseph Butler. Fifteen Sermons (1726))    (Ralph Cudworth. A Treatise concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality (. 1685,   1731)).   ,       [87 - .: .   <   > (1745),    Raphael  .: W. B. Todd (ed.). Hume and the Enlightenment. Edinburgh and Austin, 1974, p. 27; .    , . III,  ii, . 15, .,    ,       


(, ,         ).],        ,   酻 (Samuel Clark. A Discourse concerning the Unchangeable Obligations of Natural Religion (1706, 8th ed. 1732)).  ,      ,   ,   ;        :       ,  ,         [88 - Clarke. Op. cit., 8th ed., 225; .: Raphael. British Moralists, para. 251 ( );     5?  (1719).  (Raphael, para. 244),         ,  :            ( ).].    .

  ,  [i]        ,            [ii]               [ ] , ,       , [iii]               ,          .   [i]        (fit)         ;  [iii]           ,      ,         [89 - Ibid., para. 225 ( ).    ,           ,           ;              .          para. 231;       .]

    (iii)  ,  ,          .         ,   c  ,     ,       (fitness) :        , ,            ,          ,  ,         [90 - Ibid., para. 226. .: . , II, iii, 3 (British Moralists, para. 483):      ,         


.].        [91 - Clarke. Op. cit.; British Moralists, para. 227.],   .     ,     [92 -      (right reason)   : para. 246.], [i]       , [iii]     , ..   (  ),  ,     ,   [93 - Ibid., para. 233.].

    ,          ,  , ?, .            [i]  ,      ,  [iii]         ,       ,       [i]       , ..         ,     ,  [iii]        , .. ,    ,        [94 - Ibid., para. 232.        . , . 49.].    :    ,   ,   ,  ( )   ,        ,   , ,  ,    ,    ,    , ,   ,    ,            [95 - Ibid. .  para. 230.          , De Legibus, I, xvi, 44


: Op. cit., 8th ed., p. 232.].

  .               (,      ) , ,          .        ,   ,   . (               ,        ).        ,      ,           (   )  .        (    <>  , <>   ..)  ,       ?    ,    ,    . ,       ( )  ,   ,   ,    ,      .      ,        (  )           ?  .

     ,           , ..  ,   ,         ?  ,       .    , ?,     ,    ?   .   ,       ,  :

     ,      . ,  ,        ,     ,   ,    ;  ,  ,        ,     ,               ..          ? ..    a priori,   ,         ,      (forcible)   (obligatory)[96 - , III, i, 1


(British Moralists, para. 500) ( ).].

 , ,       (        )             ,  ,   (ought)  ,  ,       (must move it), ..   .

            .   ,  ,       ,  ,  ,       ,   ,          ,      (  , ..    ,  ,   ,  ,   )     ,    .           ;        ,        (   ,     ,   ),            . (,           ; ,       ,   ,             .)

     ,     ()   .      ,            (  ),    (is to be)[97 -    is to be  , ..  ,   ,   : What is to be done? <  ?> (Quid est faciendum?).  ,       ought to be,      ought: . II.6  , III. 2, 3, 5.]        .           ,       ,      .  ,              .            .           ,         ,      ,   ,     ,     .      ,        ,           150    .




II.6.  


        ,   ,     De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625),     ,   , ,   ,  De Legibus (1612) , ,  ,     (1605). ,       ,                  ,   ,      ,        .

 ,    , ,          etiamsi daremus:        [locum aliquem]    ,   [etiamsi daremus]  ,  ,  ,    ,           [98 - Grotius. De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Prolegomena, para. ix


(trans. Kelsey, Oxford, 1925).].

       .     (    ),          (   )            XIV.           ,   .  腻  .        :

      ,         ,       . ,     [conveniens humanae naturae],    ,        ,     ,       ,        [contra jus naturae, humani scilicet]


.

  (degree of validity),          ,    ,  ,      :

     ,     ,        [ex ejus convenientia aut disconvenientia]  ,  [indicans]   ,   ; ,    ,     ,  . ,      ,      [debiti]   [illiciti],           [99 - De Jure Belli ac Pacis I, c. I, sec. x, paras. 1, 2


. ,   , ,              ,   ,                  (Ibid., Prolegomena, para. xxxix)


.      2 x 2 = 4: Ibid., I, x


.].

   debiti  .             . ,         etiamsi daremus,  ,  ,          :            ,   ,     ,      ? ,           ,        .       ,    XVII.      :     ,     (  ,   conveniens  ),     ;            ,            ,   ,    ,     (  ),    ().    ,            ,         (etiamsi daremus)    .

     , ,      ,   .    ,  ,  ,     .       ,              ,             .

 ,     ,     ,     ,    ,  .       ,       .    , ?,               : ?   , .. ,  ,  ,      ?  , .. ,  ,  ,    ,   ?     ,    ,        [100 - .: Vazquez. In Primam Secundae, disp. 90, c. 3; Suarez. De Legibus, lib. II, c. 7, paras. 47; c. 5, paras. 45; c. 6, para. 17.]. (     .)               (??)           ,  ,  ,             ,          [101 - S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 2.         ,            .]. ?,   (?)  ,    ,  ,    ,     [102 - .: Vazquez. In Primam Secundae, disp. 49, c. 3; Suarez. De Legibus, lib. I, c. 5, paras. 12, 15, 16, 24; lib. II, c. 6, paras. 68, 12, 13, 22.    ,    ,             .   ,  ,         XVI., :   ,   ,    ? ,    ,    ,       ?  (De eo ad quod tenetur homo cum primum venit ad usum rationis (1535; Lugduni, 1586), Pars II, para. 9); .  ,   XI.9.]: .  , XI.8, XI.9. (     .)           (  )    (.. )  .  ?    (..     )      , ,         ,       ,      ,          , ,    [103 - .: S.T. I?II, q. 1, a. 6; q. 4, a. 8c  ad 3; q. 5, a. 7c; q. 90, a. 1c; q. 99, aa. 1c, 2 c; II?II, q. 44, a. 1c; q. 47, a. 2ad 1.].           ;  ,        ,        .           ,       .

 ,             (    )         .  :          , ,    ,       ;                 ,     .      ,        ,    ,            ?   ,       XVI  XVII.        .

          ;  ,  ?  XVII.              ,  ,       (., , , XI.8,  imperium). ,      ,    ,      ,  ,      ,   ,   ,   (         )   ,   .       ,  ,     ,          .      (  ,   ),          ?         (XIII.1),           XVIII.      ,     (      ),  ,    ,    ,          .                        XX .

                . (i)        ,         (  ,          ). (ii)       ,     ,      ,   ,     ,      . (iii)           (   ![104 - Suarez. De Legibus, lib. II, c. 6, para. 22:       [motio]  ; . , . III,  ii, . 5 (British Moralists, para. 541):          <>   


.]),    ,      ,             ,            . (iv)      , ,   ,           (    )       ,          . (v) ,    ,    ,       ;   ,      ,    ,  ,    ; ,      ,              ,          ,       ,      .




II.7.    


       ,       ,  ,         : ,                     ().          ,  ,    ,     ,  .




II.8.         


           [,    ,     ,  ,    ][105 - Kai Nielsen. The Myth of Natural Law, in: Hook (ed.). Law and Philosophy, p. 130.].      ,    . , , ,      ,     (i)       , (ii) ,        ,     ,    , (iii)      ,      ;  (iv)  ,   ,       (,  ,  ),      .    ,       :  廠          ,        [106 -     .: Rommen. The Natural Law, p. 49, 6364.    . , XI.9.].     ,             60?  XX.,         .              ,        ,    .

,  ,    .       ,                 ,        ,     , (i)         ,  (ii)    ,  (iii)        ,     ,      , ,             ,     , (i)                 (   ),  (ii)    ,  (iii)         .        ,     ,          .       ,    .   ,        ,   ,        ( ),      ,      .








II.1

         (    ,      )  C. G. Haines. The Revival of Natural Law: A study of the establishment and of the interpretation of limits on legislatures with special reference to the development of certain phases of American constitutional law. Cambridge, Mass., 1930.

           ?   ,   ?            ? ,   ,          . ,  ?  ,      IIIIV                   VVI             (       ),          .      ,           .             ,       ,  ,    .


II.2

     ,                , I Comm


. 41:          ,     [..  ].        ,    ,        :            [..    ,   ]  ,  ?         [.. ,    ],      텻 ( ).    , ,   ,    ,     (.: Finnis. Blackstones Theoretical Intentions (1967) 12 Nat. L. F. 163),       .

  ,       , ,     ,          (             ),        (  )    .   (Morris Arnold. Statutes as Judgments: the Natural Law Theory of Parliamentary Activity in Medieval England (1977) 126 U. Pa. L. Rev. 329)      ,     ,     .


II.3

             ,     , ,         : Methodology, p. 12, 55.     ,            ? ?,      . (i)      ,    (value?judgments)  . ( non sequitur: . II.4.) (ii)  ,         ,    ,                ,   ,  . (   .) (iii)     ,        ,  ,   ,  ,               ,    . .: Strauss. Natural Law and History, p. 6774


,     . ,  VII.4.          ,   ,    ,       ,           (.  III.5).

             ,      ,   synderesis


(..    : S.T. I, q. 79, a. 12; I?II, q. 94, a. 1ad 2)      (,       ).       ,     (, S.T. II?II, q. 122, a. 1c).     prudentia


 ,        ,      ,    :    ;    ; ,     .               ,   prudentia  : S.T. II?II, q. 47, a. 6ad 3; I?II, q. 61, a. 2c; q. 66, a. 3ad 3.  ,         ,         (fines)          , ..    prudentia,        : S.T. I?II, q. 57, a. 4c; II?II, q. 47, a. 6.

    ,  ,      ,       (  per se, quoad omnes  quoad sapientes


),      .              ,  prudentia        (       : S. T. Supp., q. 98, a. 1)    ,   .      ,   V.

      (Arnold Brecht. Political Theory: the Foundations of Twentieth Century Political Thought. Princeton, 1959, paperback ed. 1967)   (i)   , (ii) ,     (iii)     (   , p. 181)     ,     ,   ,     , ,   ,  ()    .           (p. 113116)  (a) ,    ,  (b) ,       ,  ,       scientia transmissibilis     ,        ,       ,    ,   ,        (   )   (p. 573). ,  ,             ,             .       ,   (      )          (., : Ibid., p. 430,          ):     . (  . III.6.)         ,      ,       (..     )           ,                         .

 ,         , ,               / , ,       ,       : S.T. I?II, q. 100, aa. 3ad 1, 4 ad 1; .: q. 100, a. 11 c; De Veritate, q. 16, a. 1ad 9. . , XIII.5.


II.4

             ,   II.3;   :   [  ],              ? (Human Law and Human Justice, p. 212).         ,  ,  II.2.

 ,  ,   ,         , S. T. I?II, q. 58, a. 4c,     :      (a)       (b)   (prudentia),         , , ,          (..  ,   ),   ,   (.. )     (scientia).        II.3,  ,  prudentia     ,   (bene dispositus)     ;        ,   Β (OKonnor. Aquinas and Natural Law, p. 29),     (affectum bene dispositum) [sic]      .

          , ,     (Natural Law and History, ch. 4),     ,    (ibid., p. 7)  ,             


.       ,         (    ),     (Concept of Law, p. 182187


).   ,   , ,          ,   ,       .    ,     ,   ,       .       ,        ,         ,        ,    ,      , .: .  II, 8, 199 a 919.             ,     . (i)                  ,      ,   []  ,       ,   ,      (op. cit., p. 185)


?          , ..  : ,     ,     ,      ,       . (ii)     ,         , ., : Peter Geach. The Virtues. Cambridge, 1977, p. 912.

          ,   ,    : G. Grisez. The First Principle of Practical Reason: A Commentary on the Summa Theologiae, 1?2, Question 94, Article 2 (1965) 10 Nat. L. F. 168196,   .: A. Kenny (ed.). Aquinas: A Collection of Critical Essays. London, 1970, p. 340382 (  ).

  ໅        ,                 (Wilfrid Sellars. Science and Metaphysics. London and New York, 1968, p. 116).    ,     ? ,     (   ) ,       ,       .


II.5

    컅         ,            : Arnold Brecht. Political Theory: the Foundations of Twentieth Century Political Thought, ch. VI.          ,    , . .: Jonathan Harrison. Humes Moral Epistemology, p. 7482.

()     컅          : D. D. Raphael. Humes critique of ethical rationalism, in: W. B. Todd (ed.). Hume and the Enlightenment, 14 at p. 2029; Harrison. Op. cit.; R. David Broiles. The Moral Philosophy of David Hume. The Hague, 2nd ed., 1969.

       컅   .: Broiles. Op. cit., ch. 6.

          .: Joseph Butler. Dissertation of the Nature of Virtue, appendix II to The Analogy of Religion (1736, 3rd ed. 1740), in: Raphael. British Moralists, para. 432; Fifteen Sermons (1726, 4th ed. 1749), in: British Moralists, paras. 374, 377, 384, 391 (  ), 395, 400, 402, 404, 409 (), 423.   , .: Cudworth. A Treatise concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality (. 1685, 1st ed. 1731), Book I, c. ii, paras. 3, 4; Book IV, c. vi, para. 4, in: British Moralists, paras. 122, 123, 124, 135.

    (motivating)   (necessitating)            (    ),  :  ,      (British Moralists, para. 533;    [? ],   ,  ,    .      ,          (para. 537);           ,      ?    ,     (para. 538);       ,  ,              ,   (para. 541,  );    <>    (para. 542);               (para. 543)


.        ,       ,    (    ,     ). ,  ,     ,     (   ),     (The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1776), I, ii, 4, 1)


; .  . .  (Campbell)  .: A. S. Skinner, T. B. Wilson (eds.). Essays on Adam Smith. Oxford, 1975, p. 78.


II.6

    , ,       .    1704.       ,               De Jure Belli ac Pacis. ,   ,     (          ),    (Richard Cumberlend. De Legibus Naturae (1672)),    ,        (Prolegomena) ,   De Jure Belli ac Pacis     ,     ,       .

Etiamsi daremus .: J. St. Leger. The Etiamsi Daremus of Hugo Grotius. Rome, 1962.       .: . . II, 365 d  e,  X, 885 b  907 b.   etiamsi daremus ., ,  : Gregorius de Arimino. In Librum Secundum Sententiarum (. 1350; Venetiis, 1503), dist. 34, q. 1, a. 2 (       (Pere?a): Suarez. De Legibus, vol. III. Madrid, 1974, p. 80 n.); Vitoria. Op. cit, Pars II, para. 9; Suarez. De actibus humanis (1581;       (Abril), op. cit., p. 210), q. 9 (op. cit, p. 211); Vazquez. In Primam Secundae, disp. 97, c. 1.            , ,   ,   : De Legibus, lib. II, c. 6, para. 3.       ,     etiamsi daremus, .: Culverwel. An Elegant and Learned Discourse of the Light of Nature ([1652, 4th ed. 1669], ed. Brown, 1857), p. 45, 55, 7477.

     ,        ,         . ., : A.?H. Chroust. Hugo Grotius and the Scholastic Natural Law Tradition (1943) 17 New Scholasticism 101 at p. 114, 117; Rommen. The Natural Law, p. 64, 71, 196; Suarez. De Legibus, lib. II, c. 5, paras. 2, 58. ,     ,       lex praecipiens  lex indicans


,    , .: Vazquez. In Primam Secundae, disp. 97, c. 1, no. 1.   ,    (op. cit, p. 114),   ,    ,   .     ,      :    imperium


.   ,       imperium     (. , XI.8).      ,   ;  ,   ,       ,    ,      ໠    intimatio


  : Vazquez. Op. cit., disp. 150, c. 3, no. 19; disp. 49, c. 2, no. 6 ( ,  ,   : De Legibus, lib. I, c. 4, para. 14; c. 5, paras. 2125).    ,     ,     .         ,   ,      ,     ,     ,    ;     : S.T. I?II, q. 90, a. 1c.

   convenientia               (  ,       ,   , convenientia,    ), . : S.T. I?II, q. 18, aa. 2c, 5 c  ad 2, 8 c  ad 2, 9 c, 10 c  ad 3; q. 10, a. 1c; q. 71, a. 2; q. 94, a. 3ad 3.  ,           ,        ,  1592., ..     , .: De Legibus, lib. III (   : op. cit., supra), p. 220.    convenientia  . , XIII.1.

           ,           ,      ,               ,        , : Clarke. Op. cit., 8th ed., p. 213217, 221222.   (ibid., p. 210)     ,   ,   ,              (ibid., p. 209; British Moralists, para. 244).

        ,              ,          . ,   ,  ,  ,   ,           ,     (Lloyd L. Weinreb. Law as Order (1978) 91 Harv. L. Rev. 909 at p. 911).     : R. M. Unger. Law in Modern Society. New York and London, 1976, p. 79.      , .: . . IX, 8, 1168 b 2930, 1169 a 1122;      ,   : XIII.5; .  XI.1.


II.7

   軅      ,         ,   : German Grisez. Contraception and the Natural Law. Milwaukee, 1964, p. 1931.  ,            ,           ;    ,    (   ). ?                     (S.T. II?II, q. 110, a. 3c),  ,    (,   ,  )   ,          ,    ,   ,          .




 





 III

    : 





III.1. 


  ,          .          .  ,      ,        ,  ,      .

   ,  ,  ,  , (i)          , (ii)                       (iii)       ()   .          ,         ,     ,   ? .

 ,        , . ,       ,      ,      theoretike  praktike


,   ,   ,    ,  ,      , .. ?     ?  , , , , ,     . ,    ,     (achievement?word);     ,      .          ,      ,           ,       .          ;   ,    ,          (propositions),     ,  (   )    ,       ,      ,     .  ,    ,      ,    ,   ,  ,   ,       .      .  ,      ,    (      )  : (i)   (ii)  ,    ,         ,    ,        .

,                ,       . ,        ;      ,          .               (..           ),    ?   .  ,  ,    , ,         ,    (1536)       (1868)


.  ?   (   ?  ),   廠      .




III.2.      


     ( ,   ),   , ,   ,   ? .       .          ,    ,      ?        ?     ?   ,       ,       ?  ,  e = mc


?    ?    . ,       ?     .    ,   ( ),   .

    ,     ?     ,      ? .  ,         ,   ,        ,        (   ?  ).    ,    ,        , ,        ,   .     ,         ,           .                  (   ,       ).                 ,       ,                   .

     ,   ?    ,    ,  ,      ,               ,   (   )    ,       . ,     ,             ,     ,   ,      ( )   .  ,  ,    ,  ,       ,    ,  ,      ,  ,     (   ).

   ,         .              ,    .         :        . (i)         ,         ,      ,     .        ?  ,  ,    ,     ,  ,          . (ii)             ,  , ,        . (iii)     ,       ?             ;  ,      ? ,      (iv)          ,      , ,   ,   ,            . (v)         (  )       ;           ,              , ,   .         . (vi) ,   ,  ,    ,  ,     (intrinsic) , ..  ,       ,      , ,   ,       , ,       ,     .  , (vii) ,      ,   ,         (    ???)      ,    .




III.3.     


   ,   .           .     .    .           (? principium)    ,   ,      .

: (i)           ; (ii)    , ,     ,       ; (iii) ,   ,          .      ;   ,    ? ,   ,     (    )     ,                    ,       ,    ..  ,  ,   ,    ,   ,    ,      .  , ,     ,    ,        (   ),                    .

  , ,    ,    ,    ,   ,  ,         .                (  )         .     ,      .

   ,    ,   ?       .    (,         )                (more basic)  .        ,           .   :  !;      ,     ,   ,   ?

           ,        ,       .    ? ,     ? ,   ,    ,   ,    ,  ,   .       ,     ,         . ,   , , ,  ,  ,        ,   ,         ,    .   (,  )    (,   )        , ,   . , ,      (commitment)   ??,      ,     (     )           ,      .




III.4.   


   ,      ,  ,   ,   ()  .  ,            .   , .     ,       .

  ,                 . ,    (  )  ,    ,     ,     . ,      ,      ,       ,  ,         ,        , ,    ,        . , ,       , ,  ,  ,  .

 ,      (    ,    ),         ,        .  ,             , , ,  .    , ,    ,        ,    .  ,           ,          ,   ,    ?.   :         ,      ?,       ,     ,    .    ,          ,      ,    ?   .                   ,  ,           (      )     (      ).       ,       ,   ?.

         ,    ,          ,             .           ,  , ,       ,        .  , , ,    ,  ,       ,      ,   ,    .  ,      , ,         ,     .   .               .

           (  ),      .        ,      ,  .      ,         ,   ,    ,   ,   ,  , ,  ,        (  )     ,  ,    (  )   .

     ,    ,          ( ),     ,  ,         . ( ,  ,       ,  ,           ,        .) ,    ,   ,  ,           ,     .    ;    , ,      ( ,  )     ,             : IV.1.  ,      ,   ,  ,               ,    ,      .    ?  , ,  ,   ,      ,     : ,     ,  ,   ,    (  ).   ,  ,    .

      ?             ? ,  ,                 ?

       ,   ,          ,   ,        ,      . , ,        ,   ,           ,   .. ,   , ,  (  )     (i)          ,       (,           (C   A  B); (ii)     ,      ,  (   )      ; (iii)  ?      (iv)  ?    .    ?  ,        ,      .  ,     ,  ,  ,    (            ),  ,   ,         (      ,        ).

,                  .      ;          ,       V,     ,      , ,     .    ,         ,          .  ,   ,         (a) ,         ,   ,  (b) , ,   ? ,           ,  (c) ,    ,    ,  ?   ,    .

      ,  ,    .       ,   ,    ,       ,               (      ).  :     ,  ?  ,   ,          , . , XIII.2.  : ,   ,    . III.6. :     ,   ?     . :       ,              ,  ,  , ,     . :  ,  ,       ,      . :  ,  ,     ,      .     : XIII.2.

    ,        ,     .    . ,      ,    ,        ,          (     ) ;     .  ;             .    ,      ,    ,    ? .            ,      .        .      ,  ,    ,    ,    , .

    ,   ,    .  ,       ,  ,      ,       . , ,  .    ,    ,    . ,    ,                ,    (   ),    ,     .




III.5.   


,    ,    ,   ,   , ,  ,  .  ,       ?  .

      ,    ,     ,   ,  ,   .    ,         .          , ,    ,           .         .       ;        .        ,  ?   ,    .         ,        .

    ,         ,     .     ,   ,    ,           ,       ,      ,    ,       ,      .

      ,    ,   ,         . ,          ,       ,  (i)      (    )    , ..  , ,      ,    ;  (ii)          ,         (  ),    ,       . ,    ,   ,       ? ,    ,       ,   (  )     (  ,  ).

 ,      , ,   ,  ,   ,     ?     ,            , (i)       (ii)         ,   ,  ,    .       ,    ,    ,     ,    .    ,  ,      ,      ;          ,   ,      ,  , , ,   .. ,     ,    , , ,     , ,      ,           .  ( ),            .  ,     ,   ,  , .         .   ,   ,   ,      ,     ,     (   , , ,    ,       ).

   ,      ,  ,         .   ,  ,   ,       ,    ,    .        ,  ,  .      :  ,           ,    ,    .        .      ?                 .

  ,   ,     ,   .                 `   ,  . ,    ,    ,    ,     ,     .

           ,       ,   ,      .

 ,            ,     :    .

        .

,      ..    (   )      ,   ,    ,           ,     ,   , ,    ,     .   .      , ??   ,  , .           ?  ,       .        ? ,      (    ).       ,                    , ,         .           ,     .  ,   (?)     .         .     ;     ,                   ,    .    ,     .

        ,       .   ,    ,    ,     .     ,   ,     ,              : V.3, V.7, V.10.                     .  ,     ,    .

      ,        .      :             ,    ,           .

,    ,      :   ,    .        ,    ,   ?,  .     , (i)         ,  ,    ?  ,     ,  ,      ;  (ii)        .              .

 ,              .            .     ?




III.6.       


       ,      ,            . ,     ,  ,      .   ,   ,  ,   (self?defeating).    ,      ;    ,     .                               .

    ,  ,    ,  ,       , :  ,    ;   ,    ;   .

,  ,  (occurrence)      .      ,    .   ,      , ..   ,   ,  ,   .

,  ,      ,     


  .         ,      .          .     :      (  ),   .       .     ,  ,   ,             1  (         ?    ,    ,        ?  ).        ,  ,   (  ) .      :    ,    .        ,      ,  ?  ,  ? ,   ,  ?  .

 ,    ,   .  ,    ,       ,     ,       ,   , , qua


;  ,     ,     , ,       .         ,     , ,       .  ,        .

,    ,     ,    .   ,    (       ,   )    ,      .     . ,     ,   ,    ;       .

   ,   .  ,              ,  ,  ( ,     ,   ,    )   ,   .             , , ,     ,      ,    (     ).       ,   ,      ,    .      ,    ,    ;    , .   ,      ,            ,        ,     ,        .








III.2

    ,    ,       (   )     ,       ,    .   bonum commune (      ),  bonum generale,  bonum universale


,   bonum.    ,         , ,         ,  (, ,  ),       secundum aliquam rationem universalem  sub communi ratione boni


(S.T. I. q. 80, a. 2ad 2; II?II, q. 24, a. 1c).      (  ) .: G. Grisez, R. Shaw. Beyond the New Morality. Notre Dame and London, 1974 (ch. 2, 7).

          ,    ,    ,   ,                .       , ,       (Rawls. Theory of Justice, p. 405406 ( )


.          ,      (,       ), ,   (  ).

    ,       ,    bonum honestum      bonum honestum, bonum utile  bonum delectabile


.: . S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 2; q. 100, a. 5ad 5.  honestum     ,     . Bonum honestum    ,   ,      ,     ,        ?  ,    ,    .  ,  ,     bonum honestum.    , .: . In Eth. para. 58 (<> 1095 b 1718); S.T. I, q. 5, a. 6; I?II, q. 34, a. 2ad 1; II?II, q. 145, a. 3;   , De Officiis, I, c. 9,   , De Officiis, II, c. 3


. . : . . . VIII, 2, 1155 b 1820; II, 3, 1104 b 3132       (Gauthier  Jolif),  ,      ,     . . :  I, 13, 105 a 28; III, 3, 118 b 28. . ,   VI.34,    philia ().

  ,        .: . S.T. II?II, q. 167, a. lc.,  curiositas


  .


III.3

  ,       ,  , S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 2,       (     ,    ).            .: G. Grisez. The First Principle of Practical Reason: A Commentary on the Summa Theologiae, 1?2, Question 94, Article 2 (1965) 10 Nat. L. F. 168,   ( )  .: A. Kenny (ed.). Aquinas: A Collection of Critical Essays. London, 1970, p. 340382.

       .: . . . VI, 5, 1140 b 17; VI, 12, 1144 a 3133; VII, 8, 1151 a 1520; .      : In Eth. paras. 1170, 1273, 1431  para. 286.

   ( ) .: . . . VI, 9, 1142 b 2226; 12, 1144 a 3136; VII, 3, 1146 b 34  1147 a 36; De Anima III, 11, 434 a 1621; de Motu Animalium, 7, 701 a 733; W. F. R. Hardie. Aristotles Ethical Theory. Oxford, 1968, ch. XII; J. Donald Monan. Moral Knowledge and its Methodology in Aristotle. Oxford, 1968, p. 6163, 6872; Gauthier  Jolif, II, 209212, 605614; David Shwayder. The Stratification of Behaviour. London, 1965, p. 92104; G. E. M. Anscombe. Intention. Oxford, 1957, p. 5779.

  ໅        ,             ,   .  ,           ,         ,            ,      (Raz. Practical Reason, p. 49).        ,   ,     .      ,    , ., , , X.7.

        ;   , ,     ,     ?   .          Shwayder. Op. cit., p. 144148.     ,    , ,      ,  , (i) ,   ,  (    )  ??????? (, ,       ,       ,      ,      ),  (ii) ,    , ,  ,  ,    ???? (, ,          ,   ,    ,     ,  ).  ,  ,    : J. L. Ackrill. Aristotle on Eudaimonia (1974) 60 Proc. Brit. Acad. 339 at p. 342344.

   廅  ,  ,      ,       George Kateb. Freedom and Worldliness in the Thought of Hannah Arendt (1977) 5 Political Theory 141 at 153:     ;   ,   , , ,       ,   . (      [Arendt. The Human Condition. Chicago and London, 1958, p. 154, 156157].)     .  ,    ? ,   ?   ;      ,     ,  ,       .    ,   , ,       (project).


III.4

 ,    ,       .: Roy Edgley. Reason in Theory and Practice. London, 1969, p. 156.

    ,     .: . . . II, 19, 100 a; . I, 1, 980 b  981 a (    ,  , , , ,    ?      ).        ,       (insight),   ,   .              (..  ),     ,       : S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 2 (      ); I, q. 79, a. 12 (        : synderesis); I?II, q. 94, a. 1ad 2 (synderesis    ,    ,      ; I?II, q. 10, a. 1c; II?II, q. 47, a. 6c; II?II, q. 79, a. 2ad 2; In 2 Sent., d. 24, q. 2, a. 3 ( ?            ); d. 39, q. 3, a. 1; De Veritate, q. 16, a. 1; In Eth. VI, lect. 12 (para. 1249).

     (Charles Fried. An Anatomy of Values. Cambridge, Mass., 1970, p. 8889)     ,            .

    .: Michael Slote. Reason and Scepticism. London and New York, 1970, p. 220 (Index of Principles); G. Grisez. Beyond the New Theism. Notre Dame and London, 1975, p. 7681, 114, 134135, 168172, 392; J. Boyle, G. Grisez, O. Tollefsen. Free Choice: A Self?Referential Argument. Notre Dame and London, 1976, p. 144152, 168177.

      ., : R. Harr. The Principles of Scientific Thinking. London, 1970, p. 140141; W. Sellars. Science, Perception and Reality. London and New York, 1963, p. 295;  : Henry E. Kyburg. Philosophy of Science: A Formal Approach. New York and London, 1968.


III.5

  ,    .: .  III, 1, 116 a 1920; . I, 6, 1362 a 23; . . I, 1, 1094 a 3.         ,   ,   ?   ,    ; ,      (bonum communiter sumptum


).   ,      ;     , ,   , ..  ,     .          appetitus      ,         :         .: . In Meta. paras. 9991000 ( . V, 14, 1020 b 26).  ,    ,    ,     ,      : Hart. Concept of Law, p. 184187


( . ,   II.4).        ,    (ibid., p. 186),         ,     ; ,    ,       


. ,    ,         (. ,  ),           (., : S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 2c);     (  ,  ),       ,  ,  (   ) (., : S.T. I, q. 77, a. 6; . , XIII.4).   ,   ,    ( )    ,   ;  ,        A  X,      ; ,    ,    .       ,      ,       (.. )  ,    ,   (per se nota)       , , , ,    ,    , .: S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 2; .  ,   III.4.

   ,                       ,  : . In Eth. paras. 1552 ( 1155 b 20)  257 ( 1103 b 3133).     . S.T. I, q. 5, a. 1c  ad 1:      ,     [appetibile],     I  ,    ,   .  ,      ,   ,      [ ]


   ,   [bonum dicit rationem perfecti quod est appetibile]; . : I, q. 5, a. 3c; q. 48, a. 1c; q. 6, a. 3c:     ,   [   ] .      ..   ;   ,      ,      ( ).     ,  :     ,          ,     ,     ;         (In De Anima, intro., s. 3);      .: S.T. I?II, q. 18, a. 1c.  :   ,   [] ? ,     (De Veritate, q. 21, a. 3c).    ,          .: Ronald Duska. Aquinass Definition of Good: Ethical?Theoretical Notes on De Veritate, Q. 21 (1974) 58 The Monist 151, at p. 152158 ( ).

   ,   , ,         ,   ,  ,    . .  (J. L. Mackie. Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. Harmondsworth, 1977, ch. I)     ;    , ,   (  )    ,          ;            . : E. Westermark. Ethical Relativity. London, 1932, p. 143  passim.     (   ,        )   ,   .   ,   ,         (p. 3940)       (   ).        . .: B. J. Lonergan. Insight: A Study of Human Understanding. London, 1957, chs. IV, VIIIXIV,   p. 411416.    ,     (op. cit., p. 47) (, ,           ), , ,   ,      (???)     ,   ,         (          ),          ,   (   )     : Ibid., p. 230232.       ,    . , XI.8 (  ), XI.9; .  XIII.5.

    . ,   II.3; .  , V.10.       (Wilfrid Sellars. Science and Metaphysics. London and New York, 1968, p. 223):      ,          .            ,      .    .: Alan Gewirth. Positive Ethics and Normative Science (1960) 69 Philosophical Review 311330,   .: Thomson, Dworkin (eds.). Ethics. New York, 1968, 2747, at ibid., p. 32; P. T. Geach. The Virtues. Cambridge, 1977, p. 1415.


III.6

     ,    ,      ,   .. . : Finnis. Scepticism, Self?Refutation and the Good of Truth, in: Essays, 247, at p. 250254, 258266.        ( ): Boyle, Grisez, Tollefsen. Free Choice: A Self?Referential Argument, p. 122138.




 IV

  





IV.1.    


     ,   .        .         ,  ,         ,   ,   ,      ,  ,  ,   ,        (     ).              ,       ,  ,   ,    .

           ,  .   ,  , , ,  ,    ,    ( ),         .        ,         ,   ?   ,   ,   (,     ),    ,   , ,     ,   .

,   ,    (     )    (     ,   ), ,       (  )   .     (a)           ( ,  )              (   ,   ); (b)    ( ,    ),    ,        ;  (c)  ,    ,        ..,    軅  .. (  ,    ,       ). ,        ,  ,   ,      ,      . , ?,       ( ,  ,  )   ,  ,   ,    ,       ,  ,     ,  ,          . ?,  a fortiori


,                .          ,      ,    ,        :    . , ,  . . .     [107 - Hart. Concept of Law, p. 190, 191, 195


.],     ,      (),       (           : ). ?,    ,      ,                  ,  ,   .           ,    ,    ,  ,       . , ,     (, ,   )  ,    ,  ,       ,  ,     ,         ,           [108 - J. Rawls. Theory of Justice, p. 433 ( )


.]; . , V.3, VIII.5.

      ,    ,   ,       ,             ,    ,           : . , II.3.   ,        ,    (      ,   ),    ,    .

,          .         ;          ,            ?    .              ,   .      ;     ?   , ?     , ?       .       ,        (,   ),    ,   (, ).  ,        ,    ,      


,        ,  ,  ,   ,       .    .       meum  tuum


,   ,  ,   .   ,          .           ,     .      ,     ;        .

,   ,    ,  ,      ,  ,      ,  .           .             .        ,           ,       ,     .      ?  ,   ,             ,        ,                : III.4.                ///      ,      ?           ,           ,   ,  ? ,   ( ?   ): III.3.

   ,    ,  ,  ,    ,         ,      ,    (      ).     .

   ,  .        ,   ,   ,           .          ,    .   ,    ,  ,     ( ,      ),       ,      .      ,     .

       ,    , ,  ,  ,            ?      .                 ;         ,    ,    ,    ,                    ,       ,   ,    (  ,   )   , , , , ,          .




IV.2.    :  


                  ,       :     ?    ,             ,        ,   ()     .         ????   ,    ,    ,   (   )   ,  ,   ,        .                  ,     .        .      (  )      (     ),     :     (, )      ?

:  ,  , ,  ..      ..

,      ?



A. 

  ,    ,  .        (vita, ),     ,   . ,     ( , )   ,      . ,        (  ,    )  :     ,        ,       ;       ,    ,    ..;     ;     ; , , ;   ;    ;   ,        

,           . ,     ,     ,    / /  .              ,       ,    ,      //      .  ,     (,  )       (    );    ,     ,     , /    , /   .             ,              ;    ,  ,         .        ,        ,        .          ,     ???;            (sociability) ( )   (???),       ,          ,        .



B. 

     :  ,      ,      .



C. 

      .   ,   ,     ,              . ,   ,         ,       ,     .           ,     ,     ,     ,       ad hoc


          ,     ,          ;   ,              .  ,    ,    .



D.  

       .   ,   ,  ,  ,      .       .   ,          .  ,    ,     ; ,       ,       ,      .

       /   ? ,      .



E.  ()

.   ,  ,              ,     ,         .                  .       ,   .             ,   ?

 ,   ,                : VI.24.



F.  

.              ,    ( ,    )          .     ,       ,                ,    .     (i)  , , ,  ?        ,     ,         ?        ;  (ii)  , , ,  ? ,    (     ,             )   (authentic), ..        , ,    .  ,    ,    ,  (integrity)  .     ,     ;      .      V.



G. 

,  ,   .  ,          .       ;   ,  ,  ;    ?       ; ,         ,   ; ,              ,      : (a)    ,          ,           ,    ? (b)     ,   ,               ,           ,     ,  ?   ?,     ,       (    ,    )    ,     (   ),       ?

  ,                ( ,      )   ,   .   ,    ,      ?   ,   ,     (b) .    ,         ( )  (correctly)                      ,     ?        :            ,         ,     ,   ,      ,            . ,          ,    :       ,   ,        ,  ,      ,  , ,  ,       ?  ,     point de dpart


,     (, ,  ),    ,            ,     ,    ,   ;   , ,    ,      [109 - J.?P. Sartre. LExistentialisme est un humanisme. Paris, 1946, p. 36, 8384


.].     (   )      ,     ?     ,  ,     ,     ,     ,      , ?      ;       XIII.5.




IV.3.  ?


 , , ,  , ,    ,       . ,  ,          ,            (  )   (  )         ?  .

 ,           ,   .    ,   , , ,   ..,     ; , ,  ( ,  )          (      ,  ?    ? ).

         , ,    ,  ,   ,        .

,              ? ,      ,           : ,          .   ,          (   , ,   ..),   ,    .             ,    ?      . ,   ,  ,   ..     ?  ,          . ,   ..    ,     ,   .. (  ,            ,   ..)      :     (,  )         (,  )                          ,     .   , , ,  ,         ,   :     ,       .    ,           ,   ,     , , ,       .

       ,  ,  ?    ,   ?

     ,  ,    ,    ,    .         ,      (     ,    ,   ).    ,          ,     .     ,                ,        ,       ?  ( )       .




IV.4.     


,        , ,        . ?,          . ?,          ?     ,    . ?, ,      ,      .      .     ,      .

,     ,   ,      ,       ;      ,     ;     ,         ;     ; ?    , ,         ,   ;  , ,   ?,    ,  ?,           ; ..     .  ?    ?    ,    ,           .          ? ; , ,          .            ,     ,    .       ,         ,    ;    ,       ,      ; , ,     ,         ,       (  )[110 -  VII, 645, 803804; . , XIII.5.],      ,      .

,        ,   ;               .     (fundamental).      ,  ? ,        ,  ,     ,    .       .

,                 .       ,  ,      (, ,   )       ,  , ,   ,        .      ,       ,     .      ;              ,          .        ,         ,       (      ,        ); ,       .          .         ;     .           ;      ,  ,  ,  ,     ,       ? .  ,         , , ,   , ,   ,           .

                          [111 - S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 2c.]    .      : (i)     ,   ,    ,   ; (ii)    ,    ..  ,  ,   ,  ; (iii)  (     ),       ,  ,        ,   .     (        )   :    ,   ,     ,   ,    ; ? ,    ,      ; ,   ,    .  ,  ,  ,                 (        ,    : ,  ).              ?         ,     ,  ,   ,   (   )  ?  ?               ()        : ,    ,         ,  ,      ,    [112 - S.T. II?II, q. 64, a. 5ad 3; a. 6ad 2; III, q. 68, a. 11 ad 3.].             .




IV.5.      ?


         , ,  ,      ,        ,       ,      ,      (,  ,    ,     (floating),  ..)     (,  ,  ,    ,  ).  ,    ?         , .       . ,   ,       ,   .

  ,    [113 - R. Nozick. Anarchy, State and Utopia. Oxford, 1974, p. 4245


. . : . . . I, 5, 1216 a.]. ,         ,        ,     ,         ,   ,      (    ):              .  ,   , ?,         ,       ?   , ?,         ,    ,  ,           ?   ?          ,   ?  ,    ,      (     ,    );     ,    ,    ;   (  ) ,        ,             .

             (  ,    ,      );    ,      (      ,         ,   ).        ,       .            ,      .        ,     ,                 .     , ,     ,   ,     : III.3.     ,   ,                ,      ,      :        ,    ,   .

,    (!),         , ,     ;   ,     ,       ,    . ,    , ,   , ,          (  ),   (  ),  (  ), ,  (self?direction),     (  )  ,     (     ).     ,            ,     ,        .      ,                ,   .

 ,        ,       ,   ,       ,          ,        ,                   .








IV.1

  ,  ,      .  (Thomas E. Davitt. The Basic Values in Law: A Study of the Ethicolegal Implications of Psychology and Anthropology (1968) 58 Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (NS), Part 5),  ,    ,   :  ,       (drive),      ,  , ??  .  ,        .   ,     ,       (gregariousness);  ,   .   ,     , ,       ;    ,  ,     ;  , ,    ;  


, , ,   ;    ,  ,      ;  , ,    .   ,    ,       ,  :  , ,     ,    ,        (p. 1314,     ,        ).

              (           ,    ): E. Westermarck. Ethical Relativity. London, 1932, ch. VII (   ,  ,                  ,      ,    ,         (p. 196),    ,      ,       ); Alexander MacBeath. Experiments in Living: A Study of the Nature and Foundations of Ethics or Morals in the Light of Recent Work in Social Anthropology. London, 1952; Morris Ginsberg. On the Diversity of Morals. London, 1956, chs. VII, VIII; M. Edel, A. Edel. Anthropology and Ethics. Springfield, 1959.    . : Richard H. Beis. Some Contributions of Anthropology to Ethics (1964) 28 Thomist 174; : Davitt. Op. cit.


IV.2

            .   . : G. Grisez, R. Shaw. Beyond the New Morality: The Responsibilities of Freedom. Notre Dame and London, 1974, ch. 7. .  (i) ,        ,      ,  .: W. K. Frankena. Ethics (2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1973, p. 8788; (ii)       .: A. H. Maslow. Motivation and Personality. New York, 1954, p. 80106; (iii)    .: Robert H. Lowrie. An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology. London, 1934.   (Morris Ginsberg. Basic Needs and Moral Ideals, in: The Diversity of Morals, ch. VII)    ,         ()    ()   ,     . .   , ,     : S.T. I?II, q. 10, a. 1c; q. 94, a. 2c.

        .: Johan Huizinga. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play?Element on Culture [1938]. London, 1949;   1970; Josef Pieper. Leisure, the Basis of Culture. London, 1952; Hugo Rahner. Man and Play [1940]. London, 1965. ո (1970 ed., p. 32) :       ,       ,          ,  , ,    ,         ,   ,  ,       ,  ,   셻


,             ,    , . : L. Wittgenstein. Philosophical Investigations. London, 1953, secs. 6671, 75, 8384


.

     .       ,   ո: Homo Ludens (1970 ed.), p. 149151


.

  .     : Finnis. Reason and Passion: The Constitutional Dialectic of Free Speech and Obscenity (1967) 116 U. Pa. L. Rev. 222 at p. 232237.

       ,    .: . S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 3c; De Veritate, q. 16, a. 1ad 9.    (Grisez, Shaw. Op. cit., p. 6768)        ,       .

         ,    ,      ,       ?,       ,        (Eric Voegelin. Order and History, vol. 4, The Ecumenic Age. Baton Rouge, 1974, p. 45; . : Ibid., vol. 1, Israel and Revelation (1956), p. 288 n. 47, p. 376. .: . De Natura Deorum I, 24, II, 7072


,   : Voegelin. Op. cit., vol. 4, p. 4445.   (i)       ,        (ii)       ,   ,     ., : Davitt. Op. cit., p. 7074;        , : Ruth Benedict. Religion, in: F. Boas (ed.). General Anthropology. Boston, 1938, p. 628.


IV.3

,     ,                    Henry B. Veatch. Rational Man. Bloomington, Ind., 1962, p. 6061.  ,                  (  ).                    ,   ,       ,      (    ).




 V

   





V.1.        


  ,         ,    .       ;  .                   ,   .    ?     ,   ,  .    .

   ,      ,  (  ) ,   :    ?    ?   ?       ?     .        ,   , ,          ,   .

     ?   (,   )    ,         (,   )    ,          ,                         ,  .

     ,         ,    ,            ,    ,     ,    ,  .

,     ,  ,      ,  ,        ,   ,    ,   .             . ,    ,       /            ,   .

  ,     ?      .    (   )        .  ,          ,     (    ,     ),     ,  ,  ,       .          ,      ,     ,   ,    ,  ,   , , , ,     ,      ,  ,    ,       ,       ,   ,     ,     ,        ,  (  )    : , II.3.

,  :    ,           ,  ,      [114 - . . I, 3, 1095 a 711; 4, 1095 b 513; X, 9, 1179 b 2730.],   , ,     ,      [115 - . . X, 9, 1179 b 27  1180 a 5.],       (            )       [116 - .: . . VI, 5, 1140 a 2425; II, 3, 1105 b 3031; III, 6, 1115 a 20; III, 10, 1117 b 32; .: 1173 a 1.].   ,        ,       (phronimos,   spoudaios


)[117 - . . VI, 11, 1143 a 35  b 17.],  ,      ,           (  )[118 - . . X, 5, 1176 a 1718; .: III, 6, 1113 a 33; IX, 4, 1166 a 1213; .  , I.4.].      .       ,    ,       ,   ,    .  ,     ,  ,   ,   ,   (      , ,      ).      ,      ?    , ,   ..  ,   ,   ,      셻[119 - . . II, 6, 1106 b 2124


.].        ,  ?

  ,    ,          ,           .     ?     ,          . ,      ,      , ,  , ,     ,    .

     ,         ,        ,   . ,      , ,  , phronimos .   prudentia ;   ,   ,  ,    ,  . ,                 ()    . ,      (  ,             ).          spoudaios ( ) ,     eu zen ( ), ,         ,   ,    eudaimonia (            ). ,       ;     ,       ,    .          ,   ,    physis


,       natura (. , XIII.1).   ,          ,   ( ) () : , II.4.

,      ,  ,     ,  ?   ()      (?)   .      (    ),   ,       ,    (  ,   )      .




V.2.   


  , ,       ,         ,    ,        ,    , ,  ,      ,   ,     ,   .             ,       [120 - J.Rawls. Theory of Justice, p. 408423


.    . . . : W. F. R. Hardie. The Final Good in Aristotles Ethics (1965) 60 Philosophy 277.].            ,      ,   ,     . (                 !)   ,           .       ,    ,       .      (  ),   ( ),   ,   (   )        ,     ;          ,  ,                  ,       ,             ,  ,    (. , III.3).

  ,      ,                   .               [121 - Theory of Justice, p. 420


.]. ,          ,                (general)    .       (    ,      , ,      ,   ,   ).       :         (. 7, 39),   ,         ,  ,      ,     .                ,        , , , .     ,     ,           ,    ,   ,     : !        ;    ,   ? (. 12, 29).

             .              .




V.3.     


,            ,             .

          ,   ,            : IV.4.    ,         ,    .   ,       ?      (excellence)        ,  , ,     (opportunity),       ,    (   ) .

? , ,         , , ,      ,         .          ,     (       )       .             ,  ,      ,     ,    ,         .    .

 ,          (   ),         .  [122 - .: Theory of Justice, p. 527


.]            ,            , ,         


   ,  , ,   .            ,        :   .            ;    ,         , ,        ,     ,      ,        .            ,    (   )    ,  , , ,        ,     ,        .    (VIII.5),  ,          , ,    ?            ,      ( )        (   ),             ,            .




V.4.     


,      ,          ,      .   ,   ,   ,          ;   ,          .      ?  ,          ,          ,    ?  , ,       .     ,     : . VII.4.       ,         ,           ,        .

,     (,   ,     ,  : VI.4;      )   ,         .        ?  ,     ,   ,   ,    :         ,  A  A,   B (    ,   ),    ()  ?. :          ,              ,     ,        ,      .

,    .          ,   ,  ,  , ,    ,        ( ),         .    ,  ,            .         ,          (be universalizable).

       ,    ,      ,      ,      ,         .      ,     ,    (        )        ,   ,  ,     ,  ,            .     (2  12, 7)


.

  (  ) ,   ,     (  ).     .     ,    .    (    )    ,    .    ,           .

    ,    ,  ,  ?  ,     ,     ,      , ,   ,                  ,    .       ,       ,     : , VII.34.                ()        .            ,     . , ,           .    ,     ,      ,    ,     ,    ,   ,         ,                          

                  ,      .          ,                   .       ,        ,         ,   


,           .   ,  ,     ,      ,       .  ,         ,               .   ,    ,         ?    ,                   (,         ,     ..).

   ,  ,    ,         , ,  ,  ,        ,           .   ,     ,         [123 - Theory of Justice, p. 328


.].              ,    , ,   ..,    (    )           .  ,        ,    ,    , ,     ?      : . , VIII.56.




V.5.   


          ,          ,  ,   .

            ,   ,  ,                ,       ,  ,   .        ?     , ,            ,       .   ,         ,   (authentic)   , ,  ,  ,   ,       ,   ,    ?     .  ,             ,          ,       :   . ,        .

       , ,        ?.   , ,   ?  ,         (              ?   ).        .       ,       ,            ,    .    ,          ,        ,    ,    ..,     (    ),   ,   ,   ,        ..




V.6. ()  :     


      ,          ,    .   ,      (       ) ,  ,     ()  ( ).   ,   .        ,     ,  ,  

  ,    ,    , , ,      . ,    ,      . ,    ,      (, , )     (, , ). ,   ,    ,   ,   : .. ,     ???    ???  . ,                   ,     : ,      ,   ,    .     ,    ,        ,          . ( ,           .)  ?     ,     ?,      ()    ,   . ,         ,  ?







  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/dzhon-finnis/estestvennoe-pravo-i-estestvennye-prava/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


L. Strauss. Natural Right and History. Chicago, 1953, p. 7.




2


  ,    .




3


Bentham. Of Laws, p. 1;    (real elements)    (real entities) .: Ibid., p. 23, 251252, 278, 294,  : A Fragment of Government (1776), ch. V, para. vi, note 1(6).




4


Austin. Province, p. 7778.




5


Ibid., p. 78.




6


Kelsen. General Theory, p. 19.        :   ,    (ibid., p. 21);   ,     ,        , ,  ,          (p. 22); . : Ibid., p. 392, 399.




7


        ,          ,         (    ).




8


Hart. Concept of Law, p. 78


.




9


Ibid., p. 38, 39.       .  : p. 2728


.




10


.: Ibid., p. 189190, 193, 194195


; . : Hart. Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals (1958) 71 Harvard L. Rev. 593, in: Dworkin (ed.). The Philosophy of Law. Oxford, 1977, 17 at p. 35


.




11


Raz. Practical Reason, p. 136, 137, 139.




12


Ibid., p. 138, 141.




13


Ibid., p. 151.




14


Ibid., p. 153.




15


Ibid., p. 154.




16


Ibid., p. 159.




17


Ibid., p. 158.




18


Ibid., p. 159.




19


.   On the Functions of the Law, in: Oxford Essays II, p. 278304, at p. 300303,   : G. A. Almond, G. B. Powell. Comparative Politics. Boston, 1966.




20


L. Fuller. Morality of Law, p. 210, 214, 216; 3940, 61, 155; 20


.




21


Raz. Practical Reason, p. 165.




22


Ibid., p. 165.




23


. . VII, 2, 1236 a 1630.




24


Concept of Law, p. 15, 210; .  p. 234


.




25


. . VIII, 4, 1157 a 3033; . III, 1, 1275 a 33  1276 b 4


.




26


Practical Reason, p. 150.




27


.: Raz. Legal System, p. 201.




28


Ibid., p. 200 n. 2.




29


Hart. Concept of Law, p. 96.




30


Ibid., p. 88


.




31


Ibid., p. 9596; .  p. 8687, 5960, 113, 197, 226


.




32


Legal System, p. 200 n. 2.




33


Practical Reason, p. 177, 171.




34


Hart. Concept of Law, p. 198;  p. 111, 226


.




35


Practical Reason, p. 148.




36


Ibid., p. 171.




37


.: Raz. Practical Reason, p. 147148.




38


Concept of Law, p. 226


.




39


Ibid., p. 169


.




40


                    ,      spoudaios ( ,   ): . , XII.4     (. IX, 582 a  e),          ,       ;  ,                , . : . III, 408 d  409 c.




41


   : A. P. DEntr?ves. Natural Law. London, 1951, rev. ed. 1970, , p. 13, 18, 22  .; Julius Stone. Human Law and Human Justice. London, 1965, chs. 2, 7.




42


.: Alf Ross. On Law and Justice. London, 1958, p. 258, 262263.




43


.: Wolfgang Friedmann. Letter (1953) 31 Canadian Bar Rev. 1047 at 1075.




44


.: Wolfgang Friedmann. Review (1958) 3 Nat L. F. 208 at 210; : Hans Kelsen. Allgemeine Staatslehre. Berlin, 1925, S. 335   ?    (     1945.  (.: General Theory, p. 300),       ).




45


Raz. Kelsens Theory of the Basic Norm (1974) 19 Am. J. Juris. 94 at p. 100.




46


Practical Reason, p. 162.          ,            : Concept of Law, p. 181


. . : Practical Reason, p. 155, 162;   , ?,            ,    (definitional),    (derivative) . (     ,            .)




47


General Theory, p. 412.




48


Ibid., p. 412413. .  p. 411:                         , .. [non sequitur


]            .




49


.: S.T. I?II, q. 96, a. 4c;              infra potestatem commissam


. . , X.7  XII.2.




50


General Theory, p. 416.




51


.: S.T. I?II, q. 95, a. 2 (q. 91, a. 3 q. 95, a. 1            q. 99, a. 3ad 2, q. 99, a. 5c, q. 100, a. 11 c).   : X.7.




52


.: . . V, 7, 1134 b 2024 ( ,    X.7); . In Eth. V, lect. 12, no. 1023; .: .  I, 13, 1373 b


.




53


S.T. I?II, q. 90, a. 3ad 2; q. 95, a. 1c  ad 1; q. 96, a. 5c; . : . ., 519 e; . . . X, 9, 1180 a 22.




54


General Theory, p. 411.




55


Hart. Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals (1958) 71 Harv. L. Rev. 593,   .: Dworkin (ed.). Philosophy of Law. Oxford, 1977, 17 at p. 36.




56


Strauss. Natural Right and History. Chicago, 1953, p. 10


. . : H. Rommen. The Natural Law. St. Louis and London, 1947, p. 4.        , .: . . . V, 7, 1134 b 2735; I, 3, 1094 b 1416;      .:  .     III, xxiv, 198238


.




57


S.T. I?II, q. 93, a. 2c; q. 94, a. 2c, a. 4, a. 5ad 1, a. 6c; q. 99, a. 2ad 2; q. 100, a. 1c, a. 3c, a. 6c, a. 11 c.




58


S.T. I?II, q. 100, a. 11 c; .  q. 90, a. 2ad 1.




59


S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 6c,   a. 2c; q. 99, a. 2ad 2; q. 100, aa. 5ad 1, 11 c; q. 58, a. 5c; q. 77, a. 2c; De Veritate, q. 16, a. 3c.




60


S.T. I?II, q. 100, a. 1c (     ,   ); q. 94, aa. 4c, 6 c (        ).




61


S.T. I?II, q. 100, a. 5ad 1; II?II, q. 122, a. 1c.




62


S.T. I?II, q. 100, a. 1c, a. 3c, a. 11 c.




63


Concept of Law, p. 187


.




64


., : . . I, 5, 1095 b 14  1096 a 10; . . I, 5, 1215 b 15  1216 a 10; S.T. I?II, q. 2, aa. 16,   , , , ,  ,       .           S.T. I?II, q. 1, a. 7;   S.T. I, q. 2, a. 1ad 1.




65


Stone. Human Law and Human Justice, p. 212.




66


. . I, 3, 1094 b 28  1095 a 12; 4, 1095 a 31  b 13.




67


. . IX, 4, 1166 a 2023; VIII, 7, 1159 a 912.




68


S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 2c; q. 66, a. 5ad 4. , ,   (. . II, 19),     ?  ;   ,      ,            : S.T. I, q. 79, a. 2c; De Veritate, q. 16, a. 1c.




69


S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 2c.




70


S.T. I, q. 2, a. 1.




71


Stone. Human Law and Human Justice, p. 212.




72


D. J. OConnor. Aqinas and Natural Law. London, 1967, p. 68; .    : Norberto Bobbio. Quelques arguments contre le droit naturel (1959) 3 Annales de philosophie politique 180; Id. Locke e il Diritto Naturale. Torino, 1963, p. 7071.




73


OConnor. Op. cit., p. 19.




74


. In Eth. V, lect. 12, para. 1018; S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 2; q. 91, a. 3c; q. 58, aa. 4c, 5 c.




75


.    (Margaret MacDonald. Natural Rights, in: P. Laslett (ed.). Philosophy, Politics and Society. Oxford, 1956, 35 at p. 44); . : Kai Nielsen. The Myth of Natural Law, in: S. Hook (ed.). Law and Philosophy. New York, 1964, 122 at p. 132.




76


    : Strauss. Natural Right and History, p. 78; Hart. Concept of Law, p. 182187


.




77


OConnor. Aquinas and Natural Law, p. 18.




78


  Β,  (ibid., p. 15):      ,        ,        .




79


Ibid., p. 73.        . V.




80


    a priori   ,       ,  ,    . .       


 ( ,  ,    )         : c. Nature, in: Mill. Three Essays on Religion. London, 1874.     , ,  ,   (. XIII.1),       (    );       (            ,         (. V, 5, 1015 a 20)      ,   ,    (: S.T. I?II, q. 1, a. 2c)).




81


S.T. I?II, q. 71, a. 2c.




82


Ibid. ( )


.     I?II, q. 94, a. 3ad 3; q. 18, a. 5.                  , ,    : . IV, 444 d; IX, 585586.




83


 .     (1740), . III,  i, . 1


(Raphael. British Moralists, para. 504).




84


    ,                    (.    .: Jonathan Harrison. Humes Moral Epistemology. Oxford, 1976, p. 110125),   ,           . ,       (Harrison. Op. cit., p. 124),        ,           (   ,   ,           (1751), . I


(Raphael. British Moralists, para. 563)),  ?     . , ,         ,        ,     :        .      ,     ,      ,          ,       ,    :  ,   , ,        ,        ,    ?,   (   ),  ?             .




85


, III, i, 1 (British Moralists, para. 488).       ,   ,  ,    , .: British Moralists, para. 489, 490, 505


 .




86


Ibid.; British Moralists, para. 488.         <> . paras. 497  500


. (    ,     ,     , . paras. 500  634 (       ,  16  1740.).




87


.: .   <   > (1745),    Raphael  .: W. B. Todd (ed.). Hume and the Enlightenment. Edinburgh and Austin, 1974, p. 27; .    , . III,  ii, . 15, .,    ,       


(, ,         ).




88


Clarke. Op. cit., 8th ed., 225; .: Raphael. British Moralists, para. 251 ( );     5?  (1719).  (Raphael, para. 244),         ,  :            ( ).




89


Ibid., para. 225 ( ).    ,           ,           ;              .          para. 231;       .




90


Ibid., para. 226. .: . , II, iii, 3 (British Moralists, para. 483):      ,         


.




91


Clarke. Op. cit.; British Moralists, para. 227.




92


     (right reason)   : para. 246.




93


Ibid., para. 233.




94


Ibid., para. 232.        . , . 49.




95


Ibid. .  para. 230.          , De Legibus, I, xvi, 44


: Op. cit., 8th ed., p. 232.




96


, III, i, 1


(British Moralists, para. 500) ( ).




97


   is to be  , ..  ,   ,   : What is to be done? <  ?> (Quid est faciendum?).  ,       ought to be,      ought: . II.6  , III. 2, 3, 5.




98


Grotius. De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Prolegomena, para. ix


(trans. Kelsey, Oxford, 1925).




99


De Jure Belli ac Pacis I, c. I, sec. x, paras. 1, 2


. ,   , ,              ,   ,                  (Ibid., Prolegomena, para. xxxix)


.      2 x 2 = 4: Ibid., I, x


.




100


.: Vazquez. In Primam Secundae, disp. 90, c. 3; Suarez. De Legibus, lib. II, c. 7, paras. 47; c. 5, paras. 45; c. 6, para. 17.




101


S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 2.         ,            .




102


.: Vazquez. In Primam Secundae, disp. 49, c. 3; Suarez. De Legibus, lib. I, c. 5, paras. 12, 15, 16, 24; lib. II, c. 6, paras. 68, 12, 13, 22.    ,    ,             .   ,  ,         XVI., :   ,   ,    ? ,    ,    ,       ?  (De eo ad quod tenetur homo cum primum venit ad usum rationis (1535; Lugduni, 1586), Pars II, para. 9); .  ,   XI.9.




103


.: S.T. I?II, q. 1, a. 6; q. 4, a. 8c  ad 3; q. 5, a. 7c; q. 90, a. 1c; q. 99, aa. 1c, 2 c; II?II, q. 44, a. 1c; q. 47, a. 2ad 1.




104


Suarez. De Legibus, lib. II, c. 6, para. 22:       [motio]  ; . , . III,  ii, . 5 (British Moralists, para. 541):          <>   


.




105


Kai Nielsen. The Myth of Natural Law, in: Hook (ed.). Law and Philosophy, p. 130.




106


    .: Rommen. The Natural Law, p. 49, 6364.    . , XI.9.




107


Hart. Concept of Law, p. 190, 191, 195


.




108


J. Rawls. Theory of Justice, p. 433 ( )


.




109


J.?P. Sartre. LExistentialisme est un humanisme. Paris, 1946, p. 36, 8384


.




110


 VII, 645, 803804; . , XIII.5.




111


S.T. I?II, q. 94, a. 2c.




112


S.T. II?II, q. 64, a. 5ad 3; a. 6ad 2; III, q. 68, a. 11 ad 3.




113


R. Nozick. Anarchy, State and Utopia. Oxford, 1974, p. 4245


. . : . . . I, 5, 1216 a.




114


. . I, 3, 1095 a 711; 4, 1095 b 513; X, 9, 1179 b 2730.




115


. . X, 9, 1179 b 27  1180 a 5.




116


.: . . VI, 5, 1140 a 2425; II, 3, 1105 b 3031; III, 6, 1115 a 20; III, 10, 1117 b 32; .: 1173 a 1.




117


. . VI, 11, 1143 a 35  b 17.




118


. . X, 5, 1176 a 1718; .: III, 6, 1113 a 33; IX, 4, 1166 a 1213; .  , I.4.




119


. . II, 6, 1106 b 2124


.




120


J.Rawls. Theory of Justice, p. 408423


.    . . . : W. F. R. Hardie. The Final Good in Aristotles Ethics (1965) 60 Philosophy 277.




121


Theory of Justice, p. 420


.




122


.: Theory of Justice, p. 527


.




123


Theory of Justice, p. 328


.


