   
 


 . .     ,   ,      ,   ,        -           XIX   XX .             : . . , . . , . . , . . , . .   . . .         ,         .  ,         .    ,           ,      .





 

   


   



Andrzei WALICKI

LEGAL PHILOSOPHIES OF RUSSIAN LIBERALISM



  : . .  (, . 1, 3), . .  (. 2, 5), . .  (. 4), . .  (. 6, 7)

 : . . 



 . . , , 2012

 . . , , 2012

 . . , , 2012

 . . , , 2012

 Andrzej Walicki, 1987

 , 2012




 


            ,     .             .

         - ,  :       .              ,       ,       .     ,       .

 ,        ,     .           .             .            ,                  .

    ,    , - . ,           .



 
,
 1984.







     ,    ,   ,            .          :  ,            ,    ,             ,              ,    ,       , ,         ,  ,   - ,   .                ,            ,    .

         ,    ,         ,   ?   .          ,    ,      ,  ,            ,                  .   ,     ,                        .  ,               ,        .                        ,    ,                   .      , ,  .             ?      .         ,            .              ,   ,         .         .

        . ,          ,          ,   [1 -  . .  .     8  1978 //  . . 131. 1978. . 307310.].     ,     ,    .                   .                ,  ,        . ,      ,  ,                ,     [2 -  . .    , 17621914. , 1980. . iiiiv.].        .  ,        ,   ,  , ,    (    ).    ,           ,           .

    ,                 .          .

 ,            ,  .  ,    ,                 .        ,    ,               ,      ,     ,       ,      .

    ,                    ,  ,   .     ,      ,       .   :  Gemeinschaft,   -,  Gesellschaft,   -,   -[3 - Kamenka, Eugene and Tay, Alice Erh-Soon. Social traditions, legal traditions // Law and Social Control / ed. E. Kamenka and A. Tay. L., 1980. P. 7. . : Kamenka, Eugene and Tay, Alice Erh-Soon. The Sociology of Justice // Legal Change: Essays in Honour of Julius Stone. Sydney, 1983. P. 107122.,             ,   ,      GemeinschaftGesellschaft        . .: Walicki A. The Slavophile Controversy. Oxford, 1975. P. 168178, 265266; Idem. The Controversy over Capitalism. Oxford, 1969. P. 7475; Idem. A History of Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to Marxism. Oxford, 1980. P. 107109, 285.].          ,    Gesellschaft       .      ,        ,    ,         ,  ,  ,        .  ,     ,   [4 - . , . VII,  4.],   ;          ,              .              ,          .

          ,         , ,      , ..  Gemeinschaft,     -,    .   ,         ,   -           ,    .        .       ,       ,          ,   ,        ,    .           ,                    .

           ,        .          ,             ,                 .         ,       .                   ,        ,   ,   .      ,   , ,    ,      .        ,          ,         (  ,   ,    )        , ius qua iussum,    , ius qua iustum[5 -       : Maneli M. Juridical Positivism and Human Rights. N. Y., 1981.].         ,     ,       .       ,  ,     ,    , ,   , ,            .  ,         ,          .

         ,          .  ,       ,           .   ,         ,   ;  ,        ;  ,           ,        ,       ,   .        ,      ,   ,       ,   ,       ,               [6 -          ,   - ,   ,      ,   ,             ,            (Tay A. E.-S. Law, the citizen and the state // Law and Society / Ed. Kamenka, Eugene and Tay, Alice Erh-Soon. L., 1978. P. 8).      .: Lowi T. J. The End of Liberalism: Ideology, Policy, and the Crisis of Liberal Authority. N. Y., 1969.  ,             ,       (. 125).].

 ,            ,    .  ,                             .  ,      ,       , ,  ,     .                     ,               .

            .              :   ,     ,    ,           .  ,       ,   ,     ,  ,     ,         ,        [7 -  . . . ., 1991. . 208.].        ,   ,         [8 - .: Hamburg G. M. Politics of the Russian Nobility 18851905. New Brunswick, NJ, 1984. P. 222.]. (      .)    ,    ,              (     ), , ,          , ..     .      ,       ,              ,    [9 -     .: Hayek F. A. Law, Legislation and Liberty. L., 1982, Vol. 3. P. 138139, 145146, 172 [.:  . ,   . .: , 2006].].                   .        ,    ,        ,         .

           .        - ,        .        ,        .   ,   ,                .




   


 ,     1987.[10 - Walicki A. Legal Philosophies of Russian Liberalism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.     : Notre Dame-L.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992.],  -        19821985.         ,       ,    ,      .  ,                          ,    .            ,  ,    ,              .       (               1960.)          .        ,      1956.,      ,              -    ,           .                ,     .            [11 - Walicki A. The Controversy over Capitalism. Studies in the Social Philosophy of the Russian Populists. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969; Idem. The Slavophile Controversy. History of Conservative Utopia in Nineteenth Century Russian Thought. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975;   University of Notre Dame Press, 1989;            W kregu konserwatywnej utopii (Warszawa: PWN, 1964),     : Una utopia conservatrice. Storia degli slavofili (Torino: Giulio Einaudi Editore, 1972).          . .      .         (. 12. .: , 1992).],   1980.          .   ,    ,   .

  ,      ,   -,           .  1935.      ,           .             .  ,  -    1949.          ,      ,            .

   ,    (1909),              ,   ,         .                     ,     -             .  ,           (1902),           ,    ( ),      .  .  ,       ,       ,  . . , . . , . . ,           . ,       (1909),        ,        (. , . . , . )  - (. , . . )          . .            ,      ,                . .

   (1950)           ,  ,        (  , , ).          ,        ,           ,   ,    .     ,   ,  ,   ,   ,    !       ,    ( -    ),     -   -: ,     ,          .

  ,       ,        ,          - ,       .                     ; ,                     . ,             :                    ,       .

      ,         ,      , ,  ,    ,         .      ,  ,    ,      ; ,   ,     ( )    ,          ; ,      ,    ,      ,         . , ,  ,       ,         .

         , ,  ,        ,          .          ,  ,      :     ,     ,        .       ,      -  ,     ,       ,         . ,           , ,           . , ,     ,       ,     ,      ,          . ,       ,        ;           ,     .         .   ,       .  ,                         .

               .   1986.     ,      ,     ,  ,   ,           [12 -          : Walicki A. The Prospects for Change. The Soviet Union Under Gorbachev // Age Monthly Review. (Melbourne.) 1986. Nov.].   ,          ( ),            .

  ,              ,  .               ,          .

   ,              ,       . :         ,       ,              .

        1987.         ,    ,          -  .   1991.      .                         .    ,        ,      ,     ,       ,           .   1991.    ,       ,           XIX   XX ,      [13 - .:  . 1991. 8.                ,       , 1991, 1.                (    Spotkania z Miloszem [L., 1985]),    , 1990, 12.       90-             : Walicki A. Idee i ludzie. Prba autobiografii. Warszawa: Instytut Historii Nauki PAN, 2010.].          .       :                    .

  , ,         .            .  ,             .      ,              .  ,   ,    .

 ,   ,       ,      .           :      ,          , ,                .



 
,  2011.




 I.   





1. :     


  ,     ,       .                  ,           ,        .        ,         ;        ,        .

        , ,    ,    ,    ,         .      ,   ,       .     ,        ,         .    ,    ,     .  ,     ,  ,         ,   ,      ,                   [14 - Norwid C. K. Pisma wszystkie (. .). Warsaw, 19711973. Vol. 7. P. 8592.      M. Cherniavsky, Tsar and People: Studies in Russian Myths. N. Y., 1969.].    ,   ,    .

     Russia: Absent and Present[15 - .: Weidle W. Russia: Absent and Present / A. Gordon Smith (trans.) N. Y., 1952. P. 129153.]       .   ,    : ,  ,   ,    ,       .       ,         ( )       Gemeinschaft    , ,  Gesellschaft[16 - Ibid. P. 134.].             ,                 ,     ,   ,      ,    .  ,   ,  ,     ,     [17 - Ibid. P. 139.].      ,   ,     ;  .    ,       ,           ,    ,      [18 - Ibid. P. 136.].      ,    . ,       ;     ,   ,     ,               [19 - Ibid. P. 136137.].         ,   .               ,        ,          [20 - Ibid. P. 144145.].

        ,       , ,   .               ,     .    ,         ,    - XX     .   ,          .                   :       ,       ,         .                     . (      ,   ,   ,    ,     ,    -,     .)

          ,   ,          XX .      ,            ,    ,              [21 - .: Arato A. and Breines P. The young Lukacs and the Origins of Western Marxism. N. Y., 1979. P. 51.].        ,            ,    [22 - Ibid. P. 69. Cp.: Fehr F. Am Scheideweg des romantischen Antikapitalismus // Heller, Agnes et al. Die Seele und das Leben. Frankfurt am Main, 1977.].     (1977)     :

 ,        ,     ,     .    -     (, , ,  ,  ,  )   (, , ,  ,  ).       [23 - Ibid. P. 70.].

              .     -     ,          ,       ,    ,     , ,  ;  ,   ,   ,      , , , [24 - .:  . . . ., 1989. . 22.].       ,       1839.                       .  ,       ,  ,         ,    .   Lgendes dmocratiques du Nord       :            .     .   ,  .       !          ,   !    ,   !  ,     ,     !    ,    ![25 - Michelet J. Lgendes dmocratiques du Nord. Paris, 1968. P. 203, 205. . : Besan?on A. The Intellectual Origin of Leninism / S. Matthews (trans.). Oxford, 1981. P. 80.]

        ,   ,   ,                 .          .        1649.             ,       [26 - Szamuely T. The Russian Tradition / R. Conquest (ed.). L., 1974. P. 50, 55.]    ,      ,       ,  ,   ,        [27 - Ibid. P. 177.].  :       ,   , ,              .        ,         (     )    .       ,           .          ,       .     ,      ,    ,        , ,  ,      .       ,           (,       ,            ,   )[28 - Ibid. P. 171172.].

    ,            .       ,      ,            ,        .        ,   . ,              ,     ,  :       ,    ,   .                 [29 - . . VI, . 5.],     . ,  ,         LEspri des lois  Le Contrat social.    ,       ,  .

  ,     ,         ,    ,      .        ,          .   ,  ,     ,    ,   ,       ; ,  ,         ,     ; ,   ,   ,    .  ,   ,              , , ,  -   .

 .         [30 - Wortman R. S. The Development of a Russian Legal Consciousness. Chicago and L., 1976.].               ,        ,       .   ,             [31 - Ibid. P. 9.],          ,       .     ,  ,         ,      .          ,        ,       [32 - Ibid. P. 10.].      .  II : ,   ,       ,   ,  ,  ,  [33 - Ibid. P. 12.].  I      ,            [34 - Ibid.].       . .  (  ),        ;   ,      ,      ,        ,  ,      ,    [35 - Ibid. P. 176.].                .         .     ,      [36 - Cp.: Raeff M. The Well-Ordered Police State. Social and Institutional Change through Law in the Germanies and Russia, 16001800. L., 1983.], .. ,                    ; ,   ,        ,             .        ,      ,      ,     .

 ,    ,     ,    [37 - .: Max Weber on Capitalism, Bureaucracy and Religion / S. Andreski (ed.). L., 1983. P. 28.]        .          tat bien polic,        ,        .           1864.

 ,         ,    .   ,  ,  ,            .         ,     Juristen b?se Christen![38 - .: dEntr?ves A. P. Natural Law. L., 1970. P. 154155.].

              ,        , ,   ,   .                ,      .     ,  .       ,           (     IV)        ,    .        ,        ,      ,        ,       ,       .          :   (  , )   ,        . ,   ,   ,     [39 - Martindale, Don. The Nature and Types of Sociological Theory. 2nd ed. Boston, 1981. P. 130.].     ,   ,          .

           ,       .        ,               ,                (     )[40 -  .    . ., 1916. . 498499.].

       ,        ,     ;  ,         .

       .      ,    ,      ,        ,      .  ,      ,           [41 - Lukcs G. The Destruction of Reason / P. Palmer (trans.). L., 1980. P. 68.],      ,                  [42 - Ibid. P. 717.].          .         .               ,         :        , ,     .

  ( ,        )[43 -  ,            -   ,       ,         (Ibid. P. 37).         .]        .     ,                               .       ,                 .    ,                   .                ,        .

      ,              .   -        ,        ,   ,      .   ,      , ,     ,        ,      .  ,  ,    ,         ;  ,          ,        .          ,          ,       , .. ,               ,         .            ;                         ;                  ;     ,      ,     ,           ,             .     ,             ,     ,   ,           .




2. ,      


XVIII ,    XIX-,       ,      [44 - Cp.: Raeff. The Well-Ordered Police State.].    ,        ,          .    ,       .  :          XVII.,              ,          .

   ,    .  ,     ,    .    ,  ,   ,     ,        .            ,      ,           ,        ,   ,  ,   ,          ,   ,  .               ,         .  ,                ,    ,   ,          ,      [45 -  .,  . . 2-e . . 21. . 496.].

   ,              :     ,           [46 - .: Luijpen W. A. Phenomenology of Natural Law. Pittsburgh, Pa., 1967. P. 43, 79.],          ,        . ,              ,      .      ,       ,      -.       ,            ,      ,      ,   .    ,  ,    ,      ,    ,         ,    ,             ;  ,       ,        .

         ,    - , ,       .       - .

          .       ,              . , , ,        ,     ,  ,   -,  ,           [47 -        ,     . .: Lednicki W. Pushkins Bronze Horseman. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1955. P. 4357.].                .      ,   la lgislation fait tout,   .          ,       ,          (,          .)[48 -     (, , .   .)           II  .    ,     ,        , ,       .      Essai historique sur la police,    II (.:  . . . . 22. .., 1925. . 144).         (.: Richter L. Leibniz und sein Russlandbild. Berlin, 1946).].  ,   ,           ,    ,            ,      ,        .

  , ,   .           ,    ,      ,   ,      ,          [49 - Raeff. The Well-Ordered Police State. P. 216.].  II ,   ,      ,         [50 - Ibid. P. 236245.].        ,               ,     .   ,        ,   ,          .   ,            ,    ,        ,           .       ,  ,          [51 -        . .: Walicki. The Slavophile Controversy: History of a Conservative Utopia in Nineteenth-Century Russian Thought. Oxford, 1975. P. 2032.].    ,       ,   ,    ,  ,     ,         .  ,            ,   ,       ,       ,  ,       .

       ,   ,              .  :                 ,        ;       .   ,       .    ,  ,       ,      .      [52 - . :  .    XVIII. ., 1951. . 539 (          Observations sur lhistoire de la Greece ).].        ,      .

       (1790)                 . ,  ,               ,    ,           ,      , ,  ,         ,     ;   ,  ,    ,   ; ,         ,   [53 -  . . . . . .., 19381952. . 1. . 278279.].    ,  ,   ,  ,      .

         .    ,  ,   ,   ;[54 -  . C. 293.]  ,         ,               .      ,         ,         .       ;        .             .           ; ,   ,    ,     ,       ,    .           ,              .        :          ,  ,      [55 -  . . 289. .: Laserson, Max M. The American Impact on Russia  Diplomatic and Ideological, 17841917. N. Y., 1950. P. 5471.].

         .       ,    ,   ,   ,          ,  腔[56 -  . . . . . .., 19381952. . 1. . 188.]    ,      - ,   , ,   ,    .          ,        .  ,     ,     ,  .   ,   , ..    ,   .        .      ,                    [57 - .:  .    . ., 1961. . 124, 128. .: Peltz W. Oswieceniowa mysl narodowa w Rosji na przetomie XVIIIXIX wieku. Zielona Gra, 1980. P. 24.].

 ,     ,    ,      -   .   ,     ,       ,      ,      -   [58 -   .        ( .:    / . . ., 1910. . 138).       ,   , ,   .].     ,        . ,   ,   ,       ,      ,         - .

,                ,   ,      I      18011807.       ,        (1804)   ,          .  ,    .        [59 - .:  .   17901800. ., 1953.],      ,         ,  -  ,              [60 -    .: Walicki. A History of Russian Thought From the Enlightenment to Marxism. Stanford, 1979; Oxford, 1980. P. 1114.].       ,           (1781)        ,     ,          .         ,                     .       ,          [61 -  . .    //   (   ). ., 1966. . 1. . 192.].       ,   -       ,   ,  ,     ,      , ,         .                           .

       ,        . ,        ,  .   ,  ,    I   ,          , :     ,    ;      ,      .        ,     .  ,      ,     ,   ,       [62 - Prince A. Czartoryski Memoirs // A. Gielgud (ed.). Vol. 1; repr. Academic International, 1968. P. 325.].

        :                         [63 - .:  . .  . ., 1912; : , 1967. . 59, 87.].

  ,       1825.,    ,   .               ,    ,  ,      -  ,                     .         ,         .  ,          ,   ;            .

       [64 - .: Walicki. A History of Russian Thought. P. 5770.].  ,   ,   ,      ,   ,      ,             .        , ,    ,    ,  - ,     ;   ,     ,       ,        ,                  .           ,        .  ,                      - .              -       ;     ,        .        , ,       ,   ,         [65 -  -    . ., 1952. . 2. . 80.].   ,       [66 -       : Quest-ce que cest quune nation? un corps dassocis vivant sous une loi commune et reprsents par la m?me legislature [  ?  ,          ] (. : Kohn H. Prelude to Nation States: The French and German Experience, 17891815. Princeton, 1967. P. 21).],        ,       .      :    ( )    ,        ,               ,  ,  .

 ,  ,      ,          .                  .      , , ,   -            ,     ,           :                  .

      ,           .                      ,      .  ,  ,         .  ,     ,            .    I,  ,         , ,          ,     .                    .   ,                  ,       ,      ,     .

              .  :          ,     .        ,           .  ,            ,            .     ,       , ,   ,     [67 - Wortman. Russian Legal Consciousness. P. 43.     .: Walicki. The Slavophile Controversy. P. 3244.].

             ,         [68 - Wortman. Russian Legal Consciousness. P. 45.].     ,            [69 - Ibid. P. 4546.].

            .              ; ,        ,      ,           [70 - .:  . .   I    //  . .  . . 402418.]. ,      ,   .          :  ,       [71 - . : Wortman. Russian Legal Consciousness. P. 42.].  -           .             .     ,        .      [72 - .:  .  ,  I. ., 1925.]   . ,     ,                     ,      ,      .

 ,             ,   - .      ,      .

.     , ,     .        ,        ,          [73 - Wortman. Russian Legal Consciousness. P. 44.].            -              ,   1835.      -,     ,               ( )     [74 - Ibid. P. 197234.].          ,     ,   ,          .

.  ,              ,        ,     .       :        ,                      ,      ;       ,            [75 - Ibid. P. 180. (    III   1842., c. 201202).]

   ,               .              .

                    .           [76 -   .: Walicki A. The Slavophile Controversy. Ch. 78  A History of Russian Thought. Ch. 7.], ,            ,        .   , ,    ,           ,                     .  ,               [77 -          ,   1824.,      .      . .:  . .    :  . . . ., 1913. . 1. . 138139.].          1830-        1840-.     1837.:      ,          ;     ,    ,    ,    ,    [78 -  . . . . . ., 19531959. . 11. . 152.].

 1820-        ,   1823.       ,        1830- ,        .       ,            .      ,         ,         ,    ,     ,        [79 - .: Walicki. The Slavophile Controversy. P. 6782.].  ,  ,     ,    ,   , ,  ,      .    ,     ,     -   -.

      ,      1830- .                        [80 - .: Ibid. Ch. 8. . : Berlin I. Russian Thinkers. L., 1978. P. 114209.].        ,      -,  ,  ,   ,     - . ,      ,          .       ,        .     ,   ,     ,     ,     (Verstand),      (Vernunft).          , ,                     . ,  ,      .        ,     ,          .         ,     ,       ;            ,     [81 - .:  . . . . . . 3. . 327332.].

            ;           .                           .   1837.  :    ,           ,         ,     ,   ,  ,   ,      .   ,    ,      ,     ,       ,    .        .  ,    ,     .    ,   ,             ,  ,     .  -      [82 -  . . 11. . 148149.].

        .           ,              .        ,              ,   ,   ,      .    ,       ,  ,  ,                ,      ,    ,           ,      ,      ,   ,   -   .     -   ,       ,  ,  ,    ; ,         ,     .  ,    ,      ,  ,          ,          -   ,  ,        , ,          [83 -  . . 3. . 246248.].

 18401841.            .             ;               .       ,         [84 - .: Walicki. A History of Russian Thought. P. 123126.].          ,     ;     ,      ,      ,    .        ,          .  ,            -   .

 ,  ,      ,   ,     ,     ,     (  )  ; ,   ,              [85 -  .    (  ) //.      /  . ., 1990. . 105106.].        ,     ,    ,  ,    (),      .   ,      ,         [86 -        .   ,       ;    .   ,      ,    ,   ,               .   ,        (.: Mannheim K. Conservative Thought // Essays on Sociology and Social Psychology. L., 1953. P. 125);       ,         XIX. (.: Hertz A. The Case of An Eastern European Intelligentsia // Journal of Central European Affairs. Vol. 1. (1951.) No. 11; Gella A. The Life and Death of the Old Polish Intelligentsia // Slavic Review. Vol. 30. (1971.) No. 1).   ,         1870-  (.: Malia M. What is Intelligentsia? // Daedalus. Summer 1960), ;          1840-  (.: Walicki A. Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism: The Case of Poland. Oxford, 1982. P. 177).],        ,   ,    ,          ,   ,           .        ,   ,  ,          ,         .

           .          ,      , ,   ,       ,    [87 - .:  .       //  .,  . . . ., 1979. . 3. . 128.].   ,       ,            ,     .    ,      .




3.  


   -          ,    ,       .        (18061856),   (18041860),   (18191876)    (18171860);        .

           ,     [88 - .: Walicki. The Slavophile Controversy. P. 174177, 265266.].       ,           , ,    ,      . ,       ,  ,      Gemeinschaft  Gesellschaft[89 - .: Mannheim. Conservative Thought. P. 89.].       Gemeinschaft,     ,        ,      ;         , ,  ,        .          ,       ; , ,         ,   ,        ,        .         ,  -,   ,    .

        , ,   , .    ,        ,       .        .         .        Gemeinschaft,    ,   ,   .             Gesellschaft,  ,         ,             ;       -  ,        [90 - . . . 13.     . Alice Erh-Soon Tay and Eugene Kamenka, Public Law-Private Law  . Public and Private in Social Life.  . S. I. Benn and G. F. Gauss, L., 1983. P. 6792.].    ,        ,      ,          .        ,        ,    ,        .

     ,    .              ,    ,        ,                 .            ,  , ,           Gemeinschaft.       ,       :       ,  ,            ,        .

 ,        ,       ,   ,   ,   .           .             ,        .           ,        .    ,   ,     ,      ,    ,      ,  ,    ,        .

     Ҹ,   GemeinschaftGesellschaft.  ,            Gesellschaft    - [91 - T?nnies F. Community and Society / Charles P. Loomis (trans. and ed.). East Lansing, 1957. P. 203.],           .        ,     :             ,   Gesellschaft,       [92 - Ibid. P. 202.]. Ҹ     ,           :

,              ,    ,         , , ,   .           ,       , ,  .    ,   ,  ,    .       , ,  ,                ()    (  )    .          [93 - Ibid. P. 202203.].

     ,       ,    ,       ,    , ,  ,       [94 - .: Mannheim. Conservative Thought. P. 105.].          ,  ,    ,      .          ;         ,    .

        .    ,     ,    ,    .     ,      ,             -,   ,       .       ,       ; , ,           [95 -  . . . . . ., 1911. . 1. . 208.].

                    . ,                     ;  , ,         ,             [96 - .: Friedrich C. J. The Philosophy of Law in Historical Perspective. Chicago, 1963. P. 138140.].

 ,              .      ,        .             .      . .     :

		  
		   
		  ,
		  .

		  ,
		  
		    
		 [97 - .: .      /  . ., 1990. . 107.].

       ,          .       (1)        (2)  ,         . ,   , ,   ,         .  ,          ,        .        ,       ,             .           ,         ,    ,  ,  ,  .       .          ,    [98 - .:  . .   . .., 1958. . 303.           ,       -,         ( . . 314318).],         .             . ,  ,         ,   ;       .     ;      ,          .      ,      ,    , , ,      .          ,         ,    ,   .    ,               .

          .             .          ,     ;         .   ,        .                  ,      .  ,  ,    [99 -  . . . . . . 1. ., 1861. . 249.],   ,         .      ,   ,    ,    .  :     ,       ,   ,         .  ,     ,   ,           ,       .        ,      ,                          ,  ,        ,          [100 -  . C. 52.].

,           Gemeinschaft.   ,            ,   .         ,  .         ,           .     ,   ,   ,  ,            [101 - .: Lampert E. Studies in Rebellion. L., 1957. P. 145, 156.].

                ,     ,       ,    ,    ,      .      ,   ,  .

    ,  ,  . -  ,  ,    ;   ,   ,       ,   .     ,   ,        ,     ,   ,  ,     ,         .         .        .     ,      ,  ,   ,  ,    ;   ,           ,    [102 - .: . . . . . 1. . 717.].

           .    ,            ,         .  ,           ,        .                ;     ,  ,   ,        (   , ,  ).        ,      .  ,              ,        .

       ,     .             ,     .      ,    .   ,  ,    ,           . ,    ,      ,     , -,  ,        ,   .        ,      .  ,    ,   ,    ,       ,     ,    .    ,        ,            [103 -           ,       II.     :  . .  . ., 1910. . 6997.].

  ,       ,       ;  ,      .  :    ,  ;  ,      .  !   .   .   ,   ;    ,    ,     .    .       ,     ?     ,       .     .     ,            [104 -  . .    . . 910.].

        , ,        .        ,  ,      ;         ,      .     ,       .       ,  (  )     ,           .  :     ;               ;     ,               ,          ; ,     ,   ,    ,     ;            ,     ,         ,  ;      ,          [105 -  . . 292293.].

   ,         [106 -    ,  ,       ,    .   :            ,        ,             .            ,           (Max Weber on Law in Economy and Society / Max Rheinstein (ed.). N. Y., 1954. P. 155156).       . Konopczynski W. Liberum veto. Kracow, 1918.].      ,    ,      ,          .   ,  Liberum veto    ,     .        ,    -        .         ,      ,   :     ,      .       ,  ,       ;       . , ,     ,         .        [107 - Mickiewicz A. Dziela. Warsaw, 1955. Vol. 10. P. 66.].

               :            .         ;  ,   ,      ,                    .              ,       . ,   ,       ; ,   ,        ,      .            ;        ,    [108 -        . : Walicki. Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism. P. 269276.].

   ,               Gesellschaft. ,    ,        ,     .    ()  ,       .   Ҹ,   ,      Gemeinschaft (Wesenwille)     Gesellschaft (K?rwille).           -             (   )      [109 -  , ,        .     -     . .      :   ,    Gemeinschaft,   ,        ,     , Eintracht, concordia  ,          ,        , , ,      ,   Gesellchaft.    Wesenwille ( ).       ,    K?rwille ( )     . (.: Backvis C. Individu et socit dans la Pologne de la Renaissance // Individu et socit a la Renaissance. Bruxelles-Paris, 1967. . : Backvis C. Studia o Kulturze staropolskiej. Warsaw, 1975. P. 552.)].

  ,  ,          ,  ,   [110 - Cp.: Mannheim K. Ideology and Utopia. N. Y. L., 1952.].         Gesellschaft,        ,       ,  ,    ,     .             ; ,  ,            ,     ,   .

           ,                .                   ,          .       (18311891),         :                 ,  -              . ,      ,  ,  ,      .              ,        ,  -          , ,  ,              ,      .       [ II]       ;          ,                            [111 - . :  . .   . : -  , 1991. . 2. . 258.].

          ,        :        ;        !         ,  .          . ,   ,             .    !     , ,   ,  ,   ,  ,         , -,      !      ,          .  ,     ,                             ,   ()            .            [112 -  . . 258259.].

        ,   ,  ,            ,      . -,  ,       .

               ,  ,         .    ,   ;    ,   ; ,  ()    ,     - ,       [113 -  . . . ., 19121914. . 7. . 217.].

  ,        ,         .      ,    ,    ,             [114 - .: Walicki. The Slavophile Controversy. P. 523530.].                . ,      ,     ,     ,        .   ,     ,      ,      .             , , ,   ()    intus-susceptio     [115 -  . . . . 7. . 323.           . .  (18161893),            (., : Martin . La Russie et lEurope).   ,             ,     ,    ,    .  ,             ,        .               .].

         .           III        (18181887).           .           ;       ;           ,       III.         .

    , ,    ,    - .        ,        (   )      ,            .               ,           ,   ,      [116 - .:  . .    (. .    ). ., 1978. . 202.].                    ; ,                         [117 -  . C. 269.].  ,        ,     .

 ,    ,            ,     ,     [118 - .:  . .    . , 1906. . 45.].       ;                 ,         , -       1860- .  ,       , :        ,   ,  ,    .      ,   ,      [119 -  . .  (18121883). , 1884. . 249250.].

    ,  ,   ,         .            (),    (1864)       .     ,        .    ,   ,       ,               .       .           [120 - .: Wortman R. Koshelev, Samarin and Cherkassky, and the Fate of Liberal Slavophilism // Slavic Review. Vol. 21. (1962.) P. 261.]   ,     ,     ,      .

            .       (18511920),     .               .     ,       ,             .    ,   , ,      .                ,   .           ,     .   -,            .  ,             ,            .       ,              ,             [121 -     .: Schapiro L. Rationalism amd Nationalism in Russian Nineteenth-Century Political Thought. L., 1967. P. 143167.].

          ;    ,  ,            .       ,       .     ,       ,     ;[122 - .:  . .     . ., 1918. . 147.  ,        ,       ,     ( . . 271).] ,  ,   ,     ,        ,            .  ,             [123 -  . . 142143.].      ,    ,      .       ,   ,              .          :          ,          [124 -  . . 144.].   ,      , ,         ,       .           ,    [125 -  . . 272.].

,                  [126 -  . . 393.]




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1


 . .  .     8  1978 //  . . 131. 1978. . 307310.




2


 . .    , 17621914. , 1980. . iiiiv.




3


Kamenka, Eugene and Tay, Alice Erh-Soon. Social traditions, legal traditions // Law and Social Control / ed. E. Kamenka and A. Tay. L., 1980. P. 7. . : Kamenka, Eugene and Tay, Alice Erh-Soon. The Sociology of Justice // Legal Change: Essays in Honour of Julius Stone. Sydney, 1983. P. 107122.

,             ,   ,      GemeinschaftGesellschaft        . .: Walicki A. The Slavophile Controversy. Oxford, 1975. P. 168178, 265266; Idem. The Controversy over Capitalism. Oxford, 1969. P. 7475; Idem. A History of Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to Marxism. Oxford, 1980. P. 107109, 285.




4


. , . VII,  4.




5


      : Maneli M. Juridical Positivism and Human Rights. N. Y., 1981.




6


         ,   - ,   ,      ,   ,             ,            (Tay A. E.-S. Law, the citizen and the state // Law and Society / Ed. Kamenka, Eugene and Tay, Alice Erh-Soon. L., 1978. P. 8).      .: Lowi T. J. The End of Liberalism: Ideology, Policy, and the Crisis of Liberal Authority. N. Y., 1969.  ,             ,       (. 125).




7


 . . . ., 1991. . 208.




8


.: Hamburg G. M. Politics of the Russian Nobility 18851905. New Brunswick, NJ, 1984. P. 222.




9


    .: Hayek F. A. Law, Legislation and Liberty. L., 1982, Vol. 3. P. 138139, 145146, 172 [.:  . ,   . .: , 2006].




10


Walicki A. Legal Philosophies of Russian Liberalism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.     : Notre Dame-L.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992.




11


Walicki A. The Controversy over Capitalism. Studies in the Social Philosophy of the Russian Populists. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969; Idem. The Slavophile Controversy. History of Conservative Utopia in Nineteenth Century Russian Thought. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975;   University of Notre Dame Press, 1989;            W kregu konserwatywnej utopii (Warszawa: PWN, 1964),     : Una utopia conservatrice. Storia degli slavofili (Torino: Giulio Einaudi Editore, 1972).          . .      .         (. 12. .: , 1992).




12


         : Walicki A. The Prospects for Change. The Soviet Union Under Gorbachev // Age Monthly Review. (Melbourne.) 1986. Nov.




13


.:  . 1991. 8.                ,       , 1991, 1.                (    Spotkania z Miloszem [L., 1985]),    , 1990, 12.       90-             : Walicki A. Idee i ludzie. Prba autobiografii. Warszawa: Instytut Historii Nauki PAN, 2010.




14


Norwid C. K. Pisma wszystkie (. .). Warsaw, 19711973. Vol. 7. P. 8592.      M. Cherniavsky, Tsar and People: Studies in Russian Myths. N. Y., 1969.




15


.: Weidle W. Russia: Absent and Present / A. Gordon Smith (trans.) N. Y., 1952. P. 129153.




16


Ibid. P. 134.




17


Ibid. P. 139.




18


Ibid. P. 136.




19


Ibid. P. 136137.




20


Ibid. P. 144145.




21


.: Arato A. and Breines P. The young Lukacs and the Origins of Western Marxism. N. Y., 1979. P. 51.




22


Ibid. P. 69. Cp.: Fehr F. Am Scheideweg des romantischen Antikapitalismus // Heller, Agnes et al. Die Seele und das Leben. Frankfurt am Main, 1977.




23


Ibid. P. 70.




24


.:  . . . ., 1989. . 22.




25


Michelet J. Lgendes dmocratiques du Nord. Paris, 1968. P. 203, 205. . : Besan?on A. The Intellectual Origin of Leninism / S. Matthews (trans.). Oxford, 1981. P. 80.




26


Szamuely T. The Russian Tradition / R. Conquest (ed.). L., 1974. P. 50, 55.




27


Ibid. P. 177.




28


Ibid. P. 171172.




29


. . VI, . 5.




30


Wortman R. S. The Development of a Russian Legal Consciousness. Chicago and L., 1976.




31


Ibid. P. 9.




32


Ibid. P. 10.




33


Ibid. P. 12.




34


Ibid.




35


Ibid. P. 176.




36


Cp.: Raeff M. The Well-Ordered Police State. Social and Institutional Change through Law in the Germanies and Russia, 16001800. L., 1983.




37


.: Max Weber on Capitalism, Bureaucracy and Religion / S. Andreski (ed.). L., 1983. P. 28.




38


.: dEntr?ves A. P. Natural Law. L., 1970. P. 154155.




39


Martindale, Don. The Nature and Types of Sociological Theory. 2nd ed. Boston, 1981. P. 130.




40


 .    . ., 1916. . 498499.




41


Lukcs G. The Destruction of Reason / P. Palmer (trans.). L., 1980. P. 68.




42


Ibid. P. 717.




43


 ,            -   ,       ,         (Ibid. P. 37).         .




44


Cp.: Raeff. The Well-Ordered Police State.




45


 .,  . . 2-e . . 21. . 496.




46


.: Luijpen W. A. Phenomenology of Natural Law. Pittsburgh, Pa., 1967. P. 43, 79.




47


       ,     . .: Lednicki W. Pushkins Bronze Horseman. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1955. P. 4357.




48


    (, , .   .)           II  .    ,     ,        , ,       .      Essai historique sur la police,    II (.:  . . . . 22. .., 1925. . 144).         (.: Richter L. Leibniz und sein Russlandbild. Berlin, 1946).




49


Raeff. The Well-Ordered Police State. P. 216.




50


Ibid. P. 236245.




51


       . .: Walicki. The Slavophile Controversy: History of a Conservative Utopia in Nineteenth-Century Russian Thought. Oxford, 1975. P. 2032.




52


. :  .    XVIII. ., 1951. . 539 (          Observations sur lhistoire de la Greece ).




53


 . . . . . .., 19381952. . 1. . 278279.




54


 . C. 293.




55


 . . 289. .: Laserson, Max M. The American Impact on Russia  Diplomatic and Ideological, 17841917. N. Y., 1950. P. 5471.




56


 . . . . . .., 19381952. . 1. . 188.




57


.:  .    . ., 1961. . 124, 128. .: Peltz W. Oswieceniowa mysl narodowa w Rosji na przetomie XVIIIXIX wieku. Zielona Gra, 1980. P. 24.




58


  .        ( .:    / . . ., 1910. . 138).       ,   , ,   .




59


.:  .   17901800. ., 1953.




60


   .: Walicki. A History of Russian Thought From the Enlightenment to Marxism. Stanford, 1979; Oxford, 1980. P. 1114.




61


 . .    //   (   ). ., 1966. . 1. . 192.




62


Prince A. Czartoryski Memoirs // A. Gielgud (ed.). Vol. 1; repr. Academic International, 1968. P. 325.




63


.:  . .  . ., 1912; : , 1967. . 59, 87.




64


.: Walicki. A History of Russian Thought. P. 5770.




65


 -    . ., 1952. . 2. . 80.




66


      : Quest-ce que cest quune nation? un corps dassocis vivant sous une loi commune et reprsents par la m?me legislature [  ?  ,          ] (. : Kohn H. Prelude to Nation States: The French and German Experience, 17891815. Princeton, 1967. P. 21).




67


Wortman. Russian Legal Consciousness. P. 43.     .: Walicki. The Slavophile Controversy. P. 3244.




68


Wortman. Russian Legal Consciousness. P. 45.




69


Ibid. P. 4546.




70


.:  . .   I    //  . .  . . 402418.




71


. : Wortman. Russian Legal Consciousness. P. 42.




72


.:  .  ,  I. ., 1925.




73


Wortman. Russian Legal Consciousness. P. 44.




74


Ibid. P. 197234.




75


Ibid. P. 180. (    III   1842., c. 201202).




76


  .: Walicki A. The Slavophile Controversy. Ch. 78  A History of Russian Thought. Ch. 7.




77


         ,   1824.,      .      . .:  . .    :  . . . ., 1913. . 1. . 138139.




78


 . . . . . ., 19531959. . 11. . 152.




79


.: Walicki. The Slavophile Controversy. P. 6782.




80


.: Ibid. Ch. 8. . : Berlin I. Russian Thinkers. L., 1978. P. 114209.




81


.:  . . . . . . 3. . 327332.




82


 . . 11. . 148149.




83


 . . 3. . 246248.




84


.: Walicki. A History of Russian Thought. P. 123126.




85


 .    (  ) //.      /  . ., 1990. . 105106.




86


       .   ,       ;    .   ,      ,    ,   ,               .   ,        (.: Mannheim K. Conservative Thought // Essays on Sociology and Social Psychology. L., 1953. P. 125);       ,         XIX. (.: Hertz A. The Case of An Eastern European Intelligentsia // Journal of Central European Affairs. Vol. 1. (1951.) No. 11; Gella A. The Life and Death of the Old Polish Intelligentsia // Slavic Review. Vol. 30. (1971.) No. 1).   ,         1870-  (.: Malia M. What is Intelligentsia? // Daedalus. Summer 1960), ;          1840-  (.: Walicki A. Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism: The Case of Poland. Oxford, 1982. P. 177).




87


.:  .       //  .,  . . . ., 1979. . 3. . 128.




88


.: Walicki. The Slavophile Controversy. P. 174177, 265266.




89


.: Mannheim. Conservative Thought. P. 89.




90


. . . 13.     . Alice Erh-Soon Tay and Eugene Kamenka, Public Law-Private Law  . Public and Private in Social Life.  . S. I. Benn and G. F. Gauss, L., 1983. P. 6792.




91


T?nnies F. Community and Society / Charles P. Loomis (trans. and ed.). East Lansing, 1957. P. 203.




92


Ibid. P. 202.




93


Ibid. P. 202203.




94


.: Mannheim. Conservative Thought. P. 105.




95


 . . . . . ., 1911. . 1. . 208.




96


.: Friedrich C. J. The Philosophy of Law in Historical Perspective. Chicago, 1963. P. 138140.




97


.: .      /  . ., 1990. . 107.




98


.:  . .   . .., 1958. . 303.           ,       -,         ( . . 314318).




99


 . . . . . . 1. ., 1861. . 249.




100


 . C. 52.




101


.: Lampert E. Studies in Rebellion. L., 1957. P. 145, 156.




102


.: . . . . . 1. . 717.




103


          ,       II.     :  . .  . ., 1910. . 6997.




104


 . .    . . 910.




105


 . . 292293.




106


   ,  ,       ,    .   :            ,        ,             .            ,           (Max Weber on Law in Economy and Society / Max Rheinstein (ed.). N. Y., 1954. P. 155156).       . Konopczynski W. Liberum veto. Kracow, 1918.




107


Mickiewicz A. Dziela. Warsaw, 1955. Vol. 10. P. 66.




108


       . : Walicki. Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism. P. 269276.




109


 , ,        .     -     . .      :   ,    Gemeinschaft,   ,        ,     , Eintracht, concordia  ,          ,        , , ,      ,   Gesellchaft.    Wesenwille ( ).       ,    K?rwille ( )     . (.: Backvis C. Individu et socit dans la Pologne de la Renaissance // Individu et socit a la Renaissance. Bruxelles-Paris, 1967. . : Backvis C. Studia o Kulturze staropolskiej. Warsaw, 1975. P. 552.)




110


Cp.: Mannheim K. Ideology and Utopia. N. Y. L., 1952.




111


. :  . .   . : -  , 1991. . 2. . 258.




112


 . . 258259.




113


 . . . ., 19121914. . 7. . 217.




114


.: Walicki. The Slavophile Controversy. P. 523530.




115


 . . . . 7. . 323.           . .  (18161893),            (., : Martin . La Russie et lEurope).   ,             ,     ,    ,    .  ,             ,        .               .




116


.:  . .    (. .    ). ., 1978. . 202.




117


 . C. 269.




118


.:  . .    . , 1906. . 45.




119


 . .  (18121883). , 1884. . 249250.




120


.: Wortman R. Koshelev, Samarin and Cherkassky, and the Fate of Liberal Slavophilism // Slavic Review. Vol. 21. (1962.) P. 261.




121


    .: Schapiro L. Rationalism amd Nationalism in Russian Nineteenth-Century Political Thought. L., 1967. P. 143167.




122


.:  . .     . ., 1918. . 147.  ,        ,       ,     ( . . 271).




123


 . . 142143.




124


 . . 144.




125


 . . 272.




126


 . . 393.


