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,   .     



Lawrence E. HARRISON

JEWS, CONFUCIANS, AND PROTESTANTS

Cultural Capital and the End of Multiculturalism



 , 2014

 2013 by Lawrence E. Harrison








 ,                 ,                   .         ,       .         ,      .

     [1 - Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (London: David Campbell Publishers/Everymans Library, 1994), pp. 322323.]

,    ,  ,  ,    ,    ,   ,      [2 -  .   . .:  , 2008. . .],     .  -      ,        ,   ,      .

 
(John Birmingham in The Australian, April 4, 2007)

  .         , ,  ,        .     ,          ,            ,  ,     ,           ,   ,       ,   ,       ,            ,    ?

          ,                 ,      ,    .   ,        ,          ,    , ..  ,      ,        ?

 , ,      ,    ,    ,          (),    . (        :      ,       4000[3 -       (Paul Johnson, A History of Jews (Ney York: Harper & Row, 1988) [ .  . .: , 2007])     , ..  2000.   ).   2009.,    ,  5769            ;  ,     -  1750 .],   2500,    500 .) ,        ,   -,  ,   ,     ,        (Universal Progress Culture).  , ,   , , , ,    .     ,  ,   ,         ,      .

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  60-  XX.                 ,          .     ,            ,     World Values Survey[4 - Ronald Inglehart, Miguel Bas?ez et al., eds., Human Beliefs and Values: A Cross-Cultural Sourcebook Based on the 19992002 Values Surveys (Mexico City: Singlo Veintiuno, 2004).     1990.      ?    52% .  2000.    26%   39% .       2000.    ,     67  66% .     ,     3% .].       ,     ,   :       ,   ,     ,            .       ,    [5 - Harvard Kennedy School, Robert Putnam on Immigration and Social Cohesion, March 20, 2008, www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/publications/insight/ democratic/robert-putnam.].

          ,    , ,  ,           2000. ,        ,      [6 -     [toxic]       [ Culture Counts],     2000.     .  ,    Culture Matters (New York: Basic Books, 2000) [  . .:    , 2002],  ,  ,        ,            Culture and Public Action (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford Social Sciences, 2004).].           :             [7 - National Security Strategy of the United States of America. The Presidents Report to Congress on a New National Security Strategic Doctrine for the U.S.A. by President George W. Bush, September 20, 2002.].

        , ..  ,         ,   ,   .   ,        [8 -  .   .   . .: , 2004. . .], ,             ,         .    ,   , ,   ,        .      ,  ,   ,   ,  ,        [9 - . : Renato Rosaldo, Of Headhunters and Soldiers, Issues in Ethics 11, 1 (Winter 2000). [    Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture. Boston etc.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1934. .]].

,            .       ,    ,         .       ,   ,            ,     , .. ,       ?        ,    ,        ,  ,      .




 


    ,      ,        ,        .          ,                  .            . ,          ,     ,    ,  ,     ,    ,    .

    ,    .   ,          .     ,       ,      .      ,     ,        .               , ,    ,     ,  . ,   1959.  ,  ,   :     .                        [10 - Placide David, LHeritage Colonial en Haiti (Madrid: publisher unknown, 1959).].

             .  ,   ,  ,           .

         .     ,        1804.   ,       1966.,   ,        XVII.,        .          ,      (Afro-Saxons)    (Black Englishmen).       .

    ,   2010. 42-        (UN Human Development Index),                .   145-  ( 169 ).   .    .




 


        .       .      .        ,     ,     ?: ,         ,    ,     ,          [11 - William Easterly, The White Mans Burden: Why the Wests Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good (New York: Penguin, 2006); the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, Finance and Development, March 1994, p. 51.].

   1994.       -:        ,    , [12 -  ,      28  2009.]. ,   , ,    ,        ,          ,   ,          , , -  ,     .

    ,    (     ;   ,   ;  ;   ;    ; ),         ,     ,       ,    -,               ,  ?     ,  , ,    . (          .)

     ,   1997. :   ,               ,    ,  [13 - Washington D.C., The Federal Reserve Board: Remarks by Chairman Alan Greenspan at the Woodrow Wilson Award Dinner of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, New York, June 10, 1997.].




   


   ,           ,           ,         ,                  廠 ,             ?         ,        , ,    .   ,       .

 ,    :          ,  ,        (),   20002004.   43%   13%  [14 - United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund, Afghanistan: Statistics, www.unicef.org/infobycountry/afghanistan_statistics.html.].

  ,               ,                [15 - Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Harper Perennial, 1993). [ .     . .: , 2004.]].    ,      ,        .     ?    ,            ,       ,     ,         ?

       ,            .   Freedom House  2006.,   ,   2 ,  14  ,    15    11.          2.  ,          2004. (Human Development Report),     15      77%    57%  .  ,        .     70%   29% .

,    ,      50%,           ,  , ,  ,   ,         .                   .

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  ,  ,   ,           .     ,      ,     ,            . ,       ,  ,     ,       ,  .        ,      ,             (     )   ,         ,            ,   .

   -   ,                   (20022005) (Arab Human Development Reports),                   (Arab Gulf Programme for United Nations Development Organizations)    .          ; ,  2005.   .

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          , -    ,            ,   , ,     ,    .    ,          ;    ,   -  [16 - Oscar Arias, Culture Matters, Foreign Affairs (JanuaryFebruary 2011).]      .

          [17 - Lionel Sosa, The Americano Dream (New York: Dutton Adult, 1998).] ,               .         , ,    ,  [18 - Herman Badillo, One Nation, One Standard (New York: Sentinel (Penguin) 2006).]          ,     .                    :    [19 - Ernesto Caravantes, From Melting Pot to Witchs Cauldron: How Multiculturalism Failed America (Lanham, MD: Hamilton Books, 2010).];   :      [20 - Ernesto Caravantes, Clipping Their Own Wings: The Incompatibility between Latino Culture and American Education (Lanham, MD: Hamilton Books, 2006).]  - [21 - Ernesto Caravantes, The Mexican-American Mind (Lanham, MD: Hamilton Books, 2008).].

     :     [22 - Osvaldo Hurtado, Know Thyself: Latin America in the Mirror of Culture, American Interest (JanuaryFebruary 2010): Vol. 5.]      :

            .       ,     .            ,            ,    ,   ,    .  ,          ,       .         ,      .

         ,                  ,    . ,      .   .    ,                ,   ,    .    ,    .            ,     .          ,    ,              ,     .    , ,      ,      .

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      ,  ,        ,    ,  2050.      [23 - Census Bureau, National Population Projections 2008: Projections of the Population by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin for the United States: 2010 to 2050; www.census.gov/population/www/projections/summarytables.html].           ,  . ,  ,        ,      25%   (.  9);  ,      ,     ,    .  ,            ,     ,      .

 ,   ,         ,       .          ,             ;         , , -  .                          ,       ,     :     -,  1; Si quiere hablar an espa?ol, oprima el botn n?mero dos.

        ?:    ,    XVIIXVIII.     ,  ,    ?    .     ,    ,   [24 - Samuel Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to Americas National Identity (New York: Simon & Shuster, 2004), p. 59. [ .  ?    . .: , 2008. . 104105.]].




 


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  ,      [26 - Mariano Grondona, with Irakli Chkonia, Ronald Inglehart, Matteo Marini, and Lawrence Harrison, Typology of Progress-Prone and Progress-Resistant Cultures, in Lawrence Harrison, The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It from Itself (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), Table 2.1, 3738. [ .   :           . .:  , 2008. . 5052.]]  ,     .               ,           .

   ,      ,    ,     ,   ,   ,     :    ,       ,      (.1.1)[27 - Geert Hofstede, Gert Jan Hofstede, and Michael Minkov, Cultures Consequences: International Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival (New York: McGrow-Hill, 2010), p. 6.].

     




.1.1.   ,    






    


  ,     ,  ,       ,       -       [28 - Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claud Passeron, Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction, in Richard K. Brown (Ed.), Knowledge, Education and Cultural Change (London: Tavistock, 1973).].       ,     .   [ ]  , ,   ,       [  ]     .      ,           ,     [29 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_capital.].

   [30 - P.Bourdieu, The Forms of Capital, in J. Richardson, ed., Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (New York: Greenwood, 1986), pp. 241258. [ .   //   . .: , 2004. . 519536.]]      :  (embodied),  (objectified)   (institutionalized).

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 1999.              [31 - Mariano Grondona, Las Condiciones Culturales del Desarrollo Econmico (Buenos Aires: Grupo Editorial Planeta, 1999).].    La Nacin,   -,       -     ,   .  ,     .

           ,     ,    ,    (   ),  ,   (   ).  ,        ,      :

      ,      .     ;       ,   .      :      ,    ,     ,   .      ,       ;      ,     .  ,        ,         -     .        ,    ,           .

      ,   .          ,        ,    .      ,          [32 - Mariano Grondona, A Cultural Typology of Economic Development, in Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington, eds., Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress (New York: Basic Books, 2000), pp. 4455. [       . .]].

     ,  ,               ,      ,      .

            .  ,     .    ;     ,     ,          / ,      ,  ,  ,     ,      ,   .    .     ,    ,  [ ]   ,    ,   ,   ,         [33 - ,      (Robert Hefner) 28  2004.].

 ,   World Value Survey,   25      ,     ;          .          ,    [34 - Ronald Inglehart, Testing the Progress Typology, presented at the final Culture Matters Research Project conference at the Fletcher School, Tufts University, March 2728, 2004, p. 10.].  25  11     World Values Survey, 3    , 2     ,   9     .   , [] World Value Survey       .           ,       ,    [35 - Ibid., p. 6.].

    ,             ,    ,   ,     ,  ,     ,    . 1.1.

 1.1

            

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1..                 ,       ,        .       ,         .         ,   ,  , , , ,     .

  ,      ,       ,        ,       ,        .       ,     .         : [ ]     ,         .             [36 - Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (London: David Campbell Publishers, 1994), p. 300. [ . .   . .: , 1992. . 220221.]   ,     ,     .].

      ,            ,         .          ,        .

  ,          :                 ,                [37 - Bassam Tibi, Political Innovation in the Gulf: Society and State in a Changing World, presented at the ninth annual conference of the Emirate Center for Strategic Studies, Abu Dhabi, January 1013 2004.].

      ,  ,    ,  .

 ,      ,      World Values Survey,   :         [      ]. ,      ,        ,      [38 - Inglehart, Testing the Progress Typology, Table 5.].                 :   ,  ,   ,       .     ,       .       ,   ,   ,   ,    .  ,   ,     ,           [39 - . : Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London and New York: HarperCollins Academic,1992), p. 175. [ .  . .: , 1990. . 200.]].

2..  -     ,         :      ,       [40 - Tibi, Political Innovation in the Gulf, p. 13.].

     :  ,      ,         ,         .   ,  ,       ,      .

3.  .         ,   The Economist  ,     ,     ,          [41 - The Economist, November 22, 2003, p. 38.].     Prticipacin Ciudadana ( ),   ,       700 .    4% .

          New Yorker,  ,  , :             .        ,    ,          ,      ,     [42 - James Surowiecki, The Financial Page: Punctuality Pays, New Yorker, April 5, 2004.].

         IBM: Inshallah (     ); Bukra (); Malish (  ).

4.. ,       ,  ,         - .         :  -   ,      ,   ,        .    ,  -   ;     , ,    ,       ,    ,  ,  , -  (,  [43 -  ,      .   2000-         . . .]).

   ,              .          ,     :      ,    ,          ,    :     ,        ,         , , ,   ,   ,   ,   ,                                ,      ,     ,     [44 - George M. Foster, Peasant Society and the Image of the Limited Good, in Jack M. Potter, May N. Diaz, and George M. Foster, eds., Peasant Society: A Reader (Boston: Little Brown, 1967), p. 304. (  . . .)].

5.. ,        ,           ,    ,           .       (  ),       ,        :   ,       ,        .     ?    .     ?   .       .        :      ?[45 - Bernard Lewis, The West and the Middle East, Foreign Affairs (January February 1997), p. 121.]   :      XX      .      :

    ?[46 - David Landes, Culture Makes Almost All the Difference, in Culture Matters, p. 7. [  . . 44.]]             , ;   ,   ,     , :  ,         .


/

6. .          ,     ,    / ,    ,  .        ,         .   ,  ,        ,   ,      [47 - Weber, The Protestant Ethics, 4850. [ . . . . 7376.]]. ,          ,      ,          World Value Survey (. 1.2).

 ,         ,    . ,   ,    ,    ,    ,       ,   ,  .

       ,       ,     - .              .    ,        ,     :          ,  ,   .          ,      , , ,      [48 - Ibid., p. 117. [ . . 152.]].

7. .   , , ,    ,      - .    700 .,   - ,         .     15 ,          ,   8  ,  2   (  ).


 1.2

       






8.. ,    ,   ,    .        :   ,    ,  ,         ;        ;         .  ,   1905   90%           ,       [49 - Hara Hiroko and Managawa Mieko, Japanese Childhood Since 1600.       : Zur Sozialgeschichte der Kind-het, eds. Jochen Martin and August Nitschke (Freiburg/M?nchen: Verlag Karl Albert, 1985), p. 176.].

 ,            .           :  ,  ,              .   ,      ,  ,              .      , ,    ..     .     ,          , ,      ,           [50 - Gary Becker, Library of Economics and Liberty, The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Human Capital, www.econlib.org/library/Enc/HumanCapital. html.].


 

9./.             ,     .   ,       ,      ,    . ,  ,   ,   ,    .   .     ,      (     ,       ( 19, 24)),  ,           .

                XIX.,     ,     ,        XX.         ,       ,   ,   ,     .     ,     : ,   , ,   ,  .

  ,     ,        軠  , ,   ,            .

 World Value Survey   ,     .    :        . ,          ,    [51 - Inglehart, Testing the Progress Typology, Table 5.].

10..  ,   ,  , , , ,      ,         .  2001.    44,8% ,     40,1%[52 - The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2003, Table 3.15.].         ,  ,       ,    -        .

                      .  ,     ,        ,      .

11..  ,    ,       .  ,      .       :     ,     ,   ,    ,              ,         ,    ..[53 - Joseph A. Shumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New York: Harper, 1950), p. 132. [ ..   . ,   . .: , 2007. C. 512.]].

 ,      ,      [54 - Ibid. [ .]]. ,          : (1)       :  ,   ,       ,     ,        ;  (2)  ,   ,      ,   :                ,   -   ,      .  ,         ,  ,       ,      .

 ,       ,         ,          [55 - Hernando De Soto, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else (New York: Basic Books, 2000). [ . .  :            . .: -, 2001.]]





  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/lourens-harrison/evrei-konfuciancy-i-protestanty-kulturnyy-kapital-i-konec/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (London: David Campbell Publishers/Everymans Library, 1994), pp. 322323.




2


 .   . .:  , 2008. . .




3


      (Paul Johnson, A History of Jews (Ney York: Harper & Row, 1988) [ .  . .: , 2007])     , ..  2000.   ).   2009.,    ,  5769            ;  ,     -  1750 .




4


Ronald Inglehart, Miguel Bas?ez et al., eds., Human Beliefs and Values: A Cross-Cultural Sourcebook Based on the 19992002 Values Surveys (Mexico City: Singlo Veintiuno, 2004).     1990.      ?    52% .  2000.    26%   39% .       2000.    ,     67  66% .     ,     3% .




5


Harvard Kennedy School, Robert Putnam on Immigration and Social Cohesion, March 20, 2008, www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/publications/insight/ democratic/robert-putnam.




6


    [toxic]       [ Culture Counts],     2000.     .  ,    Culture Matters (New York: Basic Books, 2000) [  . .:    , 2002],  ,  ,        ,            Culture and Public Action (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford Social Sciences, 2004).




7


National Security Strategy of the United States of America. The Presidents Report to Congress on a New National Security Strategic Doctrine for the U.S.A. by President George W. Bush, September 20, 2002.




8


 .   .   . .: , 2004. . .




9


. : Renato Rosaldo, Of Headhunters and Soldiers, Issues in Ethics 11, 1 (Winter 2000). [    Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture. Boston etc.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1934. .]




10


Placide David, LHeritage Colonial en Haiti (Madrid: publisher unknown, 1959).




11


William Easterly, The White Mans Burden: Why the Wests Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good (New York: Penguin, 2006); the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, Finance and Development, March 1994, p. 51.




12


 ,      28  2009.




13


Washington D.C., The Federal Reserve Board: Remarks by Chairman Alan Greenspan at the Woodrow Wilson Award Dinner of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, New York, June 10, 1997.




14


United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund, Afghanistan: Statistics, www.unicef.org/infobycountry/afghanistan_statistics.html.




15


Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Harper Perennial, 1993). [ .     . .: , 2004.]




16


Oscar Arias, Culture Matters, Foreign Affairs (JanuaryFebruary 2011).




17


Lionel Sosa, The Americano Dream (New York: Dutton Adult, 1998).




18


Herman Badillo, One Nation, One Standard (New York: Sentinel (Penguin) 2006).




19


Ernesto Caravantes, From Melting Pot to Witchs Cauldron: How Multiculturalism Failed America (Lanham, MD: Hamilton Books, 2010).




20


Ernesto Caravantes, Clipping Their Own Wings: The Incompatibility between Latino Culture and American Education (Lanham, MD: Hamilton Books, 2006).




21


Ernesto Caravantes, The Mexican-American Mind (Lanham, MD: Hamilton Books, 2008).




22


Osvaldo Hurtado, Know Thyself: Latin America in the Mirror of Culture, American Interest (JanuaryFebruary 2010): Vol. 5.




23


Census Bureau, National Population Projections 2008: Projections of the Population by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin for the United States: 2010 to 2050; www.census.gov/population/www/projections/summarytables.html




24


Samuel Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to Americas National Identity (New York: Simon & Shuster, 2004), p. 59. [ .  ?    . .: , 2008. . 104105.]




25


               ,       ,    .




26


Mariano Grondona, with Irakli Chkonia, Ronald Inglehart, Matteo Marini, and Lawrence Harrison, Typology of Progress-Prone and Progress-Resistant Cultures, in Lawrence Harrison, The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It from Itself (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), Table 2.1, 3738. [ .   :           . .:  , 2008. . 5052.]




27


Geert Hofstede, Gert Jan Hofstede, and Michael Minkov, Cultures Consequences: International Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival (New York: McGrow-Hill, 2010), p. 6.




28


Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claud Passeron, Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction, in Richard K. Brown (Ed.), Knowledge, Education and Cultural Change (London: Tavistock, 1973).




29


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_capital.




30


P.Bourdieu, The Forms of Capital, in J. Richardson, ed., Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (New York: Greenwood, 1986), pp. 241258. [ .   //   . .: , 2004. . 519536.]




31


Mariano Grondona, Las Condiciones Culturales del Desarrollo Econmico (Buenos Aires: Grupo Editorial Planeta, 1999).




32


Mariano Grondona, A Cultural Typology of Economic Development, in Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington, eds., Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress (New York: Basic Books, 2000), pp. 4455. [       . .]




33


,      (Robert Hefner) 28  2004.




34


Ronald Inglehart, Testing the Progress Typology, presented at the final Culture Matters Research Project conference at the Fletcher School, Tufts University, March 2728, 2004, p. 10.




35


Ibid., p. 6.




36


Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (London: David Campbell Publishers, 1994), p. 300. [ . .   . .: , 1992. . 220221.]   ,     ,     .




37


Bassam Tibi, Political Innovation in the Gulf: Society and State in a Changing World, presented at the ninth annual conference of the Emirate Center for Strategic Studies, Abu Dhabi, January 1013 2004.




38


Inglehart, Testing the Progress Typology, Table 5.




39


. : Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London and New York: HarperCollins Academic,1992), p. 175. [ .  . .: , 1990. . 200.]




40


Tibi, Political Innovation in the Gulf, p. 13.




41


The Economist, November 22, 2003, p. 38.




42


James Surowiecki, The Financial Page: Punctuality Pays, New Yorker, April 5, 2004.




43


 ,      .   2000-         . . .




44


George M. Foster, Peasant Society and the Image of the Limited Good, in Jack M. Potter, May N. Diaz, and George M. Foster, eds., Peasant Society: A Reader (Boston: Little Brown, 1967), p. 304. (  . . .)




45


Bernard Lewis, The West and the Middle East, Foreign Affairs (January February 1997), p. 121.




46


David Landes, Culture Makes Almost All the Difference, in Culture Matters, p. 7. [  . . 44.]




47


Weber, The Protestant Ethics, 4850. [ . . . . 7376.]




48


Ibid., p. 117. [ . . 152.]




49


Hara Hiroko and Managawa Mieko, Japanese Childhood Since 1600.       : Zur Sozialgeschichte der Kind-het, eds. Jochen Martin and August Nitschke (Freiburg/M?nchen: Verlag Karl Albert, 1985), p. 176.




50


Gary Becker, Library of Economics and Liberty, The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Human Capital, www.econlib.org/library/Enc/HumanCapital. html.




51


Inglehart, Testing the Progress Typology, Table 5.




52


The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2003, Table 3.15.




53


Joseph A. Shumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New York: Harper, 1950), p. 132. [ ..   . ,   . .: , 2007. C. 512.]




54


Ibid. [ .]




55


Hernando De Soto, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else (New York: Basic Books, 2000). [ . .  :            . .: -, 2001.]


