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  ()
            ,    .          .             ,       90-   .  ,              ,   ..   ,      ,  ,    ,    ..             ,      ,       .





 

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                 :   ,        ,    .

   ,            ,          .    ,             ,         ,    ?           ,     ?       ,    ?                   ?           ,    ,       ,         ?               ?            ?             ,         ,         .

    , ,      ,   ,      .  ,       ,    ,      ,   ,        ,            .

      ,       .      .         ,      ,        .                 ,          .                  .



 
  
 2009.







         .      ,   ,          .      -    ,            .       Financial Times        .           .      ,    .      ,     ,              ,        .         ,  . ,         ,              .                (    ,     ).         .

        ,            .  ,    ,            .            ,      .     ,     , ,       .    ,      ,             . ,  ,        .                  XXI .

     ,               Financial Times,    ,   ,             .      ,       ,         ,     .       ,     ,      .   ,      ,         .          ,  ,    ,   ,   (     ),  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,      (  ),  ,    ,   (),  ,  ,  ,  .,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  .,  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,     ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , ..,  , .  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    ,  ,    , ..,  ,  ,     .

       ,                  :  ,  ,  ,   ,     .     ..     ,             .          Doubleday  -      Little, Brown    .  ,       Financial Times,              ,       ,    .               .   -     ,         .  FT         .   ,       .



,           ,              .         .        -.      ( )     .      ,   ,    ,  ,   -  ,           ,     :  ܻ.        ,    ,  .     .       ,                      ,      .       ,          .      .          ,     .







       ,         ,    .

 ,      , ,   . 1913.

       ,   ,           .

 ,       .     ,    ,   1968.    ,    .       ,       ,                 , ,   -            ,    . ,   ,    1973.,  23     , ,     ,       ,     .

       ,                    ,   ,     .   ,   ,     .       . ,  ,    .

   ,  ,      .    ,  ,    ,  ,      ,   .    .          . ,    , ,      .  .    ,  ,     .        .

           ,   ,                .       ,  .        黠 ,    ,     -   ,     .       .         .    ,        .  -  .  ,   ,    .             .       ,    ,  ,          ,  .  ,  ,   ,        .     ,       ,      (supraconsciousness),       ,  .       .              .

 ,    - ,   .         ,    .     ,      .     1878.  -  -,          .     ,        .           [1 - http: // www. indiayogi. com/ content/indsaints /mother. asp.].                    .  1916. , ,        ,       .      ,          ,             ,   .       ,   ,  .       .

       ( )         ,   ,    .    ,      ,       .         -  , ,     ,        .    ,     -   -. -   ,     ,       ,   .         ,  ,  ,   .    ,    ,    , ,     ,      ,         .  ,        .     ,     ,  .    .

 ,        .  ,    ,      ,       .   ,        ,      .    , ,   ,        ,      ,  ,   ,         . ,          ,    ,      .            ,      ,    .  ,       ,   ,            .   (   )   :        ,      ,    [2 - Ramachandra Guha, "Churchill's Indiaspeaks", The Hindu's Sunday magazine, June 5, 2005.].

,    ,     ,     :         ,       [3 - Andre Malraux (from Tristes Tropiques) in Pankaj Mishra, ed., India in Mind (New York: Vintage Books, 2005), p. 172.].      , ,    , ,   ,         [4 - Amartya Sen, The Argumentative Indian, Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity (New Delhi: Allen Lane, 2005), p. 152.].           ,     .     250           ,            .      .  ,        :         ,      ,         .           .   1980-  ,    , ,              [5 - .: Amartya Sen, Introduction to the The Argumentative Indian, p. xiv.].

   .     ,           .   ,             .        .        ,      . ,           .        .        ?      .

  ,        ,  ,     . ,  ,  ,     .         . ,     .         ,        ,       ,  .    .   .

            .  ,     ,     ,                 ,         .  ,    ,        .           -   .   ,       ,   ,               .

    ,     ,    .       ,    ,         -,     -.  ,            .  ,    ,            ,          .

  ,     ,   ,    .   ,  -     - ,     ,  -      ,                    .

      ,  .    ,  .

       .


* * *

        ,               (-),                  ,    ,       ,      1998.      .          ,       .     ,        .     :    .            ,   -   .

       ,      ,        .   1990-       ,            .         ,       ,      ( ),      Reliance Industries. ,          ,   ,      .    -,    .. -,    ,  .   ,  - ,      [6 -                2003.           .].       (, ,    ).            .         , , ,   .     1992.      ,     , ,           , .                  .

              ,   XXI      .     ,      .              .                     ,       XXI . ,        ,     ,      .     ,             .

     15  1947.,        .       30  1948.,                          .

,              ,         .         ,          ,           .            ,   ,   ,   -       ,   ,   .

           .             1947.        ,     ,     .  -   . ,       ,             ,      .        ,         .

  XXI.         ,   .  1991.      ,           ,   License Raj ( ).      .                 ,     .     ,  ,    .       ,         .  ,            .      ,       .

        XXI. ,   ,      ,           ,     ,      .  1,1    750 .   ,            ,   ,    ,               (   680 000 ).         ,           .

  ,            ,        (     ,        ).     ,     -      .     .   ,    ,     .    ,        .         .

    :  ,   ,      ,    ,        ,      ,    ,  ,    .            ,     .    ,       [7 - .J.Akbar, Nehru, the Making of India (New Delhi: Lotus Collection of Roli Books, 2005), p. 469.].      (Hind Swaraj),   , ,      ,  :   [ ]     ,      ,    ,               .   ,   .    ,  ,    ,        .

      ,     ,            ,              ,        .       .   ,    ,  1890-       .       1913.      ,    ,            .          ,        .

           .    ,          .             .    :         ,                 ,    .       ,         ,    XVIII.    XXI.        ,        [8 -               ,         . ,    ,        .] (       ),   ,           , ..       .

      1991.,      .    ,         ,       ,     ,    .   ,    ,    2005.           ,       ,       .              ,     :        .      .    ,       ,           ,     .

      ,  .        .             .    ,         ,              .       ,     ,     軠     廠                  [9 -  ,     , Harijan    ,  ,    .].

        ,         .    ,             (         ),     200    1947.      ,      ,    ,     .

,      ,     ,       -   1916.       .      1950.,                     .   -         :     ,      .      ,    ,        ,    ,   ,     ,     .

            ,           , ,       ,    ,   .    ,       ,        :       , ,        ,  ,    ,  ,      ?[10 -    [communalism]        ,    ,        .        "communal" (, )         -.][11 - Christophe Jaffrelot, Dr.Ambedkar and Untouchabihty, Analysing and Fighting Caste (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2005), p. 110.]

,       ,       ,     ,      ,   ,     . ,   300.  ..         (    . ),     :            -   ,   [12 - Richard Lannoy, The Speaking Tree, A Study of Indian Culture and Society (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 138.].            .    .

   ,  ,      .       ,  ,   .       ,    -         . ,                ,  ,   ,         ,         .        ,           ,         ,         ,     ,   .  ,          ,    .      : In India you do not cast a vote, you vote your caste[13 -   . .:     ,     (.).  cast a vote ,  ; caste . . .].

           .           ,         . ,          ,        ,       ,      ,     .     ,       ,         .          .   ,     .

,          ,        ,     ,            ,    .   -  19471964.,           ,       ,    .

          .    ,       [modernity],       [14 -      ,    ,       . ,      ,    -.],    -   .      ,                   ,   1885.

      .            ,     .   ,       ,    ,        , ,    ,     ,      ,        .                     : ,    ,      ![15 - .: Akbar, Nehru, the Making of India, p. 71.]     ,        ,     ,           .  ,      ,      , ,  ,       ,      .            .

       .   1947. -,          ,       .  ,          ,    ,          ,         .     -             [16 -        ,        -  .].

  XXI.    (      )           (collectors), -        .      ,   . ,      (Indian Administrative Service  IAS)         . ,      ,      .         ,          ,      .

        ,                , ,             .   ,      ,    . ,     1991.           ,        ,            (    )     (      ).

                 ,   1991.   .    ,        ,     (    ),                  .       ,      .       ,       .               .

     ,      ,      - .    ,         .         ,      ,        ,        ,    .

,     ,  ,           ,   ,        .      ,           .          ,   :     []            ,       [17 - Ibid., . 239.].

  ,      ,   1947.           .   ,      1 ,    ,     12.                 .   ,    ,      .

   1980-              . ,     ,      (  ),      XXI.,          ,    .                  .   : ,  ,    52  [5,2]  [ ]  . ,     .   ,        ,   ,        [18 - Ibid., . 242.]. ,      ,           ,     .

  ,    :    ,        ,             , ,      .    , ,   ,   ,        .       ,          ,     . ,            .           ,   .  , ,      ,         ,      .

,   ,    , .. .      ,          ,      ,  ,   ,  .     ,  ,    ,    ,       ,     .

  ,      ,         .       .           ,    .     .              ,    .

       ,         .         ,     . ,          ,     .   ,                 .           ,  ,     ,   ,            .

,     ,               ,    , .   ,             ,   ,      ,    ,             .       ,      .          ,   ,   ,     ,           ,       ,     . ,             .


* * *

     ,     .  .    ,         .       ...              .  ,   2006.,    ,    ,    .   ,          .

,           ,   .           ,      .       ,    :         ,        .

  ,       ,          .  ,       ,     1998.  [19 -         1974.]    .          ,      ,       ,  :  ,     ,     .    .

           ,          .       ,      .  ,              -   ,              .      2001.              .

,     ,                    ,   - ,           ,      ,  - ,         ,        .

 ,       ,      ,       .  ?      ,        ,          ,      ,     .  ,  ,          .      .

                ,   26 ,  ,   1930. ,             .            ,              .

  , , , ,    ,      ,      .  ,     ,      ,   II,    ,     1500 .    ,    . ,   .

     ,              . , ,     ,     ,           :      .           .      ,  .

      ,   ,     .          ,    ,         .    ,          .  ,            ;  ,       ,      .       ,       ,         .   ,    -.

    ,   ,             ,    , , ,   .  ,     ,       ,    .          (          ),         .     .




1.  



  



      .     :   ,   .      ,        .

    (1897)[20 - Pankaj Mishra, ed., India in Mind, p. 303.]

    .    1990-   , ,  ,           ,  .         (Grand Trunk Road),       .       ,      XIX.,      ,  ,  ,       .    ,       30   .           .  2006.        ,       : ,  (   ),  ( )   ( )[21 -          , ,   ,     1990- .].         60   .

         ,     .               .            .              .            ,       .  3040,    .  1990- ,             ,      -  .    90%   , ,      ,        ,            Suzuki   .        , , , ,   ,    .

       .  ,         ,    ,   ,              ,           .        ,     ,        .       ,     , ,   ,    .

           ,       ,  iPod             .          :      ,     ,      ,   ,  , ,    ,      .           .      .              XXI.:     ,     .      , ,           ,  ,         .   ,  ,      ,  -    .         ,    .


* * *

        ,       ,                  .  1991.       ,    ,         .     [22 -  19501980-        3,2%  ,                 .      ,  1%      XX.,     .],            ,       ,  , ,   .    1940-   1950-             .        ,          .       ,    .

             ,          ,           ,  [23 - .:  (.). . .],         : ,  .         ,    ,          .      .

            ,     ,            ,     .           ,      .         - ,      .       ,  .

          , ,        .  1950.  ,          ,     ,    ( 50 .       2005.).            10 000 .,       ,   .            - .

 ,          ,         ,     1949.       .

    ?      ,         .        ,     .                ,    .  1951.,         ,     16%, ..     320       .      32 ,   ,              .             軠 ,    ,         .

              ,          .            ,        ,        .       ,          .       ,      ,        .     ,      ,      ,       .                     .

        , ,        ,       .          ,   , 84%   ,       ,    [24 - Lloyd .Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, In Pursuit of Lakshmi, The Political Economy of the Indian State (New Delhi: Orient Longman Limited, 1998), p. 297.].   ,     1952.           ,     1957.      ,            80% [25 - Francine R. Frankel, India's Political Economy, 19472004, The Gradual Revolution, 2d ed. (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005),p. 131.].        .             .

   ,                .   1950-        ,     ,     -      .          -       ,        .       ,         ,      .       ,      ,  -       .  ,            ,   ,    .        .   ,      1959.,        ,     ,       [],   ,         [26 - Lok Sabha Debates, February 19, 1959, . : Frankel, India's Political Economy.]. ,      ,    -   ,   .

         1967  1991.  1967.          ()  ,  -  , ..      ,     . -                .         ,    -    ,           .    ,   ,       ,  ,       [27 -               ,       .].       ,  ,         .

  ,       ,           ,         .           ,     1975.,             (     )      .       .                .       ,        ,        [28 - Congress Bulletin, April-May 1969, . : F.Frankel, India's Political Economy.].     .       ,      .     1991.,           , -              [29 -      1 .,         .  ,            ,     .].               ,        ,  ,    .    1967.,           ,  1991.      1970-1980-             .        ,    ,       .   1991.,        ,      .                 ,             .      ,      ,  ,       -,    ,    .


* * *

     ,    1980         .   ,  ,         (       ).          ,     ,  ,       .   1980-   ,       ,      ,        ,     .     .

       ,         ,     .         ,        ,          .  ,       ,           ,       .      -,     ,       :       ,   ,              .     ,              .    ,          ,         .

  ,        (  Hindustan Hosieries Ltd.),       .                .  ,   ,    ,   .          ,         .       .  ,     ,     1980- ,        -.      .               C2W.com  contest-to-win.com (--. ),       ,  ,       .

      ,          .  ,  ,         .  ,       .  , ,  , ,     ,       Coca-Cola     1990-  (     1970-),      !          Thums Up,       .

,     Citibank     News Corporation,       .  Gamier,   ,        ,       ,    .    ,          Garnier               L'Oreal.

          ,    .        ,  .

  ,      Jockey,       ,    .      .   ,    Yamaha,    ,        .    ,  , ,       .      ,        .   C2W             .          C2W  ,     .

  ,         .        ,        .  ,        ,  .          ,     ,    .  .     ,        ,     ,    ,   ,  ,     .     ,       ,   ,  : !  !     .

  ,     (,   ),  ,  ,   ,   ,   ,          .    IT-                   , ,   .       ,      ,     ,  ,            .              ,         .

        ,   1991.       .       1 .  2006.    140 .,        .        2003 ,      ,      ,     ,     .      20042005.,     ,      .             .

    1990-            -2000,         ,    (IT)     .     , ,     ,    ,        ,    ,         .            ,   ,   ,  ,  ..    .

 ,   ,       -,       .      EMI (Equal Monthly Installments)       .           , , , ,   ,      .       .     .  ,  ,  . ,  ,      ,        ,       .    ,     ,     ,         .          EMI,       .      ,  .

           ,   ,           ,             .      ,             .  2000.      3    ,  ,       .   2005.    100  ,       2,5.       .

      ,   Wal-Mart,         ,           .   15        900 000  [30 - Coming to Market," The Economist, April 1521, 2006, p. 69.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/edvard-lus/bez-oglyadki-na-bogov-vzlet-sovremennoy-indii/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


http: // www. indiayogi. com/ content/indsaints /mother. asp.




2


Ramachandra Guha, "Churchill's Indiaspeaks", The Hindu's Sunday magazine, June 5, 2005.




3


Andre Malraux (from Tristes Tropiques) in Pankaj Mishra, ed., India in Mind (New York: Vintage Books, 2005), p. 172.




4


Amartya Sen, The Argumentative Indian, Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity (New Delhi: Allen Lane, 2005), p. 152.




5


.: Amartya Sen, Introduction to the The Argumentative Indian, p. xiv.




6


               2003.           .




7


.J.Akbar, Nehru, the Making of India (New Delhi: Lotus Collection of Roli Books, 2005), p. 469.




8


              ,         . ,    ,        .




9


 ,     , Harijan    ,  ,    .




10


   [communalism]        ,    ,        .        "communal" (, )         -.




11


Christophe Jaffrelot, Dr.Ambedkar and Untouchabihty, Analysing and Fighting Caste (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2005), p. 110.




12


Richard Lannoy, The Speaking Tree, A Study of Indian Culture and Society (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 138.




13


  . .:     ,     (.).  cast a vote ,  ; caste . . .




14


     ,    ,       . ,      ,    -.




15


.: Akbar, Nehru, the Making of India, p. 71.




16


       ,        -  .




17


Ibid., . 239.




18


Ibid., . 242.




19


        1974.




20


Pankaj Mishra, ed., India in Mind, p. 303.




21


         , ,   ,     1990- .




22


 19501980-        3,2%  ,                 .      ,  1%      XX.,     .




23


.:  (.). . .




24


Lloyd .Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, In Pursuit of Lakshmi, The Political Economy of the Indian State (New Delhi: Orient Longman Limited, 1998), p. 297.




25


Francine R. Frankel, India's Political Economy, 19472004, The Gradual Revolution, 2d ed. (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005),p. 131.




26


Lok Sabha Debates, February 19, 1959, . : Frankel, India's Political Economy.




27


              ,       .




28


Congress Bulletin, April-May 1969, . : F.Frankel, India's Political Economy.




29


     1 .,         .  ,            ,     .




30


Coming to Market," The Economist, April 1521, 2006, p. 69.


