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Simon Morrison

BOLSHOI CONFIDENTIAL

 Simon Morrison, 2016 This translation published by arrangement with Massie MacQuilkin Literary Agents and with Synopsis Literary Agency.



  ..,    , 2023

 .   , 2023











[1 -            ,        2013.,       2013.  ;       .    .  , More Tales from the Bolshoi, London Review of Books  4  2013, 2122; The Bolshois Spinning Dance of Power, International New York Times,  25  2013.            ,    .]









 17  2013   ,      ,         .            .    ,   ,   [2 -       .   .  1996      (  )        .]  .      ,   ,     ,    ,   .   ,                 .         ,     ,    .

            :  ,   ,        XX       XXI .       ,       ,        ,      .      ,          ,        .    ,        ;     XIX ,        ,    ,    .         ,               ,   . ,   ,          ,      .      ,          .     ,  , ,   .






  ( ),   ,  1800 .



                 ,     -  .      (          . . ,     )   ;            .     , , ,       .                   ,    .     .      ,  ,    ,   , , ,       .         ,   ,  ,         .           ,         .       ,    .

   ,  , ,    ,             ,   .     ,   ,     .      1780   [3 -     (17331813.)  ,   .]   [4 -    (17471822.)  ,  ,         ,   .]        ;          . ,        ,       ,      .

   1853   [5 -    (18001863.)    ,     ,      .]          ,     ;       .   1917        ,        ,      .    ,      ;         . 30  1922       ,        .

            ;      .          ,       .    ,       .    :     ,       ;         [6 -  . Moscow, 1937 (  .  1937) /   .:    , : Polity Press, 2011. . 511.].      ,         , ,     . ,    ,    ,       ,   ,          [7 -  . . 514, 517.].

  ,         .         .        ,      ,   ,   .  1939  ,  ,    [8 -     ,     -.       -,   .      1936 .         ,     ,         .    -   .       1939 .   10  1939 .   -,    .       ,  , ,  .28             . .   ,  20    ,    .]  -      .         ,      ().  ,      ,     ,        .

           .      ,        ,           ( ,         ).  1980- .  ,      ,     ,          .

   40-   ,         .  ,            .     , ,      ,        . .         10           ,    ( 8 )     .            [9 -  . ,  .   . .  : ,  , 30  1976.],       .      , ,   ,        .    ,    ,       .    2010    102-       ,   . ,      .            .       .     ,      ,       ,        ,       [10 -  . Inside Sergei Filins Bolshoi Ballet ( ) / Dance Magazine,  2013.].

        :        (   ,      )      .            ;    .       2004 ,       ,      .  2008 ,   37 ,         . . .   . . -;         .         ,   , ,   .    .       ,    .

 ,        .     .     ,      -       .              .    [11 -  .     /. . .   .: , 2013.],    HBO        [12 -  , .   (-: HBO Documentary Films, 2015).]. (              :     ,      . , ).         ,   ,     , ,      ,    .            . ,    ,      ; ,   ,                ,       . ,  ,       ,     .






        .



           .     :    , ,     .          ,      ,       .     ,           ,       ,           ,   .    ,       : $ 1,500    ,    ,   ,     .   2013           ,     .         ,           .      :    ?   .       Le Figaro: Le Bolchoi,cest moi (    )        .

       ,   ,        .               .  ,         -     1919  1935 .      ,           ,       .   ,       ,      .  ,     ,         .

         ,    ,    ,  ,      ,    ,   .              - ,  .    ,   ,        .       :     ;    ;      .         1930-     .

    , ,  ,    ,    .      ,      .             . , -,    ,      .  ,          1918 ,    ,       ,   ,    .      .   2013             . .   -,        .

                   ,      Facebook[13 -   Facebook    .   Meta    .],   ,    ,    ,  ,      ,  ,       ,     .         ,    .     [14 -  . Harsh Light Falls on Bolshoi After Acid Attack  New York Times, 18  2013.].     ,              .           [15 -  . Wild Applause, Secretly Choreographed  New York Times, 14  2013.].      HBO,      .

    2008 ,          .         ,       . ,      [16 - 򻠖 . 27,       .   8  1931        (  ,   ).    (      ,   , -  )  25  2005      .] 1930 ,     ,         :     .     -  1930-,          2005 .     .   -,        .    ,   -      .  ,      .        ,      .

  2013              . , ,   50 000 .      ,  ,      ,   ,   ,       .      ,       .  :             ,       .     ,  ,     ,     .     .      ,     ,   ,  [17 -  . Bolshoi Dancer Pavel Dmitrichenko Jailed for Six Years over Acid Attack  The Guardian, 2  2013.].       ; ,    ,      /             ,            .    ,           -     . ,        , ,    .

,           ,         .        ,     ( ),  -         . ,      .     ,    .  ,        .      ,          ,     .        .  ,     ,    ,     .       ,  .     ,   ,      .  ,    ,    . ,    ,  ,   ,   ,      ,    ,        .         ,             ,  ,         [18 -  . Opinion: How Can the Bolshoi Rise Again? /thearts desk.com, 4  2013.].

  2013   , - [19 - -   ,     .   -    ,       .]        , , ,          [20 -     (19271973.)       .].   ,       .    .     ,     ,           -.        :       2011 .       ,           .        ,        :    [21 -  .   .].

  ,   .   2014         ,          ,     .  ,   ,  ,   ,      .           ,   .     ,       ,   , ,  ,  ,    .          ,      ,   .   ,     ,   ,  ,  ,    ,   .  -   ;     .    ,          .   ,  ,            .






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         1877 .



              ,   ,       .          3,5  . (       ,     ;  2016    - .)                      ,      XIX .  ,      , ,     . , ,   ,   :     ,  ,          [22 - Profile: Pavel Dmitrichenko  BBC.].  ,        .        -  .                ,         ,     .


* * *

   ,     ,      ;      ,  ,   ,         .   ,            XVIII .     ,       ,    ,     ,  ;       ,       .     ,               .

   ,       .         .    ,        :   ,     ,     .      .      ,      ,           ,     .  20  30           .                   ,           -      .   ,         .

 ,    ,          ,    .        ,    ,            .     ,  ,           [23 -  . I, Maya Plisetskaya (,  ) /   .  .   New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001. . 158].       ,     .    , ,  .    , .  ,          .       ,     [24 -  . . 246.].     ,  ,   ,    .        ,   .

       ,   XXI      ,  ,     ,     .    ,       ,       .   1  2005      :      .          680        . 28  2011              ,  ,     [25 -  . The Bolshois Latest Act, NYRblog.].

        .    ,            ,   .     ,          ,  ,         ,       [26 -  . Olga Smirnova: Dancing in the Dark / The Telegraph, March 25, 2013.].  XIX          ,    [27 -   (19041983.)      .         .      1921. ( . , . , . ).     19211924.  1924.    ; 19251929.    . .  1934.      ,   1948    New York City Ballet.       ,      .],   ,   [28 -      (19041988.)  ,       .      19631970.         ;     .],   ,     .       .  ,     ,    ,              ,     ,   -  .

  ,      .      .                   ,   .       ,  -  [29 -    (. 1940.)     , -   .         ,    (1969.),  1970.   ,    .  -    (-)    (),       .].      [30 -    (. 1948.)     , , , , ,  .    (1973).  ,        1974 .                   (1978).    .],    .   2013         ,          [31 -  .  :        /The Telegraph, 3  2013.].

        .      (  ,  XVIII )      ,     ,     .                .          1812 .  1830-      .       ,       .        .    XIX   ,             .

             , ,            .     1830-  1850-      ,       , ,       [32 -   (18041884.)   XIX ,  ,     .        .]   [33 -   (18101884.)  ,    .     XIX ,      ; -    18341840 .].       , [34 -     ,    .],           .

,    ,    ,     1856         1853 .    ,      ; ,     ,      ,    ,       .    ,  ,       ,         .     1860-  1870-        (     ,    ),       ,     XIX .       ,         -,         , ,    .        2015 , , ,  , ,    ,   .        ,   ,          .        1871           ;           .

 ,     ,       ,    20  21  2015      .            , ,   ,     .        ,      ,      ,    [35 -  .  :  ໠ New York: Random House, 2010. . 382.].     ,   ,     ,       ,                   .

  ,     .       [36 -    (. 1961.)     ,    .    (2021).         . . .     (19791995.),      (19952008.),       (20092016.).      ( 2015.)]       .      ,   ,     :       -    ,     ,          [37 -  . Makhar Vaziev Appointed Bolshoi Ballet Head  Ismene Brown Arts Blog.].

     .  ,  ,                .        ,      .     ,   ,  ,     ;     ,   ,        ,     .   , ,   ,    :       ,        ,      .




 1.  









          . 17  1776                  ,   .    10 ,   4         .         .            ,       .

       ,          ,   ,  ,     ,         .   .           -,           ,    ,   .

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      ,     ,  ,       .           ,  .  ,     ,        .         ,   ,    .            ,   ,      .       ;         ,      ,   ,     .         .      ,     ;      ,  ,         [40 -          Venediktov ()   Red Spectres: Russian Gothic Tales from the Twentieth Century / .  . .   -: The Overlook Press / Ardis, 2013. . 6970.                   .            .            1937 ,     .     ,       ,     .              .      .        -    .  ,       ,     1937 ,       .].

      ,      ,         .

     14  1747 ,   ,     .  -     XVII ,      ,      .        ,              [41 -  . . Bristol and Its Famous Associations  : J. W. Arrowsmith, 1907. . 23.].       .     .   ,   .   ,     [42 -      -  .     ,      -.       .   XVIII     ,      ,   1705         ,    1897  (  ).]  -  .    ,      ,   ,    ,   .         ,    ,    ,      .   ,        ,    .  ,         .             .     [43 -       .      1662     .         .        ,   .  , ,   .         ,         .       ,  , , .].  ,    ,                 [44 -  . . Strolling Players & Drama in the Provinces, 16601765  : Cambridge University Press, 1939. . 149.].         ,   [45 -  . . 196.].

,           ,  , ,         (    ),           1767 .       -      .       ,   :  ,             .    [46 - - , . 81  9  1767.].

     - ,   , ,         ,        ,    .          [47 -  . .   .    //  2005   .  . . .  / . . .   : , 2013. . 223.]. ,       ,        ,      .

   ,   ,   1770-     .           , ,  .   ,  ,     ,   .  ,     ,        .     ,     .              ,   ,   ,       ,   .         .         ,    .            ,      1796       ,    .             ,            1929      .

      ,  ,         .  .   1776    (   )      ,      , ,         , ,     ,      ,   [48 -  . .    , 17761805 :  , 1927. . 23.].         .    .              ,    1  (50     )[49 -  , . 77  23  1780. . 477.].        ,    .      ,      ,                  .       ,      :            175 ,   78     -    ,       [50 -  , . 79  30  1780. . 642.].        :       ,   ,   [51 -  , . 24  21  1780. . 185.].

      ,  .        ,          .     ,  ,       ,       -,                .      ,     ,       .

 ,     ,  ,       ,            .  ,     ,             .        .

    ,      -  .    ,    ,  ,   .      .    1771     . ,   ,       .                ,   ,   XVIII     ,   ,      . ,   ,       ,             .     :    ,   [52 -  . . Catherine the Great: Life and Legend    -: Oxford University Press, 1989. . 149.].         , ,   ,   .           -     ,     .  ,      ,    ,   -   .   ,     ,  , ,   ,  .    1773 ,      ,     ,  ,   .     ,      .       ,  .        ( )   ,        .

  ,       1762 ,     ,  III.     ,    ,     ,       .             .     ,   ,   .   1762      .  ,    , ,         .      .       ,    ,    [53 -   II,    /. .   : Tru#bner & Co., 1859. . 34647.].     ,     (     ):       ,     ,    .     ,     ,    ,    .            ,      :  ;     .    .  :  III .    ,  ,     ,    ,    [54 -  . . 349.].

 ,             ,        (       ).     ,  ;          .     ,       ,              .     ,        ,        .       ,     .       .

          .       ,   ,              .   1776                     .        ,     ,   ,       [55 -  . .    XVIII :    :   , 1997. . 140.].       .         ,     ,      .         ,  ,              ,      ,    .            .

31  1776        .                .      ,             1786      .     :    3100      .    ,          .   ,   ,                 1781 .             .      ,     [56 - , . 2, . 1, . . 329, . 2.].


* * *

              .     ,     ,            ,   .    ,     (   1792 ),        -   ,     .          .

 ,     ,            .               .   ,        [57 -    ,          ,      XIX   Vauxhall.      ,      1840 ,      -   (L&SWR),            vaux hall,     .       ,     I,    1844 ,    ,      .  ,  ,           1837 .     -      ,       .  1838     -   ,       -   .          ,   ,       .         .     -  ,  -,  1783 .     ,  -     (. .).],  1  2 ,    ,       .            ,     1790 ,    ,      ,    ,        .    ,      ,   ,           .    ,     ,   .       [58 -   . . Journal, 17951801  Princeton University Manuscripts Collection, . 649.].

         ,         ,   [59 -   ,   򻠖    ( )      . . ,    1779        1780- .         ,      . . .].       ,   ;            .      ,            ,    .           ,    .

      .         ,        -.  ,  ,   ,      [60 -  , . 18  29  1780. . 137.     .]. 19  1780          . .   ,     ( ,      ,    ).    36-     ,      .

,     ,   .   ,   .     ,     .             -,  ,  ,    ,        .     ,        ,      .

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       ,     -    .  1778     ,     ,         [63 -  . ,  /  .].        .      .       ,            .    ,      1780 .   ,   ,   . -     ,    31  1780 ,               ,            -  [64 - , . 2, . 1, . . 329, . 4;  . .   .   . . 219.].

  ,            .       ,   ,       ;         .      [65 - ,      ໠    ,     .         ,     .   ,      ,      .]   ,      .          ,       .      ,         .      ; , ,    .      .          . - ( 1831.)   ,     ,    ,        ,     .

 ,         ,   ,     4050    .      [66 -       1709     .          ,        ,         .  1752               .  1761   .     ,     ,   1763         ,      .             17  1870         .        Sacher.]  ,           ,       .          (     )   ,      .

       ,  1780    .     ,       ,     ,      ,   110 .        ,    ,   .     1 ,    50 .  ,       ,   , , ,   .        .   ,    .         42          .          ;     ,   ;       .     , ,  ,    .  ,     ,    ,     ,    .       .

           (?  ,    ,    ).   , -     , ,     ,       5000 .   ,   , , ,    .   ,     2000 ,    ,        900 .   , ,    ,         :        [67 - Journal of Charles Hatchetts Journey to Russia, August 1790  November 1791;      By the Banks of the Neva: Chapters from the Lives and Careers of the British in Eighteenth-Century Russia  : Cambridge University Press, 1997. . 42.].

     ,           [68 -  , . 76  19  1780 . . 618.         4  .].     ,            .  , ,      ,     [69 -  . Serfdom, Society and the Arts in Imperial Russia: The Pleasure and the Power  -  : Yale University Press, 2005. . 131.].                   ⻠   ,    ,      .       ,            .               :    ,    ,    ,    [70 -  . Tales of three Centuries / .  .    : Little, Brown, and Company, 1891. . 99.].             [71 -  ໠  ,    Singspiel,    ( )  ,  ,   ,  -,   opera comique (.  ).].      .  .     ,     ,        [72 -  . . 102.].         ,     .

    1834 ,      ,      .

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       , 30  1780 ,  ,    ,   ,   .   [76 -       , , .    ,  .     .   .]      ,    ,        .       ,          .         .     [77 -    (17421783)  -,       ,   .],     ,   򻠖         .        ,    ?  .

,  ,           (  ).   ,  , ,      (  ). ,     .     ,      ,   , ,       .   ,    ,     ,   .

,  ,      ,        10 .     - [78 - -  (17271810)   ,    ,   .    .]    ,    ,   .          ,    -     ,           .   15   15   ,     9   ,       ,     ,   [79 -  . 787, . 5, . 441, . 2.     23  1778 .  ,    (127)       ,    28  1782 ,   14  1784 .          ,      -. ,     ,        . .        .      1797 .].     ,         ,         :  [80 -    .      .      .]  .      ,   .     .      ,         .        ,       30 .

  2000   ,   ,      200  (   300).       ,    ,            ,     .             - - .   ,        .

16        ,       .   ,   , ,  , ,   ,       .

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        ,        .  1782           ,       -,       .             ,   (    )[82 -  .     XVIII .].       ,             .    ,        ,            .       [83 -  . .    :   -, 1944. . 283.]     ,   ,  -      .      14 .        ;  ,   ;  ;           .     :   ,    ,          .       ,    -,    .        (1796.)  ,   ,    .

   ,         ,      ,      ,  25  35.      ,  ?   .

      II,          ,   ,      .      1784       .       ()    .       ,                ,                .         .          [84 -        ,    ,    ,     ,      ,            .].        ,         ,     .          ,           .     ,     ,      ,       .

   400    ,   ,           1794 .     ,    -      ,     .   ,      ,            ,  ,          .  ,   .     ,   .   ,       , ,     ,  .      ,                   ,     [85 - , . 2, . 1, . . 329, . 11.].      ,       : 60     25   .

     ,     ,    ,     ,      .   1783 ,       ,            .  ,      .       ,   ,     .     1763          ,    .

 ,       ,    -,       -.   ,             (      ,   ).      ,          [86 -  , . 23  18  1780. . 177.].     5-    .  ,       ,  :    ,    .      ,   ,   ,  ,       .          - ,    ,   [87 - , . 758, . 5, . 58, . 1.].      ,     (,         -,       ),                .

         ,      ,  ,        .    ,  ,            .    ,   , ,     , ,       ,  ,   ,     ,  .   ,     , , ,   .          ,    .     ,  ,   ,        .  ,   ,    .  ,     (   ,    ),           .               ,      ,    .  ,   ,           ,    ,   -   :

  ,  ,    ,  ,  ,    ;  ,       ,      ,       ,     ,         ,            .      ,   , ,     ,   ,      [88 -  f. 758, op. 5, d. 747, . 1.  1784; Tanauer was the orphanages bookkeeper.].

 ,    . ,   ,        ,      ,    .       [89 -       ,        . .     II,  . . ,      1787    .]      ,    ,    .      ,      ,         (   )    .              .         ,     .    ,   .

,        , ,      .  1786     (     )        ,   ,   ,       .     27  30 .      .          ,    .  ,     ,  , ,               .           ,       ,     4000 ,  ,   . ,  ,       .       :       40 000 ,      70 000 ;  ,       3 000 000 ,        .        ,      ,     ,        .         ,      .         ,   ,    ,           .    :   ,  ?       [90 -     : Lincolnshire Archives, Yarborough Collection, Worsley Manuscript 24. . 18889, 19394.].     :   ( ),  ,      ,  ,         1782 .

             ,     .      ,        .  1778           ,   ,   ,  100     [91 - , . 758, . 5, . 313.].     ,            ,      .      ,   -      [92 - , . 758, . 5, . 755.].      ,     ,   1783  ,                .  ,       .       ,   .

           ,     .   ,       .     .    ,  ,   ,    ;       .   ,    ,         -  ,      ,   ,        [93 -       :  . Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, Interspersed with Historical Relations and Political Inquiries, 3 vols. (  , ,     )  Dublin: S. Price, 1784. . 1. . 41620.].  ,            ,      .

       ,            13  1784 :       ,    .     ,         ,    2000   ,    [94 - 12    . .  (   .  17791790.) / . . . .].

     ,    ,  .           ,       ,    ,   [95 -  .].  ,              ,   -     ,    .

  ,       ,    ,     .    ,         ,     .            -.    ,    .      ,         .    ,       ,  ,  ,         ,    [96 - , . 2, . 1, . . 329, . 16.].     . -   ,         .     ,   ,  ,     ,        컠  [97 -  , . 17; , . 758, . 5, . 755, . 6.].

 ,          .   ,    ,           ,   .         ,                [98 - , . 758, . 5, . 739, . 24.      ,   , 24  1783.].        ,    - ,        , ,  ,         [99 -      : , . 758, . 5, . 748, . 56.].   ,      ,        .        4000 .

          ,   ,     .      ,         -  ,    .       :       ,   ,    ,    .     ?   ,   ,       ?            ,      ,      ,   [100 - , . 758, . 5, . 748, . 8.        2  1784.].

      ,    ,    ,     .

    -   , ,         .          ,  : 50  , 24   30   ,      ,   10%.     ,            ,    .             .    ,           .  ,    .  ,          ,   ,   .

  .  ,  ,            .        ,      ,   ,   , 90 000 .    ,      .         ,     .      ,         ,      ,      .   ,   ,      .      ,    ,  .    ,       ,     ,     .  ,       ,    .  ,   ,          .  ,     .         . ,  ,      ,    .

    ,      .

   1786  1791    .      ,         -.        ,      .          ,   ,              .    ,     ,      .

       ,        ,     1786          .    .       ,      ,    .        -:      ,       -   ,     [101 - , . 758, . 5, . 1063, . 2.].             :              ,  ,                [102 - , . 2, . 1, . . 329, . 23;          , 17761805, . 92.].

      .             .     ,    27 000    , ,   .           ,  : 5000 ,      50 000 , 3000 ,   .      ,    ,      .  ,     ,     ,   .       ,          .     ,    . ,   .

       5000 ,         ,   .                ,      .              ,   ,    ,     [103 -      .     XVXVI .].

   .  ,    ,   ,     .     ,          .     ,       ,   ,       .

      ,        .   ,       ,    ,      ,  -   ,    .             ,       1791    1796 .

, ,     ,   ,  ,       ,     ,    .    ,  ,    ,  .     ,         1780      .  ,        .      ,    .       ,   ,      ,  ,   .     ,    ,  ,            [104 - , . 2, . 1, . . 329, . 26.]. ,    ,     250 000 .

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   ,       ,     30      .            ,    :     ,     ,       ,   ,    ,      ;         [106 -  . . 9798.].

  1791              ( 10%  )     [107 - , . 2, . 1, . . 329, . 30.]. ,   ,       .   ,      .  ,         :    ,       .      100 000 .  ( )   ,   ,       ,      .               ,   100 000 ,      10-    ,      [108 -  . . 31.].

    ,           .           ,  .  1790       ,      .        ,    ,    ,    .     ,     ,    , ,     ,       .   ,  4  1803 ,  ,     .   90 000               ,        ,    ,    ,   ,    ,    [109 - , . 13, . 1, . 92, . 2.].  ,      .     .   ,   , ,       . 90 000    250 000           ,       .         ,    ,  -     :

,       .               ,          ,   ,          ,      ,        ,      .    ,        ,      . ,      ,       :       , ,   ,      ,   .   ,  ,  ,      ?   ,  ,     ,    ?      .  ,      ,      ,    ,   ,        ,      . ,     ,   ,     ,           .    ,     ,   :      1500        ,   .       ?   .    ,          :       ,     ?       ,      ,      ,     ,   .  ,    .        ?         1500  10 000   ,  ,         ,         ,     [110 -  . . 3.].

           ,           .           .   ,     ,     [111 -  .]




  .


   .

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notes








1


           ,        2013.,       2013.  ;       .    .  , More Tales from the Bolshoi, London Review of Books  4  2013, 2122; The Bolshois Spinning Dance of Power, International New York Times,  25  2013.            ,    .




2


      .   .  1996      (  )        .




3


    (17331813.)  ,   .




4


   (17471822.)  ,  ,         ,   .




5


   (18001863.)    ,     ,      .




6


 . Moscow, 1937 (  .  1937) /   .:    , : Polity Press, 2011. . 511.




7


 . . 514, 517.




8


    ,     -.

       -,   .      1936 .         ,     ,         .    -   .       1939 .   10  1939 .   -,    .

       ,  , ,  .

28             . .   ,  20    ,    .




9


 . ,  .   . .  : ,  , 30  1976.




10


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11


 .     /. . .   .: , 2013.




12


 , .   (-: HBO Documentary Films, 2015).




13


  Facebook    .   Meta    .




14


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15


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16


򻠖 . 27,       .   8  1931        (  ,   ).    (      ,   , -  )  25  2005      .




17


 . Bolshoi Dancer Pavel Dmitrichenko Jailed for Six Years over Acid Attack  The Guardian, 2  2013.




18


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19


-   ,     .   -    ,       .




20


    (19271973.)       .




21


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22


Profile: Pavel Dmitrichenko  BBC.




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27


  (19041983.)      .         .      1921. ( . , . , . ).     19211924.  1924.    ; 19251929.    . .  1934.      ,   1948    New York City Ballet.       ,      .




28


     (19041988.)  ,       .      19631970.         ;     .




29


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30


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31


 .  :        /The Telegraph, 3  2013.




32


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33


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34


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36


   (. 1961.)     ,    .    (2021).         . . .     (19791995.),      (19952008.),       (20092016.).      ( 2015.)




37


 . Makhar Vaziev Appointed Bolshoi Ballet Head  Ismene Brown Arts Blog.




38


      (), . 2, . 1, . . 329 (. ,   ), . 5.




39


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40


         Venediktov ()   Red Spectres: Russian Gothic Tales from the Twentieth Century / .  . .   -: The Overlook Press / Ardis, 2013. . 6970.                   .            .            1937 ,     .     ,       ,     .              .      .        -    .  ,       ,     1937 ,       .




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44


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   ,          ,      XIX   Vauxhall.      ,      1840 ,      -   (L&SWR),            vaux hall,     .       ,     I,    1844 ,    ,      .

  ,  ,           1837 .     -      ,       .  1838     -   ,       -   .          ,   ,       .         .     -  ,  -,  1783 .     ,  -     (. .).




58


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59


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60


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61


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62


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63


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     ,     ,   1763         ,      .             17  1870         .        Sacher.




67


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74


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75


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76


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86


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88


 f. 758, op. 5, d. 747, . 1.  1784; Tanauer was the orphanages bookkeeper.




89


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90


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91


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92


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93


      :  . Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, Interspersed with Historical Relations and Political Inquiries, 3 vols. (  , ,     )  Dublin: S. Price, 1784. . 1. . 41620.




94


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100


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101


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102


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103


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104


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105


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106


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108


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110


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