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 2015 Melanie Swan. All rights reserved.

    , , .    , 2017


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     - (Institute for Blockchain Studies),           VIII,   MBA        .      Fidelity   JP Morgan,       GroupPurchase  Prosper       ,  ,             Deloitte.        Quantifed Self; 2010    DIYgenomics  ,       ,    .         (Singularity University)          (Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies).       Edge.org   Annual Essay Question.








       ,      .               .   : ,    ,      ( , ,   ..)   ( , , , ,  ,    ..) .      , ,      .  ,          .



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      ,    [2 - Kayne, R., What Is BitTorrent?,  wiseGEEK, 25  2014., http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-bittorrent.htm#-didyouknowout]  BitTorrent,      [3 - Beal, V., Public-key encryption, Webopedia, http://www.we-bopedia.com/TERM/P/public_key_cryptography.html]


[4 -      (  ,  )   /   (),        (  ,   )          .          . . .].      2009          ,      ,      . ,  -       ,  -,  ,     ,     ,       .                ,  , ,    .       ,       .




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[7 -  ,        ,       .            . . .],    ,      (sharing economy),   , , , Airbnb  Uber,      [8 - Knight, H., Evangelista, B., S. F., L. A. Threaten Uber, Lyft, Sidecar with Legal Action,  SFGATE, 25  2014., http://m.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/S-F-L-A-threaten-Uber-Lyft-Sidecar-with-5781328.php].

     , ,      -        ,        [9 -    (. Magna Carta,  Magna Charta Libertatum) - ,    1215                     .   63 ,   ,    ,   ,   ,   ,    .     ,                        ,           ;       . . .]   .         ,      ,    .          (smart property).

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    2009  (   9  2009.[11 - Nakamoto, S., Bitcoin v0.1 Released,  The Mail Archive, 9  2009., http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptogra-phy@metzdowd.com/msg10142.html])     ,      (Satoshi Nakamoto).               :    [12 - Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System (  ), https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf]


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      .     ( ),  Litecoin  Dogecoin,      90%    ,     .    (  ),            -  -   2732 ,  -    ,     .

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          -  -.      ,               ,    10 .       - .        ,       ,     ,   ,   ,     -.          ,   -,      ,     .

    ,   ,   https (https://blockchain.info/):// (https://blockchain.info/)blockchain (https://blockchain.info/).info (https://blockchain.info/),    ,    -. , ,       ,       .

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 -1.  : , , ,    , [18 -    : Sigal, M., You Say You Want a Revolution? Its Called Post-PC Computing,  Radar (OReilly), 24  2011., http://radar.oreilly.com/2011/10/post-pc-revolution.html]


 -    : 2/

      ,         .    Gartner,  2020        26 ,   -  1,9  [19 - Gartner, Gartner Says the Internet of Things Installed Base Will Grow to 26 Billion Units By 2020,  Gartner Press, 12  2013., http://www.gartner.com/news-room/id/2636073].         [20 - Omohundro, S., Cryptocurrencies, Smart Contracts, and Artifcial Intelligence,      AI Matters (   ), 22  2014., http://steveomohundro.com/2014/10/22/cryp-tocurrencies-smart-contracts-and-artifcial-intelligence/]   ,           [21 - Dawson, R., The New Layer of the Economy Enabled by M2M Payments in the Internet of Things,  Trends in the Living Networks, 16  2014., http://rossdawsonblog.com/weblog/archives/2014/09/new-layer-economy-en-abled-m2m-payments-internet-things.html].    Cisco,  M2M- (machine-to-machine,     )     ,   84%.          IP-    2012  2018 ,      :       , Wi-Fi  M2M-[22 - Petschow, K., Cisco Visual Networking Index Predicts Annual Internet Trafc to Grow More Than 20 Percent (Reaching 1.6 Zettabytes) by 2018, -  Cisco, 2014., http://newsroom.cisco.com/release/1426270].  -    ,        ,             ,    .

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              .     ,  Reddit,   GitHub, ,   , YouTube,   Twitter,         YouTube  Slideshare,  Lets Talk Bitcoin, Consider This! Epicenter Bitcoin,  EtherCasts (Ethereum),      CoinDesk, Bitcoin Magazine, Cryptocoins News, Coin Telegraph   Bitcoin StackExchange, Quora.

 ,    ,         -,      ,        Satoshi Square.

          :  1.0, 2.0  3.0.            ,            1.0.

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         -, , ,          20        40     ,       [23 - Andreessen, M., Why Bitcoin Matters,  The New York Times, 21  2014., http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/01/21/why-bitcoin-matters/?_php=true&_ type=blogs&_r=0].             (double-spend problem).       (digital cash)[24 -   (. digital cash)    (. e-cash, electronic cash) ,         .           :     .         1983      . . .],      ,      , ,           .        ,           .      :      PayPal,    , ,           ,     .

             [25 -          ,        ,    ,    .         ,      .  ,  ,   .     ,     . . .],     ,     ,    ,  -   [26 - Lamport, L., Shostack, R., Pease, M. (1982), The Byzantine Generals Problem,  ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems,  4, 3, . 382401; Philipp () (2014), Bitcoin and the Byzantine Generals Problem  A Crusade Is Needed? A Revolution?,  Financial Cryptography, http://fnancialcryptography.com/mt/archives/001522.html; Vaurum () (2014).A Mathematical Model for Bitcoin (  ), http:// blog.vaurum.com/a-mathematical-model-for-bitcoin/].

    ,      BitTorrent     ,       .               .       ,           .        -.




  .


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   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/melani-svon/blokcheyn-shema-novoy-ekonomiki/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


,    (. peer-to-peer, P2P    )        ,    .       ,    (peer)   ,     .     -              .    . . .




2


Kayne, R., What Is BitTorrent?,  wiseGEEK, 25  2014., http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-bittorrent.htm#-didyouknowout




3


Beal, V., Public-key encryption, Webopedia, http://www.we-bopedia.com/TERM/P/public_key_cryptography.html




4


     (  ,  )   /   (),        (  ,   )          .          . . .




5


ICANN  Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers,       IP-. . .




6


Knight, H., Evangelista, B., S. F., L. A. Threaten Uber, Lyft, Sidecar with Legal Action,  SFGATE, 25  2014., http://m.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/S-F-L-A-threaten-Uber-Lyft-Sidecar-with-5781328.php




7


 ,        ,       .            . . .




8


Knight, H., Evangelista, B., S. F., L. A. Threaten Uber, Lyft, Sidecar with Legal Action,  SFGATE, 25  2014., http://m.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/S-F-L-A-threaten-Uber-Lyft-Sidecar-with-5781328.php




9


   (. Magna Carta,  Magna Charta Libertatum) - ,    1215                     .   63 ,   ,    ,   ,   ,   ,    .     ,                        ,           ;       . . .




10


         ,   64-     ,       .     ,   ,    ,    ,     .




11


Nakamoto, S., Bitcoin v0.1 Released,  The Mail Archive, 9  2009., http://www.mail-archive.com/cryptogra-phy@metzdowd.com/msg10142.html




12


Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System (  ), https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf




13


Nakamoto, Satoshi. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. . .




14


 ( . fat  , ),    ( . fducia  )   ,       ,  .  . .




15


 (. mainframe)            ,     ,  ,     . . .




16


  (. Internet of Things, IoT)      (),            .      ,      ,       . . .




17


Fitbit    -,     ,    . . .




18


   : Sigal, M., You Say You Want a Revolution? Its Called Post-PC Computing,  Radar (OReilly), 24  2011., http://radar.oreilly.com/2011/10/post-pc-revolution.html




19


Gartner, Gartner Says the Internet of Things Installed Base Will Grow to 26 Billion Units By 2020,  Gartner Press, 12  2013., http://www.gartner.com/news-room/id/2636073




20


Omohundro, S., Cryptocurrencies, Smart Contracts, and Artifcial Intelligence,      AI Matters (   ), 22  2014., http://steveomohundro.com/2014/10/22/cryp-tocurrencies-smart-contracts-and-artifcial-intelligence/




21


Dawson, R., The New Layer of the Economy Enabled by M2M Payments in the Internet of Things,  Trends in the Living Networks, 16  2014., http://rossdawsonblog.com/weblog/archives/2014/09/new-layer-economy-en-abled-m2m-payments-internet-things.html




22


Petschow, K., Cisco Visual Networking Index Predicts Annual Internet Trafc to Grow More Than 20 Percent (Reaching 1.6 Zettabytes) by 2018, -  Cisco, 2014., http://newsroom.cisco.com/release/1426270




23


Andreessen, M., Why Bitcoin Matters,  The New York Times, 21  2014., http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/01/21/why-bitcoin-matters/?_php=true&_ type=blogs&_r=0




24


  (. digital cash)    (. e-cash, electronic cash) ,         .           :     .         1983      . . .




25


         ,        ,    ,    .         ,      .  ,  ,   .     ,     . . .




26


Lamport, L., Shostack, R., Pease, M. (1982), The Byzantine Generals Problem,  ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems,  4, 3, . 382401; Philipp () (2014), Bitcoin and the Byzantine Generals Problem  A Crusade Is Needed? A Revolution?,  Financial Cryptography, http://fnancialcryptography.com/mt/archives/001522.html; Vaurum () (2014).

A Mathematical Model for Bitcoin (  ), http:// blog.vaurum.com/a-mathematical-model-for-bitcoin/


