 .     
 


     ,   ,      ,   ,      .            :    ,  ,  ,   , ,  .      ,  .

      ,      .





 

 .     



     ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  



  .

                    .



This translation published by arrangement with Crown Business, an imprint of the Crown Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC and with Synopsis Literary Agency



 Peter M. Senge, 1990, 2006

    ,    , .  ,  , 2018


* * *


 







.   


 1990,         ,     Doubleday ,        .       ,    . ,  ,   ,       ,  - . ,    ,     . ,         .      ,    ,             .  ,           Ford.   ,      .

    .     ,     . -        ,     400.   ,           (      90).       ,   ,         ,     :



    .     ,   ,     .         :     ,   ,     .    .   , ,     : ,    , , ,  , .         , ,   , -,        ,     ,     .


   ,           (TQM,  TQ),  ,          .  ,       ,          . ,     ,      .      TQM       頖   (   ).   ,         :  ,   (  ),     (     ).

,       ,             .       ,      .     (  )       :   ,     .          ,          (,       ),                 ,       :        .








        ,        ,       .  :       ,     .  ,   .   ,         .

,            ,                 ,      .      ,       ,      .           ,  .   ,    .  ,   ,       . ʠ10   ,  ,        .             :   ,        .    1993   ,          ,       ,    .       .



1.  :

   ;

 

(   3% ,   廠 ..).

2. ,   :

      ;

   .

3. :

  ;

        ,         .

4. 蠫 :

    ;

  () .

5.:

   ,  ;

     .

6.  :

    ;

   : , , .

7.   :

        ;

   

(-     軠 ..).

8. :

;

      [1 -    -          (Society for Organizational Learning)           . (Booth Sweeney, Senge, Wagner, 2002.)].



   ,    ,        1990- .,     .       ,    ,    ,      ?      ,    ,                      ,  . ,   :   -      ?           ,   .


 

       .   ,      .             .         .          .        .          ,             .           .      .    ,   ,    .        ,           .     .

            ,    .           .         ,  - .    ,    ,       ,     .  ,     ,   ,      . ,    ,   ,   15    -,      .

     . -  ,  - .  -   ,      1990- .,    :



    ,     ,   ,       .  -      ,      ,    ,   .


      ,   ,       ,      ,     .

    ,  ,              .           .   ,  ,        ,       .      ,               .  ,       ,            ,   .   ,       ,         :        ,  .                  ,     .


 Ѡɻ

  Doubleday            ,    ,       .        15          ,    : ,  ,  ,  ,    , , .           ,           .        ,         Β.          (Society for Organizational Learning, SoL)        .    -    ,   ,    ,  ,      ,  ,    .             .

                IV,  .  ,  -           .        ,               ,   15       :   ,     ,     ,   ,    ,   ,        .     , ,  ,        .         .

     ,       .



     ,    ,    .    -,      ,             蠖        .         15 .

   ,  ,     .  - ,     ,       .    ,   ,         ,        20- .     .            .

             .        ,     ,   ,  ,   ,  ,       ,   .  ,      .      ,      ,   .



 ,          .       ,              .     ,         ,      ,             ,    .




 I.           





 1.    ,    


        ,   .         , ,    ,      .      ,       .      ,        ,    . -  [2 -    (19171992) -,      ,   . . .]          ,    . ,           .

  ,     ,   ,      ,      .    ,     ,       ,   ,   ,     ,      .           ,         ,     .          , ,   .             .   ,  ,             .

    ,           .    ,  .  ,    .          ,     .          ,   ,    .              ,     ,        ,   ,  ,     ,    .    ,       ,  ,  .    ,        ,    .    .       :     .

 ,    -  ,   ,   .            IBM,  Kodak,  Xerox;    ,   ,       . ,        ,   , ,   ,      .           ,  .

  ,   ,      ;      .         :  ,      ,      ,    ,       [3 - Daniel Yankelovich, New Rules: Searching for Self-fulfillment in a World Turned Upside Down (New York: Random House), 1981.].     Hanover Insurance  ,       ,    ,         .         ,     ,       ,  ,      .

     ,     .  ,      :       .         ?    ,   Herman Miller.      .           ,          ,      .

,         ,     ,     .              ,    ,       .      ,       .      .


  

    1903 . -                 .   30,        .

        ,     .   ,           .    , , , ,       ,    .           .       ,      .

  ,         ,    .         ,           .      ,   ,      [4 -   ,           ,      MIT  . .: A. K. Graham, Software Design: Breaking the Bottleneck, IEEE Spectrum (March 1982): 4350; A. K. Graham and P. Senge, A Long-Wave Hypothesis of Innovation, Technological Forecasting and Social Change (1980): 283311.].

           ,     1935    Douglas DC-3,   Douglas Aircraft Company. DC-3  ,       ,     .   30 (     )         .    ,              .

  DC-3      ,   :    ,  ,   껠   ,       .  DC-3     :    .        Boeing 247,     ,  . ,   , ,            ,      .

  ,       ,        .    ,                ,          .



1. .    , ,  . ,    .  ,  ,              ,        .          ,    .       ,      .    ,        ,    .

          .     , ,       ,   .            ,       .        ,       .  堖   ,    ,     15,            .

       ,      ,       .

2. .  ,       ,         .         . ,     ,    ,      .      ,  蠖   ,       .

        ,  ,       ;     .              .       ,      .

 ,                .     , ,         ,   Β. ʠ30       ,        ,     ,    .         ,      .        .

 ,         .  ,     ,    ,     :   ,           ,    .       ,     ,    ,     .

                    ;  ,        .

3. .  蠖    ,      ,             .               ,       .

,        :    .    -    :      .  , ,         ,   .             ,     -      . ,   1970-  Royal Dutch / Shell      ,  ,       .       Shell     Exxon   19701980- .        :  ,        .     Shell  ,            ,        .  ,    Shell 1980- ., ,         -   ,   ,          ,    .        ,   堖   [5 - Arie de Geus, Planning as Learning, Harvard Business Review (March/April 1988): 7074.].

           .         ,  .     ,             .

4.  .       ,      ,  , ,    ,    .         ,      ,   ,      .   IBM , Polaroid  , Ford    , Apple    [6 -      ,   Intel  Microsoft,      ,  Apple     ,        .].     ,           .

   ,      ,      ,      ,   ,       .  ,         ,    .            ,     .  ,     ,            ,  .            堖 堫 ,       .

        ,       ,    .   ,       ,         .

5. .    IQ  ,      IQ  120,   63?      .  ,   : ,  ,          ,   ,  ,   ,         .       ,        ⠖     ,     .

     ,               .          ,    ,         .

,        ,    ,      .                .          ,            .

       ,   . ,         .     ,      ,        ,     .     ,      ,    ,    .    :      .



       ,      ,     .          .      堫    ,      ,       .  ( . disciplina )          .          ,      ,        .

      .      ,         . :       :   .    ,     .           :     ,   ,  .

  ,       ,  :  ,    ,  .           ,    .     ,   ,        .        ,   .  ,  , ,         ,               ,         ,     . ,      ,    ,        .

      .                .  ,              .              ,  .         Toyota  ,       -,   :   :     ,   .      ,   .     ,  .        ,   ,     .  ,          ,      .        ,      .

       DC-3,    .     DC-3     . ,     .            蠖 ,       .


 

,      :       ,    .    ,      .   ,                           .     ,      .   ,  ,       .

,                 ,    ,    .    ,   ,        ,  ,             .         .      ,      :   ,       .    :   ! (      ),           ,  - ,    .

       ,    ,    ,     .       .      ,          .       ,  ,   ,  .       ,       .          (    - / - ),      .

,         蠖   ,         .        :               , ,        ,    - .        ,     .       .  :    ,    .


ߠ 

   ,      ,  ,      蠖  .      - ,   ,     . ,     ,      ,      ,     .        .

       ,     ,  ,       .             ,   ,       .   ,         .     .       ,      (  meta  ,    ,  noia   nous,   ).             . ,       ,    .         .

        ,       .      ,           .      蠫     :     ,  ,    ,    .        .          .   :         , ,   .

      .     ;    ,    .            ;          .        .     ,       .        ,    ,       [7 - Edward Hall, Beyond Culture (New York: Anchor), 2007, 207.].

 ,       :  ,       .      .        컠  .          ,   ,     .

 -    ,        .    ,          .


 

        ,   .    , ,     .                ,    ,      .

          (MIT)    ,   ,    ,      ,    ,   .      .         :   ,    ,  ,    ,   ,  ,   ,     .     MIT     ,          .   ,     ,       ,    ,         .     ,         ,    .        ,    .

         ,     MIT,       .    ,        .     ,   ,      ࠖ ,   ,           .             .     .         ,         .   ,          .   ,       ,            .  ,       ,           .

         ?         .   -        .                 -.      , ,       ,  . ,   ,            ,     ,       ,     .

      ,     ,           .          ,      .         .   ,   1970- ,       ,      .     1980- ,  MIT           ,     Β   Hanover Insurance,   Shell,   Herman Miller   Analog Devices.      ,          Apple, Ford, Harley-Davidson, Philips, Polaroid Trammell Crow.

           ,             ,      MIT.        Innovation Associate       ,            (SoL).             ,       .  ,             , 1994       The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, ,    ,        .       ,      ,    ,     ,  ,  ,         , ,   .       ,       .      ,         ,    .

 ,     ,   ,   ,        .

        ,       ,         .

           ,             ,   .

     ,              ,    ,  ,       .




 2.      ?


        .  1983   Royal Dutch / Shell ,   ,    Fortune5001970,      [8 - Arie de Geus, Planning as Learning, Harvard Business Review (March/April 1988): 7074.].   Shell,        40       !       EDS    ,         Good to Great[9 -    :  .    .     ,    (http://litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=23134201) .: ,  , 2017. . .],  2001. ,           ,  ,     ,  ,  50/50.

       ,     .       ,       .          ,         . ,           .           ,       ,          .            ,   ,    ,   ?         :  ,       ?       ,     ,         ?

        .      , ,    ,  , ,        (    ,     ),     ,   ,           .       ,    .     ,    -    ;          .

       ,        .        ,           .              .


1.ߠ   

      ,          .    1980-       , ,  ,        .    .       .      , ,      .     - ?   ,    .

          ,   ,    ,    .      ,      .    ,  ,    ,    .          .

       ,  ,                     .  ,             .                ,       .  ,       .   ?  :        ,      ࠫ ,        (, ,    )    .   ,            ,             .

       ,         ,      .  ,       ,   .     ,  -  .


2.  

    ,         .      ,           :         .

 -   ,       .               .        :     ,        .       .   ,    :              ,    ,        .

  ,  ,     ߠ        .      ,   ,        .          ,        .    ,      ,       .

     ,      -   .          People Express Airlines     ,         Frontier Airlines                 .  ,                 頖  ,   ,         .

 ,  ,        ,      , ,      .    ,  ,    .  蠫廠    .         ,         ,      蠫 .


3. 

      .   ,            .    ,           ,  ,    - ,       ,      .  ,      ,         - ,     - .               ?

    -     . -       ,        ,         .       ,              .

       -         :  ,       ,    ,         ,    ,     . ,  , ,    :      ,          ,   ,      . -        .

      .        ,         ,    .      ,       .   ,    .


4. 

      ,    ,   .   ,   ,      .  ,    ,         .  ,        ,     .   ,    :  , , ,    .           ,    ?         ,        .

      - :     ,   ,    ;   ,   ;  ,    ,         .      :  ,     ,    .        .   -   16,    ,            .      ,       ,   ,       .

       .        , ,     .            .   ,      ,                ,    ,  :  ,   ,         (     ).

      ,        .    , ,   ,    ,     .       .


5.  

      ,         ,     .      ,    .           ,    .   ,  ,        :     ,         .      ,      . ?        ,         ,      .

       .  1960-       .     . ,    [10 -   ໠       ,     (, )      : Chrysler Group LLC, General Motors Ford Motor Company. . .]         1962,       4%,  1967-,      10%,  1974-,    15%.  ,            ,        21,3%.   1990- .    25%,  2005  40%[11 -     , U.S. Industrial Outlook,  1962. (. 5859), 1970. (. 355), 1975. (. 355), 1979. (. 287), 1981. (. 320)  1989. (. 3435),          , Technology and the American Economic Transition: Choices for the Future Washington: (U.S. Government Printing Office), 1988 (p. 326).].       ,    ,      ,     .

        ,             ,    - .         ,        .          ,     .     ,    ,    ,      .    ,       .     ,            ,      .


6.   

     .   , ,       .        ,     ,   .   ,       ?            ,     ?       ,      ,       .        ,      .

     ,    :     ,          .  ,    ,   ,           .          .               ,  ,  .              .        ,  , .

        ,       .    -.,   ,      .  :         ,      ,          .          ,     ,       .     . ,       蠖                   .         ,       [12 - Draper Kauffman, Jr. Systems 1: An Introduction to Systems Thinking (Minneapolis: Future Systems Inc.), 1980 (  Innovation Associates, P.O. Box 2008, Framingham, MA 01701).].

            .    ,     .  ,       ,      ,      .       ,  ,     ,         .


7.  

              ໠    ,     .          ,       .      ,          ?

   ,           ,  ,       ,     ,       .        . ,   ,    .   ,   ,     ,     .       ,              ,          .

      ,         ,       .  -      ,         ,  ,        [13 - Chris Argyris, Overcoming Organizational Defenses (New York: Prentice-Hall), 1990.].

 ,            .      ,     ,     .       ,   ,     ,   ,          .         ,       ,       ?          ,      ,  ,     .      ,       .    ,     :      ,      .


 ʠ Ƞ

         .       The March of Folly[14 -    :  .   . .: , 2013. . .]       ,    [15 - Barbara Tuchman, The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam (New York: Knopf), 1984.],        .         ,      ,     ,     .      ,      XIV        :   ,   ,            .

  1700- .       .  :           [] ,          []   ,       ,     [16 - Barbara Tuchman, The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam (New York: Knopf), 1984.].     1776      .  ,        XVXVI.:       ,          .     蠫   (     )      ,         .

            ,        .  ,                    .    ,    ,     ,  -   ,      ,     ,     ,    - [17 - Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Penguin), 2004.].

   :      ,   .  ,            .       ,     ,         .




 3.      ?


          ,    ,     ,       .      ⠫  (beer game),    1960- . -      .   ,     ,              ,     .  ,    젖     ,         .

       蠖      .           .            .        ,   .    [18 -          System Dynamics Group   .     , Cambridge MA 02139. http://www.systemdynamics.org/Beer.htm (http://www.systemdynamics.org/Beer.htm).].

   ,       .    :  ,       [19 -         ,    ()    ,        .].         .


 

,        ,      - .         .      ,     .

,       ,      .       ,        .            ,        ,    .

        .      ,   ,       .    ,   ,      .   ,            .

       .  ,           .

       .       . ,          . ,    :     ,       .    ,   ,            .     ,     ,     . ,       ,    .    ,     ,  Lovers Beer.    ,    ,   ,  300  .      ,   .         Lovers Beer. ,  蠖      20.    ,  -    ,   Miller  Bud,     ,    Lovers Beer.

     ,     12  .            Lovers Beer.     .        .  , ,  ,  : , . Lovers Beer.  .








 2.       (  ,    2)   .       .  ,  ,      .   ,      .  ,  -  . ,        ,        .

 3.             Lovers Beer.       !             .    -  ,     .      ,  ,        .           ,     

      ,      Lovers Beer,   ,          . ( ,      .)       .  ,         ,      Lovers Beer   .   ,        .    12,     .








 4.                 . ,              Iconoclasts.     :     Lovers Beer    .   ,         .      ,     .  ,     ,      ,      Lovers Beer.

        .  ,         - .   .       .  ,      ,  ,   ,  .       16.

 5.    Lovers Beer     .  ,      (      ).      ,  .      .    16.     ,      .

 6.   ,          Lovers Beer.         ,     .   ,   ,  .       :       .

       .     ,      .      .               .  ,      ,         . ,      :        .     .

         ,    ,         16.    ,   ,   ,      .   ?

 7.      ,   ,           .       ,    Lovers Beer    .          .    16  ,       .         .








 8.       Lovers Beer.    :  ,  -     ,   .      .    ,     16 

    .   ?  .    ,   , ,    .     .   ?!       ,    ,     !          Lovers Beer.   .

  24ࠖ    ,  .    ,  !   ,         ? ,  ,     ?


 

,        .     .           ,     : Miller, Bud, Coors, Rolling Rock,  , ,   ,  Lovers Beer.       ,   -,       .    ,     ,      .    ,    Lovers Beer,      .

        ,      :        ,       .         .     ,     ,        .              Lovers Beer,       ,    .  ,      12,     .

         ,    .   Lovers Beer    .     䠖   ,   ,     .           .           -     .

           .   ,   ,        .   ,    Beer Distribution News    ,     ,    20  .

    ,    .     ,  ,      ,        , ,      .

        ,    -     .      ,  ,       ,      - .            ,          Lovers Beer.  ,          .

     ,  ,       (  ,    30),    ,         .          .     ?








 9.   20 Lovers Beer,      .             29.        ,     ,     Lovers Beer.     ,       20,   .     . ,   -              .         ,   ,     .

 10.   .  ,     ,    20⠖     .          .     .    - : ,       .

      Lovers Beer    .    :        26. ,  ,     ,         ?      - .          ?   40  .

 11.         ,        .    12  Lovers Beer.   -     .        : 77  ,        28.      ,       ,   .

          :     40.

 12.  .         Lovers Beer.         ,     ,     .       ?     ?      ? ,   ,  ,         .    60.

        . 13-        .








 1415.  -      .         .  , , ,        .      ,    .

 16.       ,      : 55.     ,        .           .    .

        .          .         : . . . . .  ?        ,      .

   .       ,          24.       .

 17.   :  60.    ⠖ .    . 109  Lovers Beer    .         ,    .








,       .   ,      .                  ,    .

      Lovers Beer. ,   ,     .      .       60. ,  - ?




,              ,       Lovers Beer.   -,    ,   .    .

    ,       (   )    .       ,          (     )    ,      .      .

 -     .        ,       ,  ,      . ,        .        ,      ,     .            24   ,      22 .      .    ,      ,     .

  ,  Iconoclasts      .         ,     .       ,       .

 14-            .     70   .     .  ,      ,         ?        Marketing Week.

 16-      .        19 .  18-       .       .








 19.       .     . .       .       .      -,  .    (   ,     -) .      .   ,   ,  .

 2023.   .      ,       .   ,  .      . ,   ,  .   ,    ,       ?                ?








    ,    24- 




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/piter-senge/pyataya-disciplina-iskusstvo-i-praktika-obuchauscheysya-organi/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


   -          (Society for Organizational Learning)           . (Booth Sweeney, Senge, Wagner, 2002.)




2


   (19171992) -,      ,   . . .




3


Daniel Yankelovich, New Rules: Searching for Self-fulfillment in a World Turned Upside Down (New York: Random House), 1981.




4


  ,           ,      MIT  . .: A. K. Graham, Software Design: Breaking the Bottleneck, IEEE Spectrum (March 1982): 4350; A. K. Graham and P. Senge, A Long-Wave Hypothesis of Innovation, Technological Forecasting and Social Change (1980): 283311.




5


Arie de Geus, Planning as Learning, Harvard Business Review (March/April 1988): 7074.




6


     ,   Intel  Microsoft,      ,  Apple     ,        .




7


Edward Hall, Beyond Culture (New York: Anchor), 2007, 207.




8


Arie de Geus, Planning as Learning, Harvard Business Review (March/April 1988): 7074.




9


   :  .    .     ,    (http://litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=23134201) .: ,  , 2017. . .




10


  ໠       ,     (, )      : Chrysler Group LLC, General Motors Ford Motor Company. . .




11


    , U.S. Industrial Outlook,  1962. (. 5859), 1970. (. 355), 1975. (. 355), 1979. (. 287), 1981. (. 320)  1989. (. 3435),          , Technology and the American Economic Transition: Choices for the Future Washington: (U.S. Government Printing Office), 1988 (p. 326).




12


Draper Kauffman, Jr. Systems 1: An Introduction to Systems Thinking (Minneapolis: Future Systems Inc.), 1980 (  Innovation Associates, P.O. Box 2008, Framingham, MA 01701).




13


Chris Argyris, Overcoming Organizational Defenses (New York: Prentice-Hall), 1990.




14


   :  .   . .: , 2013. . .




15


Barbara Tuchman, The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam (New York: Knopf), 1984.




16


Barbara Tuchman, The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam (New York: Knopf), 1984.




17


Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Penguin), 2004.




18


         System Dynamics Group   .     , Cambridge MA 02139. http://www.systemdynamics.org/Beer.htm (http://www.systemdynamics.org/Beer.htm).




19


        ,    ()    ,        .


