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Susan Liautaud with Lisa Sweetingham

THE POWER OF ETHICS

How to Make Good Choices in a Complicated World



 Susan Liautaud, 2021

  ..,    , 2023

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  10 2019    [1 - Renee Duff,  Ethiopian Airlines    ,   157   // https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/ethiopian-airlines-jetliner-crashes-shortly-after-takeoff-killing-all-157-people-on-board/335117;  . 52      B737-8 (MAX),     ,  ,    , 9 2020., http://www.aib.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2020/documents/accident/ET-302%20%20Interim%20Investigation%20%20Report%20March%209%202020.pdf].     [2 -      B737-8 (MAX)     3, 10 2019., Ethiopian Airlines,   Twitter 17 2020., https://twitter.com/flyethiopian/status/1104744539686866944/photo/1]      [3 -         :    3Ethiopian Airlines  Ahmed Nur Mohammod Nur;  The Wall Street Journal  Ahmed Nur Mohammed (https://www.wsj.com/articles/ethiopia-mourns-the-loss-of-two-young-pilots-11552752808);  New York Times :             (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/10/world/africa/ethiopian-airlines-plane-crash-victims.html)          Reuters,        : Maggie Fick,   ,  :     , Reuters, 20 2019., https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-airplane-pilots/youngest-captain-loving-son-ethiopian-pilots-honored-in-death-idUSKCN1R11LV]          302 Ethiopian Airlines.      -, ,  , ,     . 29-     [4 - Matina Stevis-Gridneff Yohannes Anberbir,   -    , Wall Street Journal, 16 2019., https://www.wsj.com/articles/ethiopia-mourns-the-loss-of-two-young-pilots-11552752808; Fick,   ,  :     .  ,   Ethiopian Airlines  BBC News,       : Ethiopian Airlines:   蔻, BBC News, 4 2019., https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47522028],      Ethiopian Airlines,     8122     [5 -     Ethiopian Airlines   ,   Alison Sider Robert Wall,  Boeing    ,      , Wall Street Journal, 18 2019., https://www.wsj.com/articles/boeing-crashes-spur-debate-over-how-much-pilot-training-is-enough-11552937613].   ,     ,   25,     [6 -      B737-8 (MAX), . 1920; Zain Asher, CNN  :     Ethiopian Airlines, 23 2016., Ethiopian Airlines, YouTube, https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/ethiopian-airlines-aviation-academy/index.html],    .       Boeing 737Max 8[7 -      15 2018., . . 24      B737-8 (MAX).],        [8 - Boeing , Boeing,    17 2020., https://www.boeing.com/company/general-info/; John Misachi,    , World Atlas, 13 2019.,    26 2020., https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/largest-aerospace-companies-in-the-world.html Boeing    : David Gelles Natalie Kitroeff, Boeing  .   , New York Times, 17 2020., https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/business/economy/boeing-coronavirus-economy.html]:      .

 08:37[9 -     08:38,          B737-8 (MAX).  ,  ,   ,       (UTC),  ,   ,      ,        .]      ,     - ,  ,     .    302 157  35.    , ,    (),        (      33)[10 - David Gelles, Eden Weingart Josh Williams,    , New York Times, 9 2020., https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/03/09/business/boeing-737-crash-anniversary.html; BBC News, Ethiopian Airlines:   蔻.].

   ,        ,  ,       75[11 -       (. angle of attack, AOA);     74,5. . ,  5, . 131      B737-8 (MAX).]:   ,       .                  [12 -    ,  ,    08:38            .  ,                .],  ,    ,      ,    [13 -  ; Andrew Tangel, Andy Pasztor Mark Maremont,  :   Boeing  737MAX, Wall Street Journal, 16 2019., https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-four-second-catastrophe-how-boeing-doomed-the-737-max-11565966629].

    .    .      ,   ,   [14 - ,  5, . 131      B737-8 (MAX).     , : James Glanz, Thomas Kaplan Jack Nicas, ,         Boeing 737Max, New York Times, 29 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/business/boeing-737-max-crash.html; Dominic Gates,        Boeing 737MAX, Seattle Times, 9 2020., https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/interim-ethiopian-government-report-on-max-crash-blames-boeings-design-and-training/],       .   ,  ,  , ,        [15 - Jack Nicas, Natalie Kitroeff, David Gelles James Glanz, Boeing  737Max         , New York Times, 1 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/01/business/boeing-737-max-crash.html;         (AOA),   , , 14 2019., https://www.faa.gov/other_visit/aviation_industry/airline_operators/airline_safety/info/all_infos/media/2019/InFO19009.pdf].  ,   CNN,     (),       , 2004  216          ,   [16 - Curt Devine Drew Griffith,  Boeing      737Max,   216  , CNN, 1 2019., https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/30/politics/boeing-sensor-737-Max-faa/index.html.  Nicas et al., Boeing  737Max  ,  :       ,   Times,     , , ,             ,        .].  ,  216  ,        ,     [17 - .  ,   ,  , . 822,    25 2020., https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak/media/10_phak_ch8.pdf;         (AOA),   , , 14 2019., https://www.faa.gov/other_visit/aviation_industry/airline_operators/airline_safety/info/all_infos/media/2019/InFO19009.pdf].   Boeing    ,        Max 8    [18 -   Boeing  CNN:            , Devine Griffith,  Boeing      737Max..  Nicas et al., Boeing  737Max  .]:            .

      ,           ,              , MCAS (Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System)[19 - MCAS   ,     , ,   ,   ,    ..    737Max,  , Boeing,    26 2020., https://www.boeing.com/commercial/737max/737-max-software-updates.page;  Ethiopian Airlines, Reuters Graphics, 12 2019., https://graphics.reuters.com/ETHIOPIA-AIRPLANE/0100911Q1DX/index.html; Nicas et al., Boeing  737Max  .].        , ,   ,   .      Boeing        ,      .

  302  8100 (2469)[20 - .   ET302Ian Petchenik,  Flightradar24   302Ethiopian Airlines, FlightRadar24, 10 2019., https://www.flightradar24.com/blog/flightradar24-data-regarding-the-crash-of-ethiopian-airlines-flight-302/;  Ethiopian Airlines, Reuters Graphics; Matina Stevis-Gridneff Yonathan Menkir Kassa,     Boeing 737MAX  Ethiopian Airlines, Wall Street Journal, 29 2019., https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-final-minutes-of-ethiopian-airlines-doomed-boeing-737-Max-11553876300],  MCAS    ,     .     .   MCAS       .     .      ,     Boeing   ,   610 Lion Air         .       ,   ,       ,               [21 - 11 56,   , . 1927,     , Komite Nasional Keselamatan Transportasi,  ,  2019., http://knkt.dephub.go.id/knkt/ntsc_aviation/baru/2018%20-%20035%20-%20PK-LQP%20Final%20Report.pdf; Ian Petchenik,  Flightradar24  JT610 Lion Air, FlightRadar24, 29 2018., https://www.flightradar24.com/blog/flightradar24-data-regarding-lion-air-flight-jt610/. .  Mika Gr?ndahl, Allison McCann, James Glanz, Blacki Migliozzi Umi Syam,  12    , New York Times, 26 2018., https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/12/26/world/asia/lion-air-crash-12-minutes.html].       [22 - Dominic Gates,      737MAX Boeing    Lion Air, Seattle Times, 27 2018., https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/black-box-data-reveals-lion-air-pilots-struggle-against-boeings-737-max-flight-control-system/; BBC News, Boeing       737MAX, 28 2019., https://www.bbc.com/news/business-47722258],     , 189,   , [23 -  , . 245,     .   , : Hannah Beech Muktita Suhartono, ,        Lion Air, New York Times, 20 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/20/world/asia/lion-air-crash-boeing.html].

   Lion Air       ,  ,    Boeing 737Max 89           (MCAS)[24 -      , 7 2018., https://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgad.nsf/0/83ec7f95f3e5bfbd8625833e0070a070/$FILE/2018-23-51_Emergency.pdf].  Boeing    [25 -  Boeing       , Boeing,    26 2020., https://boeing.mediaroom.com/news-releases-statements?item=130327; John Ostrower, Boeing   737Max           Lion Air, The Air Current, 7 2018., https://theaircurrent.com/aviation-safety/boeing-nearing-737-max-fleet-bulletin-on-aoa-warning-after-lion-air-crash/],       ,           :        ,       , -   .  MCAS   ,      ,     737Max   .

  ,  ,   ,   MCAS.     ,     ,   ,    ,    .    ,    .     81,6-[26 - . . 16, . 18          B737-8 (MAX);  Gates,        Boeing 737MAX.].      ,           .        MCAS[27 -  Seattle Times,   , 12, Seattle Times, 27 2019., https://projects.seattletimes.com/2019/boeing-737-max-12-problems/;          B737-8 (MAX).].       -  302      925/[28 - . . 18      B737-8 (MAX),      500.,   ,    575  ,  925/.].    ,        [29 - Stevis-Gridneff Kassa,     Boeing 737MAX  Ethiopian Airlines;    . Theo Leggett Simon Browning,  - , BBC News, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/extra/sd9LGK2S9m/battle_over_blame]:         10[30 -       B737-8 (MAX), . 65, -       10 (   )     28    40.      .].   .



  302      -  ,   -     Lion Air.      ,       ,      Boeing   .

 Boeing                  .   11,     ,  Boeing  ,           302,      ,   737Max   [31 -  -  11 2019. (   1 2020.)  Boeing :           610 Lion Air  Boeing        737MAX,            737MAX    ,   ,      ,        ;  Boeing     737MAX, https://boeing.mediaroom.com/news-releases-statements?item=130402].       [32 -        , , 11 2019.,    1 2020., https://www.faa.gov/news/updates/media/CAN_2019_03.pdf],  ,         ,   ,   ,       ,   -    - .      ,    Ethiopian Airlines       Max[33 -         737Max 8  11, ,  ,       , 10 2019.,   . Ethiopian Airlines, Twitter, 10, https://twitter.com/flyethiopian/status/1104965069710999552],                96 Max[34 - Trefor Moss, Wenxin Fan Andy Pasztor,      737Max 8   Ethiopian Airlines, Wall Street Journal, 11 2019., https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-grounds-all-boeing-737-max-8-jets-after-ethiopian-airlines-crash-11552271191];        .

  12,     , , , , ,     Max    ;  ,         [35 - Charlotte King,     Boeing 737Max?, The Guardian, 12 2019., https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/12/which-airlines-operate-boeing-737-max-jets].       :    Boeing     ,    .  2018   Boeing   100 [36 - Aaron Gregg,  Boeing    100 , Washington Post, 30 2019., https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/01/30/boeing-soars-past-billion-revenue-mark-first-time/;  Josh Mitchell Doug Cameron,  Boeing     , Wall Street Journal, 2 2020., https://www.wsj.com/articles/boeings-woes-create-headwinds-for-u-s-economy-11580655600].        145000[37 -          , Boeing,    26 2020., https://www.boeing.com/company/key-orgs/boeing-international/],   13000 [38 - Doug Cameron Alison Sider,   Boeing 737MAX       ϻ, Wall Street Journal, 22 2019., https://www.wsj.com/articles/boeings-737-max-grounding-spills-over-into-economy-weighs-on-gdp-11563815426],      ,  General Electric,   Max.

     Boeing      ,   ,         MAX [39 -   , ,  CNN, - Boeing ,   ,  ,    ,   MAX . Jeff Zeleny Fredreka Schouten,      Boeing     , CNN, 12 2019., https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/12/politics/donald-trump-boeing-ceo-dennis-muilenberg/index.html. .  Keith Bradsher, Kenneth P. Vogel Zach Wichter,    737Max 8   , New York Times, 12 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/12/business/boeing-737-grounding-faa.html,  ,   ,         737MAX,      ,      .].



   ,    ,       ,    .            .        ,  ,  , ,      .       :            737Max?       ?    ,                [40 -     Β  :   . .   Boeing ,     737Max   锻, CBS News, 29 2019., https://www.cbsnews.com/news/boeing-ceo-dennis-muilenburg-says-he-wouldput-his-family-737-Max-without-any-hesitation-exclusive-2019-05-29].    ,     : .

   13  60   Boeing    [41 - Nigel Chiwaya Jiachuan Wu, :     Boeing 737Max 8, NBC News, 13 2019., https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/country-banned-boeing-737-Maxairplanes-list-n982776].      .  ,  ,  ,     ,        ,    - [42 -   :                      .          ,     . .   Boeing 737Max, 12 2019. 18:10,       . ,    23 2020., https://www.faa.gov/news/updates/?newsId=93206].

 :         ,   ,          .          ,    Boeing   ,      346,        ,  ,   :           Max 737?                 . ,     ,     ,   .    ,     ,    .         .           737 Max8 Max 9,    ໠  [43 -  Max 7     ,   Max 10    . .  , , 13 2019., https://www.faa.gov/news/updates/media/Emergency_Order.pdf   , , Kent German,  Boeing 737Max      2020., CNET, 27 2020., https://www.cnet.com/news/boeing-737-max-8-all-about-the-aircraft-flight-ban-and-investigations/; Alex Davies,    Boeing 737MAX    , Wired, 6 2019., https://www.wired.com/story/boeing-737-max-test-flight-ups-and-downs/;  Jordan Fabian Brett Samuels,         Boeing 737Max, The Hill, 13 2019., https://thehill.com/policy/transportation/433902-trump-announces-us-to-ground-boeing-737-max-planes].

       ,  Boeing     . 103-         .  ,     ,  Boeing         ;              ,         .  - Boeing    :        :    ,  [44 -       Boeing       ,   ,       . .  :   , Boeing,    23 2020., https://www.boeing.com/principles/; .  Wayback Machine,    5 2019., https://web.archive.org/web/20190305095058/http://www.boeing.com/principles/].       ,   ,     Boeing.


* * *

 Boeing       ,   ,            ,      .    ,  -?      ,          ,    , , ?     ,             .  ,    ,    ,          .     ,  .

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     ,  Boeing,      ,    Max    .   2010,    ,   Airbus,     ,     20%  [45 -   Airbus A320, 1 2010., https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2010/12/airbus-offers-new-fuel-saving-engine-options-for-a320-family.html;       20%, Airbus, 23 2014., https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2014/09/a320neo-family-sets-new-standards-with-20-reduced-fuel-burn.html;  Boeing, 30 2011., https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2011-08-30-Boeing-Introduces-737-Max-With-Launch-of-New-Aircraft-Family (    26 2020.).].  Boeing   ,      American Airlines       ,      [46 -  - Seattle Times,  :   Boeing 737Max, Seattle Times, 5 2019., https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/timeline-brief-history-boeing-737-Max.    260 Airbus 200 Boeing Max: Nicola Clark,    蔠    Boeing, New York Times, 20 2011., https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/21/business/global/american-places-record-order-with-2-jet-makers.html].

      ,     ,     Boeing      737,     [47 - David Gelles, Natalie Kitroeff, Jack Nicas Rebecca R. Ruiz, Boeing     737Max,   Airbus, New York Times, 23 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/23/business/boeing-737-max-crash.html; Alec MacGillis,   Boeing, The New Yorker, 11 2019., https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/11/18/the-case-against-boeing].   2011   Boeing   2017   737,     Max.        496    [48 - Boeing Media Room, Boeing     737   496   , 30 2011., https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2011-08-30-Boeing-Launches-737-New-Engine-Family-with-Commitments-for-496-Airplanes-from-Five-Airlines].

 Boeing  ,        ,   1967,   [49 -  ,   737, Boeing,    17 2020., https://www.boeing.com/history/products/737-classic.page]. ,   737        ,             .           [50 - Boeing 737Max:  ,    ,      ,   , 30 2019., https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-116hhrg38282/pdf/CHRG-116hhrg38282.pdf. . 4.].     [51 -      , . 119, Boeing 737Max:  ,    .]:         ,     ,  .              ,   [52 - Dominic Gates Mike Baker,  MCAS :   Boeing 737MAX      , Seattle Times, 22 2019., https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/times-watchdog/the-inside-story-of-mcas-how-boeings-737-max-system-gained-power-and-lost-safeguards/; Jack Nicas, Natalie Kitroeff, David Gelles James Glanz, Boeing  737Max  , New York Times.].     ,  Boeing       MCAS[53 -    737Max, Boeing, https://www.boeing.com/commercial/737max/737-max-software-updates.page; Gates Baker,  MCAS ; Ralph Vartabedian,     ,    Boeing     737Max, Los Angeles Times, 15 2019., https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-fi-boeing-max-design-20190315-story.html; Gelles et al. Boeing     737Max,   Airbus.]. MCAS    ,       :         .    ,     , MCAS      ,   .    ,          ,     ,          MCAS.  ,    MCAS      [54 - MCAS, . 5, Boeing 737Max:  ,    .].

   MCAS       ,      ,   Boeing   .    Boeing  MCAS          .   ,     , MCAS       ,   ,    ,      ,     .    Boeing,        ,    ,  ,      . -   Boeing ,        MCAS       :         [55 - . . vi, 4.    , . 30,   ,  F6.1-A, F6.4-A, F6.7-A F10.5-A  Boeing 737Max:   . ,   ,      ,    , 11 2019., https://www.faa.gov/news/media/attachments/Final_JATR_Submittal_to_FAA_Oct_2019.pdf; Dominic Gates,  ,  :  Boeing       737MAX, Seattle Times, 17 2019., https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/failed-certification-faa-missed-safety-issues-in-the-737-max-system-implicated-in-the-lion-air-crash/; Tangel et al.  :   Boeing  737MAX.].

  Boeing     . -,       ,       Boeing     ,          .             .        (NTSB)       2019,                 .    ,     ,        ,       [56 - ,     ,         , . 1213,      , 19 2019., https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/ASR1901.pdf].

 ,  Boeing      Max (  MCAS  )        MCAS    .       ,  ,  2009        -,   2019   :  ,     -            [57 -      . 24  Boeing 737Max:   ,         ,   , 19 2019., https://www.congress.gov/116/meeting/house/109642/documents/CHRG-116hhrg37476.pdf].     ,         .

           ,    Boeing         .   ,      ,  -  [58 -       2019.   ,        10000   1,8 ,     . Jeremy Bogaisky,  ,      ?    10000 1,8 ,   , Forbes, 27 2019., https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremybogaisky/2019/03/27/want-faa-to-do-aircraft-certification-alone-give-me-10000-more-employees-and-18-billion-chief-tells-congress/#43f1812a14dc. .  Reuters,    ,     10000  1,8 ,      , 27 2019., https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-airline-congress-faa/faa-tells-u-s-senate-it-would-need-10000-new-employees-1-8-billion-to-assume-all-certification-idUSKCN1R82FT]. ӠBoeing  ,      ,        .      ,          Boeing.  2004  [59 - . . 3, 4.    5.  Boeing        Boeing 737MAX: ,   ,     ,   ,              .  ,         ,  2020., https://transportation.house.gov/imo/media/doc/TI%20Preliminary%20Investigative%20Findings%20Boeing%20737%20MAX%20March%202020.pdf;    Seattle Times New York Times:         Boeing   ,     . Dominic Gates Mike Baker,  ,  Boeing           ,  737MAX, Seattle Times, 5 2019., https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/engineers-say-boeing-pushed-to-limit-safety-testing-in-race-to-certify-planes-including-737-max/; Dominic Gates,  ,  :  Boeing       737MAX; Nicas et al., Boeing  737Max  ; Natalie Kitroeff, David Gelles Jack Nicas,   Boeing 737Max:    , New York Times, 27 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/27/business/boeing-737-max-faa.html]:          Boeing,     ,    .     Boeing  ,       ,   Boeing   ,     .

,    New York Times Seattle Times, ,   Boeing      Airbus,       ,          ,          .    ,          ,      [60 - Gelles et al. Boeing     737Max,   Airbus; Gates Baker,  ,  Boeing           ,  737MAX; Dominic Gates, Steve Miletich Lewis Kamb,   , Boeing      737MAX   , Seattle Times, 2 2019., https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/boeing-whistleblowers-complaint-says-737-Max-safety-upgrades-were-rejected-over-cost/; . 2, 1.       Boeing 737MAX: ,   ,     ,   .  Boeing   the New York Times :  Max   2011.      2012.         2013.   737Max 8      2015..  :           :        ,    ,   , , ,    .  :   ,     ,     .    Seattle Times  Boeing ,             ,      ,   .   , Boeing        .].

   Boeing  ,        ,    .  2017,      ,   Boeing          [61 -  Boeing       ,    27 2019., https://boeing.mediaroom.com/news-releases-statements?item=130431;  David Gelles Natalie Kitroeff,  Boeing  ,    737Max    .     , New York Times, 5 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/05/business/boeing-737-max-warning-light.html;  Tracy Rucinski David Shepardson,  Boeing      737MAX   13, Reuters, 5 2019., https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-airplane-boeing/boeing-did-not-disclose-737-max-alert-issue-to-faa-for-13-months-idUSKCN1SB0JC,  ,   Boeing               ,        737NG     .].       ,   ,        :    ,    , ,   . ,   Boeing,   ,       Max      ,    ,    .  ,       ,       .  Boeing      ,  [62 -  5 2019.,      ,  Boeing     -  Boeing         .].            2020,   [63 -  Boeing         ,  Mike Baker,  Boeing      737MAX  2020., Seattle Times, 7 2019., https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/boeing-didnt-plan-to-fix-737-max-warning-light-until-2020/].

        Lion Air Ethiopian Airlines     ,        .          ,      .         20%   Max; ,   20%      .     ,    Max,      American Airlines Southwest Airlines, United Airlines  [64 - Hiroko Tabuchi David Gelles,   Boeing     ,       , New York Times, 21 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/21/business/boeing-safety-features-charge.html; Andy Pasztor,  Boeing    ,    , Wall Street Journal, 28 2019., https://www.wsj.com/articles/boeings-enduring-puzzle-why-certain-safety-features-on-737-max-jets-were-turned-off-11556456400;  Amanda Macias ,   Southwest  ,       Lion Air:  Boeing    Lion Air     Southwest,   737Max     , CNBC News, 28 2019., https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/28/boeing-didnt-tell-southwest-that-safety-feature-on-737-max-was-turned-off-wsj.html].

 Max 8    2017       Boeing  [65 -  Boeing,  Wayback Machine,    25 2019., https://web.archive.org/web/20191225100949/https://www.boeing.com/commercial/737Max/]             ,         .  Max     Boeing         .        ,    .


* * *

     ,     Boeing.

-, 2017   ,       (     )  ,   .      :            ?

 Boeing   ,              [66 -   Boeing           Boeing :               .]. ,         737,  Boeing   ,     MCAS       ,    .  Boeing         ,            [67 -  Boeing         ;  Baker,  Boeing      737MAX  2020..].

-,       ,   :       ,    ,    ,          ,        ?     ;     ,    .            ,     ,    Boeing          2019[68 -   Boeing        ,   ,            Boeing 737MAX 29 2019.: https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2019/10/aviation-safety-and-the-future-of-boeing-s-737-max/dd0f5a92-0362-45e8-bab1-957d0e82f168. .  . 123      B737-8 (MAX); . 6        . 7 :            ,     ,         ,      , 19 2019., https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/ASR1901.pdf; . 3 2.     Boeing 737MAX: ,   ,     ,   .].     MCAS       ,  Boeing ,     ,       MCAS. ,          ,   ,    ,      [69 -       . 24  Boeing 737Max:   ,          ,   , 19 2019., https://www.congress.gov/116/meeting/house/109642/documents/CHRG-116hhrg37476.pdf].

   ,         ,    Boeing     189.   ,    :  ,          .

   ,   Boeing,    , ,     :        ?       ,      ,   ,   .  Boeing   ,   Max 737 ,   ,         .



 Boeing ,          ,          .          ,       ,        ,             .

     ,        ,       ,               ,    . ,         , ,   ,    , ,  ,          ()          ,       .

      ,   ,       .       Uber  ,       : ,        [70 - Shannon Bond,     Uber      , Financial Times, 8 2019., https://www.ft.com/content/3fee8054-575b-11e9-91f9-b6515a54c5b1; Mike Isaac,   Uber, New York Times, 23 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/23/business/how-uber-got-lost.html;  David F. Larcker Brian Tayan,    :   Uber Technologies, 11 2017.,       ,   : ,       , CGRP-70,   -  ,  183,    SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3087371].      .       :         ?          ,     ?  , Uber   ,       ,    . ,      ,   Uber,     .      ? ,    (),      ,       [71 - Jeffery C. Mays, Uber        - :   , New York Times, 29 2018., https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/29/nyregion/uber-cap-civil-rights.html].       ?    ,    , ,    ,      ,      ,             .

     ,      ,       .      ,       .      ,     ,      .     ,          ,          .

     ,         ,   .  2018         ,   ,  [72 -   ,   , 9 2018., http://ethicsincubator.net/ethics-and-the-arts-interviews/3038].     ,    :       ,  ,   - ,  ,      .   ,         .   :   ,  ,   ,  .     .

   . ,   ,       ,    ,     .    .    ,               -.


* * *

  2007     ,    -,     ,    [73 -     Airbnb,  : https://news.airbnb.com/fast-facts;  Austin Carr,   :  ,   Airbnb, Fast Company, 7 2011., https://www.fastcompany.com/1792024/starred-email-launched-airbnb].         ,      .     ,              ,        (Airbed & Breakfast).

 ,   ,   Airbnb, -   ,       ,       [74 -       Airbnb.].            ;    ; Airbnb      ,               -.

      ,       , 2020 Airbnb     26 [75 - Lanhee Lee,  Airbnb      26  -  : , Reuters, 2 2020., https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-airbnb/airbnb-lowers-internal-valuation-to-26-billion-as-coronavirus-hits-bookings-source-idUSKBN21L04O;  Dave Lee,  Airbnb      16%,  26 , Financial Times, 2 2020., https://www.ft.com/content/02a8ca9b-1ba9-4e0a-a3d5-084dd93469bb],     [76 -     Airbnb,  .],     14000 , 4900 2400  , 100000   .     ,    ,    ,    ,       .  Airbnb   ,     .

Airbnb      . -  Airbnb   (   )   ( )  .      ,      ,   ,      .

     ,  Lyft (  ), TaskRabbit ( ), Turo ( ) Rover (   ),            .       -,  ,    ,       .



      2017  ,       -,       -, [77 -       ,        8 2020.  . Yun Kyung (Anny) Kim,         -;  Airbnb     -   , The Tab, UCLA, 16 2017., https://thetab.com/us/ucla/2017/04/16/airbnb-asian-2419; Olivia Solon,  Airbnb,     ,   5000, The Guardian, 13 2017., https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/13/airbnb-california-racist-comment-penalty-asian-american].  Airbnb     ,       ,     .

       ,          ,  ,          .         50  .

    -     ,         , ,      .        ,   - ,  ,       .       , ,      . ,   ,    :   ,           50     -    -       .

  ,    .    ,     Airbnb  ,  :   ,      ,         .    . .   :   ,     .

    ,      ,     ,    ,     .      ,  .    .    .        ,       .

    .    ,   2015,       ,     Airbnb [78 -    Airbnb, Inc.,  , 17 2016., https://www.classaction.org/media/selden-v-airbnb.pdf; Vauhini Vara,  Airbnb     , The New Yorker, 3 2016., https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/how-airbnb-makes-it-hard-to-sue-for-discrimination;  Katie Benner, Airbnb    ,      ,   , New York Times, 19 2016., https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/20/technology/airbnb-vows-to-fight-racism-but-its-users-cant-sue-to-prompt-fairness.html].  ,    .   ,       . , ,    ,   ,       .         ,      ,  .       Twitter,    #airbnbwhileblack (Airbnb,   ),      ,        -, ,    Airbnb[79 -    Airbnb, Inc.,  .].

  2015   Bloomberg       ,    ,         Airbnb[80 -    (http://www.benedelman.org/publications/airbnb-guest-discrimination-2016-09-16.pdf)      :        Airbnb, Bloomberg, 10 2015., https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-10/study-finds-racial-discrimination-by-airbnb-hosts.        :     Benjamin Edelman, Michael Luca Dan Svirsky   American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9, no. 2 (2017): 122, doi:10.1257/app.20160213].    Airbnb   ,    ,   .    ,   ,    (,     ),             ( Β   ).          6400,    , , -, - .

  16%       ,    ,       .       ,  ,   Airbnb   ,            ,   ,    .

 :      ,    ,          .   ,   ,  ,     .  ,         Stanford Law Review    ,         1964,      [81 - Michael Todisco,      ?        ,   ,  2015., https://www.stanfordlawreview.org/online/share-and-share-alike/.   ,     Airbnb       ,    ,         . (Airbnb        ,     ,    .)        ,   ,       ,   ,              .  :               ,       .].    , ,        Airbnb    .

    ,      ?    Airbnb,               ?     Airbnb       . ,   -  ,     ,     ,    .  II     1964      ,  ,    [82 - 42-   , 2000a,  (a), :          , , , ,         ,      ,     ,  ,    .  II     1964. ( ),   ,    23 2020., https://www.justice.gov/crt/title-ii-civil-rights-act-public-accommodations.].   :          , , , ,         .   ,     , ,    ,     .        [83 -   II     1964.: 42U.S.C. 42  , 2000a,  (b).            ,                 : (1)  , ,    ,      ,   ,   ,       ,     ,             .].    ,      [84 - Todisco,      ?        .]. Airbnb    .       .

   (,   ,  )        (   )    .      ,              .      ,        .

  Airbnb     ,   ,      :    ,       [85 - Airbnb  Blo, ,  Airbnb, 16 2014.,    23 2020., https://blog.atairbnb.com/belong-anywhere;   :  ,           Airbnb   ,    23 2020., https://careers.airbnb.com.]. (    :  ,       .)     ,       :                      ?    ,         ,    ,    Airbnb?        ?

   ,       ,          ,    ,   ,   ,       .    , ,        .


* * *

            ;      ,     ;       .

  ,     ,            ,       ,     ,         .       , ,     ,      ,           ,     Boeing         .           ,    .          ,   ,         .

    ,    ,   ,       ,           (),     .       ,       ,      ,     ,   ,    ,           .   ,         ,           .   ,   ,             ,     ,      ,     ,             .

      ,     (   ,         ?),   (         ?)    ,            (    ,                 ?[86 - Robin Givhan,       , Washington Post Magazine, 18 2019., https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2019/11/18/troubling-ethics-fashion-age-climate-change]).

             ,  ,     (  ),    ,    ,   ,    ,       .   ,      ,  ,         .

         ,      : , ,    .


 1.   ?


          ?    ?

       ,    ,     ,      .          .

                 .   ,       ,        .        ,      .               .         ,    .

      Boeing  , , ,   ,   ,       [87 -  Boeing    ,       737Max. .  : ,  Boeing,    23 2020., https://www.boeing.com/principles/vision.page; Wayback Machine,    5 2019., https://web.archive.org/web/20190305074103/http://www.boeing.com/principles/vision.page].   ,   ,      ,        .    Boeing      ,                  .          ,    .  ,  Boeing            .            .

  Boeing           .         .     Boeing  ,    ,            ,    .   Boeing,  Max  2019   14,6 [88 -     IV  2019.  Boeing,  6 737Max,  Boeing   6,3          737    2019  8,3     ,           2019 .     14,6    2019.,   Boeing         4 ,      ,   2020.,   18,6    -  Max   ,    . https://s2.q4cdn.com/661678649/files/doc_presentations/2020/01/4Q19-Presentation.pdf,    26 2020. .  Doug Cameron Andrew Tangel, Boeing        737MAX, Wall Street Journal, 29 2020., https://www.wsj.com/articles/boeing-falls-to-full-year-loss-11580302091;  Claire Bushey Gregory Meyer,  Boeing ,   -  737Max  18,6 , 29 2020., Financial Times, https://www.ft.com/content/0e9a99de-428d-11ea-a43a-c4b328d9061c].       .          .        .           .

 2015,    Airbnb   ,    ,    :  !;   ;    ;   [89 -    ,      serial   cereal  , ,    ,       ,   . . .],[90 -  Airbnb        ,     . . .];      [91 -   Airbnb  :   ;  !,         ( Airbnb, https://careers.airbnb.com,    8 2020.).    ,      ,   Airbnb  ,      ;      Airbnb, 22 2015., Wayback Machine, https://web.archive.org/web/20151222015753/https://www.airbnb.com/careers?cdn_locale_redirect=1.].

    ,     .         ,       .       Airbnb.      ,    .          ?         ,     - ?

                 .    ,         .  Airbnb       ,     ,          .    ,      ,    Boeing?    Boeing,  Airbnb       ,    ,      .   ,  Airbnb      .         .

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 Boeing       ,   . , 2016,    ,    Boeing     ,   MCAS [92 -       Seattle Times (https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6497959-Boeing-Text-Messages.html,    18 2020.)     Dominic Gates Steve Miletich,   2016.   Boeing 737MAX, 18 2019., https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/explosive-text-messages-reveal-boeing-knew-of-mcas-aggression-in-2016-and-misled-faa/. .    ,    David Gelles Natalie Kitroeff,  Boeing     737Max 2016., New York Times, 18 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/business/boeing-flight-simulator-text-message.html; 蠫   Boeing,    737Max     , Fox Business News, 19 2019., https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/read-boeing-text-messages-that-reveal-737-max-issues-years-beforedeadly-crashes.].   2018,       , Boeing , ,          MCAS   ,    [93 - . . 22        . 9          Boeing 737MAX: ,   ,     ,   ,  2020., https://transportation.house.gov/imo/media/doc/TI%20Preliminary%20Investigative%20Findings%20Boeing%20737%20MAX%20March%202020.pdf].    2019,       Lion Air     Ethiopian Airlines,   Boeing     :      ,   ,     [94 - . . 24 Boeing 737Max:  ,    ,       ,   , 30 2019., https://www.congress.gov/116/meeting/house/110066/documents/CHRG-116hhrg38282.pdf.].  Boeing  .   ,           ,      .

 ,   Lion Air       :   ,      ,    MCAS[95 -  , . 3,  Boeing 737MAX: ,   ,     ,   ,         ,  2020., https://transportation.house.gov/imo/media/doc/TI%20Preliminary%20Investigative%20Findings%20Boeing%20737%20MAX%20March%202020.pdf]   -           [96 -  , . 3,  ;    Ethiopian Airlines, 12 2019., Reuters Graphics, https://graphics.reuters.com/ETHIOPIA-AIRPLANE/0100911Q1DX/index.html.].     ,    ,   .  Boeing     .      ,             .

   , ,  ,     Airbnb      ,     ,       .   2016      ,     ,   .   ,     ,  ,   ,   ,  [97 - Brian Solomon, Airbnb  ,   100 , Fortune, 13 2016., https://www.forbes.com/sites/briansolomon/2016/07/13airbnb-confronts-racism-as-it-hits-100-million-guest-arrivals/#5e017a876b76]. Airbnb  -          .      ,     (  ,   )   .   -. ,   2017    ,     ,   ,    [98 - Maeve Duggan,          -     ,   , 25 2017., https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/07/25/1-in-4-black-americans-have-faced-online-harassment-because-of-their-race-or-ethnicity/].  ,  ,  ,            .    Airbnb       ,      ,          .  ,           ,  ,         ,  Airbnb    (,   ,  ),        ,      .


 3.           ?


             ?

      , ,   ,                .   ,   ໠   ,          ,        (      ).          ,      (  +2 C),      (  ).     , , , -,  ,    ,  ,     .          ,          .

  Boeing ,        737Max,        ,   ,  , : ,    Boeing;  Boeing   ;  ,          ;     ,       Southwest Airlines,      Boeing - ,     [99 - Woodrow Bellamy,  Southwest Airlines    Boeing 737MAX, Aviation Today, 8 2019., https://www.aviationtoday.com/2019/10/08/southwest-airlines-pilots-file-boeing-737-Max-lawsuit];  Boeing,  Airbus,  2019       ,  Boeing[100 - Dominic Gates,    Boeing:   ,   Airbus      , Seattle Times, 14 2020., https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/after-boeings-horrible-year-annual-race-against-airbus-is-no-contest/;  Doug Cameron Benjamin Katz,  Boeing      16, Wall Street Journal, 14 2020., https://www.wsj.com/articles/boeing-orders-fall-to-16-year-low-11579018235;   ,   Airbus    2019. 863, Boeing  380.];  ,     Boeing  ;     (),        [101 - Andy Pasztor,   Ethiopian Airlines         , Wall Street Journal, 14 2019., https://www.wsj.com/articles/ethiopian-airlines-crash-highlights-faas-diminished-clout-on-world-stage-11552590227; Peggy Hollinger Kiran Stacey,         Boeing, Financial Times, 20 2019., https://www.ft.com/content/8723dc6e-22e7-11ea-b8a1-584213ee7b2b; Rene Marsh Gregory Wallace,  6   Boeing: ,          , CNN, 10 2019., https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/10/politics/boeing-737-max-grounding-faa/index.html];  ,   ,     ,     ; , , 346,    ,      ,        .

  ,         .   ,       .                          .      ,       ,  ,   .       Airbnb       2  220     [102 -     Airbnb,  ,    25 2020., https://news.airbnb.com/fast-facts].       ,   ,  , ,    Airbnb, ,   (  )  ,         .

       ?    ,      ,   ,      (,   ),   ,     (,  ).       ,           (,  - Boeing  ,    Airbnb).      2,         ,    ,                   - .


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  ,        ,        ,    . ,        ,           .

,    737Max 8 ,            MCAS[103 - . . 1112  Boeing 737MAX: ,   ,     ,   ,  ,    Lion Air            (Transport Aircraft Risk Assessment Methodology, TARAM),  ,     MCAS      737MAX   15     , https://transportation.house.gov/imo/media/doc/TI%20Preliminary%20Investigative%20Findings%20Boeing%20737%20MAX%20March%202020.pdf;  Andy Pasztor Andrew Tangel,      ?   ,   Boeing MAX  , Wall Street Journal, 28 2019., https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-is-this-airplane-still-flying-the-faa-missteps-that-kept-boeings-max-aloft-11572308196].      .    Boeing  ,     MCAS    [104 -           ,     ,        ,    ,      .            Boeing 737Max, 30 2019., https://defazio.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/chair-defazio-s-statement-fromhearing-on-the-boeing-737-max-airplane .  Natalie Kitroeff, Jack Nicas Thomas Kaplan,  Boeing      737  ,     , New York Times, 14 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/14/business/boeing-737-software-update.html]. ,    ,       .       ,      ;   ,    ,         ,      .

      ,         ,  ,   ,  [105 - Lewis Kamb,        737Max  Boeing    , Seattle Times, 31 2019., https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/top-faa-officials-defend-delegation-of-737-Maxs-safety-certification-to-boeing-during-senate-hearing       ,  2020.,  Boeing 737MAX (. 4) ,                .].             Boeing,   -   . .       ,  Boeing                  .



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   Boeing     ,    :  ,        .          .

 ,                   Boeing   ,      ,    ,       , ,   ,     [106 -     ,            Boeing 737MAX 29 2019.: https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2019/10/aviation-safety-and-the-future-of-boeing-s-737-max/dd0f5a92-0362-45e8-bab1-957d0e82f168;     Boeing   ,    ,  Boeing,    23 2020., https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2019-03-18-Letter-from-Boeing-CEO-Dennis-Muilenburg-to-Airlines-Passengers-and-the-Aviation-Community].       .   Boeing     ,     ,    ?



            .    Airbnb,    Boeing,   ,      .  2016,       ,       ,    ,     ,      .  ()        ,    [107 -      :        ,                .   , []  ,      .         ,    ; Airbnb      ,  Airbnb,    18 2020., https://www.airbnb.com/diversity].  Airbnb                 .      Airbnb[108 - .    Airbnb,  Airbnb, 27 2016., https://blog.atairbnb.com/the-airbnb-community-commitment;        Airbnb;    : https://www.airbnb.com/help/article/1523/general-questions-about-the-airbnb-community-commitment;  Airbnb      , https://www.airbnb.com/diversity,     18 2020.],       ,         Airbnb  ,    ,     , ,    , , ,  ,    .

         .        ,     , Airbnb   -  ,    [109 -   Airbnb,       ̸            ,            ,        (   Airbnb, 27 2016.,  Airbnb, https://blog.atairbnb.com/the-airbnb-community-commitment;  Airbnb      , https://www.airbnb.com/diversity).  Airbnb  ,       ,          .        ,           ,     ,    (     ,        , https://blog.atairbnb.com/fighting-discrimination-and-creating-a-world-where-anyone-can-belong-anywhere/).     18 2020. .   , : Greg Bensinger, Airbnb    ,        , Wall Street Journal, 8 2016., https://www.wsj.com/articles/airbnb-promotes-diversity-to-prevent-booking-discrimination-by-hosts-1473343215].     ,     :  , ,   ,  ,  ,        Airbnb,    .     -   ,    ,            .

 Airbnb    (     ,      )        ,   (     ),       ,         .  ,              2017, Airbnb  :     ,             .

  ,         .      ,         ,         ,   ,         .   , ,   ,        5000,    ,   -              [110 -      8 2020.    30 2020. .   , : Olivia Solon,  Airbnb,     ,   5000, The Guardian, 13 2017., https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/13/airbnb-california-racist-comment-penalty-asian-american, Kevin Lui,   Airbnb     5000       , Time, 13 2017., https://time.com/4858050/airbnb-racist-asian-california-trump/].

 ,                 Airbnb.   , 2019,        ,   Airbnb,   [111 - Airbnb             , BBC News, 2 2019., https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50276485].  ,        [112 - .     ,     Airbnb, 15 2019., https://news.airbnb.com/building-on-our-commitment-to-trust/,   ,  Airbnb,    18 2020., https://www.airbnb.com/neighbors.],      ;             ,   [113 -  Airbnb   ,   ,          ,     Airbnb,    18 2020., https://news.airbnb.com/building-on-our-commitment-to-trust/];                   .    ,      ,     .

       ,    -  ,   ,    ,      .    ,    ,      ,   ,  [114 - Ibid.      :        ,    -  ,   ,    ,      .      ,   Airbnb      ,   191   600 .         ,      ,  .    ,    ,      ,   .  ,   ,     Airbnb, https://news.airbnb.com/in-the-business-of-trust/].

   Airbnb ,   ,                   ,     . Boeing    ,      .           .

  ,        ,    ,       ,    ,  ,      ,    Airbnb.         ,     [115 -      DealBook, David Yaffe-Bellany,  Airbnb        , New York Times, 11 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/11/business/dealbook/airbnb-brian-chesky.html].

    -     ,      Airbnb,               ,   .   , -    .         . ,   ,  .




 2

 


    ,   ,    ,       [116 -      (Delaney Van Riper), 5 2020.].    ,     ,        .   ,         -- (),    ,    [117 -        , 18 2020. .     --?,      --,    16 2020., https://cmtrf.org/home-page/what-is-cmt/].         ,      ,         .

      ,         [118 -   , , CMTeens, 1, 1;      , 13 2020.].            [119 -      , 13 2020.;   ,  , 12 2019., https://gladstone.org/about-us/news/editing-scripts].  2017,      ,      [120 -     , 5 2020.]     [121 -      ,         -      ,          -,      .]




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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Renee Duff,  Ethiopian Airlines    ,   157   // https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/ethiopian-airlines-jetliner-crashes-shortly-after-takeoff-killing-all-157-people-on-board/335117;  . 52      B737-8 (MAX),     ,  ,    , 9 2020., http://www.aib.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2020/documents/accident/ET-302%20%20Interim%20Investigation%20%20Report%20March%209%202020.pdf




2


     B737-8 (MAX)     3, 10 2019., Ethiopian Airlines,   Twitter 17 2020., https://twitter.com/flyethiopian/status/1104744539686866944/photo/1




3


        :    3Ethiopian Airlines  Ahmed Nur Mohammod Nur;  The Wall Street Journal  Ahmed Nur Mohammed (https://www.wsj.com/articles/ethiopia-mourns-the-loss-of-two-young-pilots-11552752808);  New York Times :             (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/10/world/africa/ethiopian-airlines-plane-crash-victims.html)          Reuters,        : Maggie Fick,   ,  :     , Reuters, 20 2019., https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-airplane-pilots/youngest-captain-loving-son-ethiopian-pilots-honored-in-death-idUSKCN1R11LV




4


Matina Stevis-Gridneff Yohannes Anberbir,   -    , Wall Street Journal, 16 2019., https://www.wsj.com/articles/ethiopia-mourns-the-loss-of-two-young-pilots-11552752808; Fick,   ,  :     .  ,   Ethiopian Airlines  BBC News,       : Ethiopian Airlines:   蔻, BBC News, 4 2019., https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47522028




5


    Ethiopian Airlines   ,   Alison Sider Robert Wall,  Boeing    ,      , Wall Street Journal, 18 2019., https://www.wsj.com/articles/boeing-crashes-spur-debate-over-how-much-pilot-training-is-enough-11552937613




6


     B737-8 (MAX), . 1920; Zain Asher, CNN  :     Ethiopian Airlines, 23 2016., Ethiopian Airlines, YouTube, https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/ethiopian-airlines-aviation-academy/index.html




7


     15 2018., . . 24      B737-8 (MAX).




8


Boeing , Boeing,    17 2020., https://www.boeing.com/company/general-info/; John Misachi,    , World Atlas, 13 2019.,    26 2020., https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/largest-aerospace-companies-in-the-world.html Boeing    : David Gelles Natalie Kitroeff, Boeing  .   , New York Times, 17 2020., https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/business/economy/boeing-coronavirus-economy.html




9


    08:38,          B737-8 (MAX).  ,  ,   ,       (UTC),  ,   ,      ,        .




10


David Gelles, Eden Weingart Josh Williams,    , New York Times, 9 2020., https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/03/09/business/boeing-737-crash-anniversary.html; BBC News, Ethiopian Airlines:   蔻.




11


      (. angle of attack, AOA);     74,5. . ,  5, . 131      B737-8 (MAX).




12


   ,  ,    08:38            .  ,                .




13


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14


,  5, . 131      B737-8 (MAX).     , : James Glanz, Thomas Kaplan Jack Nicas, ,         Boeing 737Max, New York Times, 29 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/business/boeing-737-max-crash.html; Dominic Gates,        Boeing 737MAX, Seattle Times, 9 2020., https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/interim-ethiopian-government-report-on-max-crash-blames-boeings-design-and-training/




15


Jack Nicas, Natalie Kitroeff, David Gelles James Glanz, Boeing  737Max         , New York Times, 1 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/01/business/boeing-737-max-crash.html;         (AOA),   , , 14 2019., https://www.faa.gov/other_visit/aviation_industry/airline_operators/airline_safety/info/all_infos/media/2019/InFO19009.pdf




16


Curt Devine Drew Griffith,  Boeing      737Max,   216  , CNN, 1 2019., https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/30/politics/boeing-sensor-737-Max-faa/index.html

.  Nicas et al., Boeing  737Max  ,  :       ,   Times,     , , ,             ,        .




17


.  ,   ,  , . 822,    25 2020., https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak/media/10_phak_ch8.pdf;         (AOA),   , , 14 2019., https://www.faa.gov/other_visit/aviation_industry/airline_operators/airline_safety/info/all_infos/media/2019/InFO19009.pdf




18


  Boeing  CNN:            , Devine Griffith,  Boeing      737Max.

.  Nicas et al., Boeing  737Max  .




19


MCAS   ,     , ,   ,   ,    .

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20


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21


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22


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23


 , . 245,     .   , : Hannah Beech Muktita Suhartono, ,        Lion Air, New York Times, 20 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/20/world/asia/lion-air-crash-boeing.html




24


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25


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26


. . 16, . 18          B737-8 (MAX);  Gates,        Boeing 737MAX.




27


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28


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29


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30


      B737-8 (MAX), . 65, -       10 (   )     28    40.      .




31


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32


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33


        737Max 8  11, ,  ,       , 10 2019.,   . Ethiopian Airlines, Twitter, 10, https://twitter.com/flyethiopian/status/1104965069710999552




34


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35


Charlotte King,     Boeing 737Max?, The Guardian, 12 2019., https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/12/which-airlines-operate-boeing-737-max-jets




36


Aaron Gregg,  Boeing    100 , Washington Post, 30 2019., https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/01/30/boeing-soars-past-billion-revenue-mark-first-time/;  Josh Mitchell Doug Cameron,  Boeing     , Wall Street Journal, 2 2020., https://www.wsj.com/articles/boeings-woes-create-headwinds-for-u-s-economy-11580655600




37


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38


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40


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41


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48


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49


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50


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51


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52


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54


MCAS, . 5, Boeing 737Max:  ,    .




55


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57


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58


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67


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90


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      Seattle Times (https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6497959-Boeing-Text-Messages.html,    18 2020.)     Dominic Gates Steve Miletich,   2016.   Boeing 737MAX, 18 2019., https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/explosive-text-messages-reveal-boeing-knew-of-mcas-aggression-in-2016-and-misled-faa/. .    ,    David Gelles Natalie Kitroeff,  Boeing     737Max 2016., New York Times, 18 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/business/boeing-flight-simulator-text-message.html; 蠫   Boeing,    737Max     , Fox Business News, 19 2019., https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/read-boeing-text-messages-that-reveal-737-max-issues-years-beforedeadly-crashes.




93


. . 22        . 9          Boeing 737MAX: ,   ,     ,   ,  2020., https://transportation.house.gov/imo/media/doc/TI%20Preliminary%20Investigative%20Findings%20Boeing%20737%20MAX%20March%202020.pdf




94


. . 24 Boeing 737Max:  ,    ,       ,   , 30 2019., https://www.congress.gov/116/meeting/house/110066/documents/CHRG-116hhrg38282.pdf.




95


 , . 3,  Boeing 737MAX: ,   ,     ,   ,         ,  2020., https://transportation.house.gov/imo/media/doc/TI%20Preliminary%20Investigative%20Findings%20Boeing%20737%20MAX%20March%202020.pdf




96


 , . 3,  ;    Ethiopian Airlines, 12 2019., Reuters Graphics, https://graphics.reuters.com/ETHIOPIA-AIRPLANE/0100911Q1DX/index.html.




97


Brian Solomon, Airbnb  ,   100 , Fortune, 13 2016., https://www.forbes.com/sites/briansolomon/2016/07/13airbnb-confronts-racism-as-it-hits-100-million-guest-arrivals/#5e017a876b76




98


Maeve Duggan,          -     ,   , 25 2017., https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/07/25/1-in-4-black-americans-have-faced-online-harassment-because-of-their-race-or-ethnicity/




99


Woodrow Bellamy,  Southwest Airlines    Boeing 737MAX, Aviation Today, 8 2019., https://www.aviationtoday.com/2019/10/08/southwest-airlines-pilots-file-boeing-737-Max-lawsuit




100


Dominic Gates,    Boeing:   ,   Airbus      , Seattle Times, 14 2020., https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/after-boeings-horrible-year-annual-race-against-airbus-is-no-contest/;  Doug Cameron Benjamin Katz,  Boeing      16, Wall Street Journal, 14 2020., https://www.wsj.com/articles/boeing-orders-fall-to-16-year-low-11579018235;   ,   Airbus    2019. 863, Boeing  380.




101


Andy Pasztor,   Ethiopian Airlines         , Wall Street Journal, 14 2019., https://www.wsj.com/articles/ethiopian-airlines-crash-highlights-faas-diminished-clout-on-world-stage-11552590227; Peggy Hollinger Kiran Stacey,         Boeing, Financial Times, 20 2019., https://www.ft.com/content/8723dc6e-22e7-11ea-b8a1-584213ee7b2b; Rene Marsh Gregory Wallace,  6   Boeing: ,          , CNN, 10 2019., https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/10/politics/boeing-737-max-grounding-faa/index.html




102


    Airbnb,  ,    25 2020., https://news.airbnb.com/fast-facts




103


. . 1112  Boeing 737MAX: ,   ,     ,   ,  ,    Lion Air            (Transport Aircraft Risk Assessment Methodology, TARAM),  ,     MCAS      737MAX   15     , https://transportation.house.gov/imo/media/doc/TI%20Preliminary%20Investigative%20Findings%20Boeing%20737%20MAX%20March%202020.pdf;  Andy Pasztor Andrew Tangel,      ?   ,   Boeing MAX  , Wall Street Journal, 28 2019., https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-is-this-airplane-still-flying-the-faa-missteps-that-kept-boeings-max-aloft-11572308196




104


          ,     ,        ,    ,      .            Boeing 737Max, 30 2019., https://defazio.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/chair-defazio-s-statement-fromhearing-on-the-boeing-737-max-airplane .  Natalie Kitroeff, Jack Nicas Thomas Kaplan,  Boeing      737  ,     , New York Times, 14 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/14/business/boeing-737-software-update.html




105


Lewis Kamb,        737Max  Boeing    , Seattle Times, 31 2019., https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/top-faa-officials-defend-delegation-of-737-Maxs-safety-certification-to-boeing-during-senate-hearing       ,  2020.,  Boeing 737MAX (. 4) ,                .




106


    ,            Boeing 737MAX 29 2019.: https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2019/10/aviation-safety-and-the-future-of-boeing-s-737-max/dd0f5a92-0362-45e8-bab1-957d0e82f168;     Boeing   ,    ,  Boeing,    23 2020., https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2019-03-18-Letter-from-Boeing-CEO-Dennis-Muilenburg-to-Airlines-Passengers-and-the-Aviation-Community




107


     :        ,                .   , []  ,      .         ,    ; Airbnb      ,  Airbnb,    18 2020., https://www.airbnb.com/diversity




108


.    Airbnb,  Airbnb, 27 2016., https://blog.atairbnb.com/the-airbnb-community-commitment;        Airbnb;    : https://www.airbnb.com/help/article/1523/general-questions-about-the-airbnb-community-commitment;  Airbnb      , https://www.airbnb.com/diversity,     18 2020.




109


  Airbnb,       ̸            ,            ,        (   Airbnb, 27 2016.,  Airbnb, https://blog.atairbnb.com/the-airbnb-community-commitment;  Airbnb      , https://www.airbnb.com/diversity).  Airbnb  ,       ,          .        ,           ,     ,    (     ,        , https://blog.atairbnb.com/fighting-discrimination-and-creating-a-world-where-anyone-can-belong-anywhere/).     18 2020. .   , : Greg Bensinger, Airbnb    ,        , Wall Street Journal, 8 2016., https://www.wsj.com/articles/airbnb-promotes-diversity-to-prevent-booking-discrimination-by-hosts-1473343215




110


     8 2020.    30 2020. .   , : Olivia Solon,  Airbnb,     ,   5000, The Guardian, 13 2017., https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/13/airbnb-california-racist-comment-penalty-asian-american, Kevin Lui,   Airbnb     5000       , Time, 13 2017., https://time.com/4858050/airbnb-racist-asian-california-trump/




111


Airbnb             , BBC News, 2 2019., https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50276485




112


.     ,     Airbnb, 15 2019., https://news.airbnb.com/building-on-our-commitment-to-trust/,   ,  Airbnb,    18 2020., https://www.airbnb.com/neighbors.




113


 Airbnb   ,   ,          ,     Airbnb,    18 2020., https://news.airbnb.com/building-on-our-commitment-to-trust/




114


Ibid.      :        ,    -  ,   ,    ,      .      ,   Airbnb      ,   191   600 .         ,      ,  .    ,    ,      ,   .  ,   ,     Airbnb, https://news.airbnb.com/in-the-business-of-trust/




115


     DealBook, David Yaffe-Bellany,  Airbnb        , New York Times, 11 2019., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/11/business/dealbook/airbnb-brian-chesky.html




116


     (Delaney Van Riper), 5 2020.




117


       , 18 2020. .     --?,      --,    16 2020., https://cmtrf.org/home-page/what-is-cmt/




118


  , , CMTeens, 1, 1;      , 13 2020.




119


     , 13 2020.;   ,  , 12 2019., https://gladstone.org/about-us/news/editing-scripts




120


    , 5 2020.




121


     ,         -      ,          -,      .


