  
 


  ,                              ,   ,   .         ,   .              2015 .





 

 

 



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     Ridero.ru







  :        ,   .           2015     Litres.ru  Ozon.ru.                 :       (2013)[1 -  ,      ()     Amazon.com,       On Philanthropy inAmerica: From the Colonial Era to the Present Day (Russian edition with English Summary and Table ofContents).].

      ,  2013,       ,   ,         Amazon.com     .

              2013   ,            .                  ,  ,    ,     4  .           .

         2013        .   ,           .              (Chicago Manual ofStyle).            .                  .   ,         ,     .

               .   ,        ,          ,       .

     ,          ;   ,   ;      ;   ,      ,    .



***

     ,            .

          (2013)               . .,  . .,  . .,  . .  ..

                   Ridero.ru   .  . .

    (),       ,   ,   (-)          ,   ()             .    ,  , ,   ,       -.

      ,          2013          .           ,     .

,        ,    ,       ,       fridrikhfurman@gmail.com



***

               ,            .

     .






    


     ,       ,    ,        ,           .

  20  ,     ,             .           ,  ,            .  2-       ,   ,         ,      .        ,       .     ,   ,                [2 - Charity, Philanthropy, and Civility inAmerican History, Lawrence J. Friedman, Mark D. McGarvie, editors, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 1.   Friedman and McGarvie, 2003.].

   ,    (Peter D. Hall) ,         20-       ,      . ,     ,  ,          ,         ,   -                   .

,   ,      ,              .        ,     ,            ,     [3 - Peter D. Hall, Teaching and Research on Philanthropy, Voluntarism and Nonprofit Organizations, Teachers College Records, Vol. 93, 3, Spring 1992, pp. 403435.http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/phall/Teachers_College_Record1.pdf].

   50-               .

            .    75     40           80.         (22),  (13),  (11),  (5),        , , ,  , , , ,    (41 ).           [4 - Peter D. Hall, The Work ofMany Hands: AResponse toStanley N. Katz on the Origins of the Serious Study ofPhilanthropy, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 4, Dec. 1999, p. 522534.].

   ,         ,    ,           .

   ,  , ,   ,        ,        ,    .         (F. Emerson Andrews),  (19281969)       (Russell Sage Foundation)      (Foundation enter).      ,     ,          ,         .   ,      ,              .

                , . .   4050-              .             (1946),      (1947),        (1950),    (1952),       (1953),    (1956),       (1968),         (1969).        (Foundation Directory, 1967),      (Foundation News),     (Foundation Center,    Foundation Library Center, 1969).   1973                 [5 - Peter D. Hall, The Work ofMany Hands, p. 522534, Note2.].



***

,        ,       ,             ,      .  ,       , ,      ,     (     ),         . ,          ,   ,  , ,  ,    ,  ,          .

       ,      ,    4050- ,        .

 1943                 (      4%      ).                            [6 -     .  8        .].

            .  1945         (House Un-American Activities Committee  HUAC),    ꠫ 󻠖          ,          .  1947     ,    ,        ,      .               ,       .

      .      1948,  HUAC           ,    . .   1946                 .   ,   30-,   ,   ,    1945         .

       (Douglas Linder)    Famous Trials,              ,      .         ,           .          ,      ,      1953          ,       ,       [7 - Douglas, Linder, The Trials ofAlger Hiss: ACommentary, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1027997.].

            ,   1946  27500,   1939.  ,            ,  ,      [8 - Peter D. Hall, Philanthropy, the Welfare State, and the Transformation ofAmerican Public and Private Institutions, 19452000 http://presnick.people.si.umich.edu/courses/winter02/575/docs/DobkinHall.pdf].

  ⠫     50-        ,  ,   (The Fund for the Rebublic).        ,     ,    ,     ,      , ,       ,     ,  ,   (  )       [9 -       ,               (David Caute) The Greate Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge under Truman and Eisenhower, Simon & Shuster, NY, 1978, 697pp.].

          1952     ,  1954    .   , -,             , -,         ,       , -,                [10 -     .  8        .].  50-         ,   , -        .                     ,    -,  .  .         .  ,    ,          ,             .



***

     ,        .       ,       ,          ,        ,       ,   .

    , ,  ,         ,        .

 1955  .     ,   (John W. Gardner),          ,  c           .  1956 Foundation Library Center   ,        (1960. Foundation Directory)    Foundation News.

        (Merle Curti)  ,          ,         .            ⠫      [11 - Peter D. Hall, Philanthropy and the Welfare State (19452000), 2000.].

     ,     .          ,           . .                . ,       ,    ,  ,   ,          ,  ,            ,          .

 1957    .      ,          [12 - Merle Curti, The History ofPhilanthropy as aField ofResearch, The American Historical Review, Vol. 62, No. 2, Jan., 1957, pp. 352363, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1845188].

  ,                  .         ,    ,   ,    ,      .

 1958        [13 - Merle Curti, American Philanthropy and the National Character, American Quarterly Vol. 10, No. 4, Winter 1958, pp. 420437, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2710584].              ,      , ,   ,     ,       ,    .     ,  ,   ,         .    ,     . ,   ,   (index)   ,            (agent),   ,    .

   -           ,    .     ꠫          ,   1963     [14 - Merle Curti, American Philanthropy Abroad, 2


 ed., Transaction Publishers, 1988, 651pp.].                ,        150.

                      (Winthrop K. Jordan)   (David E. Owen),           :     14801660 ( 1959.),    16601960 ( 1964.)[15 - W. K. Jordan, Philanthropy inEngland, 14801660: aStudy of the Changing Pattern ofEnglish Social Aspirations, George Allen & Unwin, 1959; David Owen, English Philanthropy, 16601960, Belknap press ofHarvard university press, 1964.].       ࠫ         ,         [16 - David Hammack, Waves ofHistorical Interest inPhilanthropy and Civil Society, HistPhil, June 24, 2015. http://histphil.org/2015/06/24/waves-of-historical-interest-in-philanthropy-and-civil-society/].



***

                (Robert H. Bremner),  ,   .  1956     :    ,       ,   ,    [17 - Robert H. Bremner, From the Depths: The Discovery ofPoverty in the United States, New York University Press, 1956.].

   ,          ,    ,          19-   20- .  ,                  .  1956,             ,   ,          [18 - Alice OConnor, Robert Bremners From the Depths: An Appreciation, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Sept. 2003, vol. 32, no. 3, . 441443. http://nvs.sagepub.com/content/32/3/441.full.pdf+html].

                 [19 - Robert Bremner, American Philanthropy, University ofChicago Press, 1960(1988).   American Philanthropy, 1988.].     ,    1960,       ,     ,       .

,              .   ,  1988,    ,   (Daniel J. Boorstin),     ,     ,       .              ,     ,   ,   .      ,    ,    ,      ,      .      , -        [20 - Daniel J. Boorstin, Editors Preface  inRobert Bremner American Philanthropy, 1988, pp. vvi.].

            .       ,   ,     :   (1970),             [21 - Children and Youth inAmerica: ADocumentary History, 3vols, Robert H. Bremner, editor, Harvard University Press, 1970.].  1980    :        [22 - R.Bremner, The Public Good: Philanthropy and Welfare in the Civil War, Knopf, 1980.].

      ,      1994           .                ,   ,   ,   ,            [23 - R. Bremner, Giving: Charity and Philanthropy inHistory, Transaction Publishers, 1994.].

                .       ,         .          ,      ,      ,      .         ,       ,    ,                . ,       ,       ,   ,   ,  .           ,    .  ,    ,        ,        ,        [24 -              2003    ARNOVA: Robert Bremner and the Study ofPhilanthropy in the United States: Four Appraisals. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 3, September 2003439449.].



***

           ,  ,         ,         .

 60- ,      ,     , ,                    ,                    ,     ⠫ .

            50-       (Beat generation)       .  6070-      ,          , ,  蠫 .               .

               ,  ,          ,         ,    .       .   ,    컠 ,    ,  -,    .     ,    ,  ,     ,       ,       .      ,   -         .           ,    ,    ,     ,    ,    .

    (195361)     1932              ,      (196163),    (196369)          ,     ,   (   蠫  ,      ),      .

 , ,     60-         ,       ,     50-   1961       .  1965           ,  1973      ,              .

             ,   ,   ,           ?    50-            ,       , 6070-       ,    ,  ,   .



***

     ,   .

      .    ,    , , ,     ꠫ , ,   ,             .       ,           ,     .                    .  , ,          ,   ,   ,   ,        .          19-    20,           .             6070- .,    ,      ,    -  ,    .               .

      ,    . ,     [25 - Friedman and McGarvie, 2003, p.5.]. ,   (Clifford S. Griffin),  ,   (David J. Rothman),     ,     ,         . .      :    , 18001865 ( 1960.)               [26 - Clifford S. Griffin, Their Brothers Keepers: Moral Stewardship in the United States, 18001865. Rutgers University Press, 1960.      American Bible Society, American Tract Society, American Education Society, American Sunday School Union, American Anti-Slavery Society, American Peace Society American Society for the Promotion ofTemperance.]. .       (1971)    ,          [27 - David J. Rothman. The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic, Revised edition, Aldine Transaction, 2002.].

        ,                ,    ,         .        :    ,            ?

   砫           ,       .   60- .              ,                 .  1969,     ,        (,     ) American Historical Association (AHA),        .    .       ,      (Richard Hofstadter),   ,   ,   .         (Eugene Genovese)[28 - Rich Yeselson, What New Left History GaveUs, Democracy. The Journal ofIdeas, Issue #35, Winter 2015. http://www.democracyjournal.org/35/what-new-left-history-gave-us.php?page=all].

        ,       ,      50-,   ,    .

 60-       ,    - .  ,       ,    .       10   (John William Wright Patman), - ,     35, 1929   1976.

          20 ,     ,         .  1932                 .              3,6  1-      -     ,     1945.  1936,   ,   ,      (pop-and-mom stores)       .          .        60-          .

   - 195254, ,      ⠫ ,            ,      (IRS)     .  ,           .  1948   ,         ,     ,   ,    ,      .  -       - (.. feeder organizations),  ,  ,              .  1950                          ,  ,      -.    ,       .   ,            .          ,     ,    . ,             .

    ,      -,         ,   ,    .          -,            ,  ,   ,     ,     .

       1959,    ,    ,        ,     .     .  ,      ,     1200 ,  ,    ,    ⠫   ,       .        ,     [29 - Peter D. Hall, Inventing the Nonprofit Sector and Other Essays on Philanthropy, Voluntarism, and Nonprofit Organizations, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, pp. 7072.].



***

      ,  60-            ,          (196272)      .    ,     550  (45.    60- .)    (, ,  ..),    ,   ,  12   8  ,      [30 - .: Tax-Exempt Foundations  InCQ Almanac 1967, 23rd ed., 141141141143. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1968. http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/cqal67-1311376.- Patman Investigations  inJoseph Charles Kiger, Philanthropic Foundations in the Twentieth Century, Praeger, 2000p. 3139.].

     :         ;         ,     ,    ;             -        ;    ,            .

          ,      .          25 (    ).   : -,   ,    ;     ;     ;       ;           ; , ,    (self-dealing practices).

    ,    ,        ,     ,          .

  ,   ,     砫             .                   ,       .        ,     ,      (1956,   1959),       (1962) 蠫 :   , 19001916 (1963) .     ? (1967)[31 - Gabriel Kolko, Wealth and Power inAmerica: An Analysis ofSocial Class and Income Distribution, Praeger, 1962.Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph ofConservatism: AReinterpretation ofAmerican History, 19001916, The Free Press, 1963. G. William Domhoff Who Rules America? The Triumph of the Corporate Rich, McGraw-Hill, 1


ed. 1967, 7


 2013.].

 1968   (Ferdinand Lundberg), ,  ,      ,                :      [32 - Ferdinand Lundberg, The Rich and the Super-Rich: AStudy in the Power ofMoney Today, Lyle Stuart, 1968.].

         , ,        ,           ,    

, 1969           ,         ,  ,    ,          ,     ,    ,     ,    ,                 ,       .

    ,        ,    , ,   III ,       .                ,       ,   5%      ,         .

  ,  1975,    ,         1969,      ,           ,         IRS    .

        ,     ,         ,  ,    , .  1972   (Waldemar Nielsen),       (   )    (      ),       [33 - Waldemar Nielsen, The Big Foundations, Columbia University Press, 1973.  1985          The Golden Donors,       .].

       ,  ,  ,     ,    ,            .        ,     ,          ,      ,  ,  ,   ,     ,  .          ,     ,       ,     .

 70-      ,      .     1974         (Ben Whitaker) .   ,        . -           (arl Bakal)   -   (1979). , ,    ,  -                   ,    .               ,    [34 - Ben Whitaker, The Philanthropoids: Foundations and Society, Morrow, 1974; Carl Bakal, Charity U. S. A.: An Investigation Into the Hidden World of the Multi-Billion Dollar Charity Industry, Times Books, 1979.].



***

   , ,      , ,             ,   .         .

            III,   ,   ,           .

         ,    (195565),       (196567),            ,  Medicaid.

      ,  ,     ,  , -,          ,            , , -, , ,  ,     .

  1973   ,   ,       ,    ,   ,   196970               (Peter G. Peterson),   ,                    (John Filer),    .

   20      ,   ,     ,      .                   100    ,   ,   90 ,        .

      ,       (IRS),      ,                .  1975          :        ,   ,       .  1977       6,    ,         [35 -     : https://archives.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/2450/889/giving.pdf?sequence=1;      : https://archives.iupui.edu/handle/2450/807/browse?type=title].

           ,        .     ,        (        )  , ,    ,    ,   ,         ,    .           ,            , ,    ,          ,     .         ,    ,       .

, ,   ,       ,   ,   ,   , ,  .              .  III,   .         .       ,    ,     PONPO (Program On Nonprofit Organizations)  ,    [36 -             ,             ,     30 2015.].

    1978 .  III,           .  1980      Coalition ofNational Voluntary Organizations (CONVO) National Council on Philanthropy (NGOP)         Independent Sector.       ,     Β (Brian OConnell),     .

 ,           ,   PONPO ,    Independent Sector   ,    ARNOVA (Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action)        .  60-     (David Horton Smith),        (grassroots)  ,       .  1971              .          (Association ofVoluntary Action Scholars  AVAS).  1972      The Journal ofVoluntary Action Research.      ,        ,  1989    Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly (NVSQ),      1991       ARNOVA.       ,  ,   ,      ,     [37 - Philanthropy inAmerica: AComprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, in3volumes, Dwight F. Burlingame, editor, ABCCLIO, 2004, v.1, pp. 3536.   Philanthropy inAmerica: AComprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, 2004.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/fridrih-furman/filantropiya-v-amerike/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 ,      ()     Amazon.com,       On Philanthropy inAmerica: From the Colonial Era to the Present Day (Russian edition with English Summary and Table ofContents).




2


Charity, Philanthropy, and Civility inAmerican History, Lawrence J. Friedman, Mark D. McGarvie, editors, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 1.   Friedman and McGarvie, 2003.




3


Peter D. Hall, Teaching and Research on Philanthropy, Voluntarism and Nonprofit Organizations, Teachers College Records, Vol. 93, 3, Spring 1992, pp. 403435.http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/phall/Teachers_College_Record1.pdf




4


Peter D. Hall, The Work ofMany Hands: AResponse toStanley N. Katz on the Origins of the Serious Study ofPhilanthropy, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 4, Dec. 1999, p. 522534.




5


Peter D. Hall, The Work ofMany Hands, p. 522534, Note2.




6


    .  8        .




7


Douglas, Linder, The Trials ofAlger Hiss: ACommentary, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1027997.




8


Peter D. Hall, Philanthropy, the Welfare State, and the Transformation ofAmerican Public and Private Institutions, 19452000 http://presnick.people.si.umich.edu/courses/winter02/575/docs/DobkinHall.pdf




9


      ,               (David Caute) The Greate Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge under Truman and Eisenhower, Simon & Shuster, NY, 1978, 697pp.




10


    .  8        .




11


Peter D. Hall, Philanthropy and the Welfare State (19452000), 2000.




12


Merle Curti, The History ofPhilanthropy as aField ofResearch, The American Historical Review, Vol. 62, No. 2, Jan., 1957, pp. 352363, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1845188




13


Merle Curti, American Philanthropy and the National Character, American Quarterly Vol. 10, No. 4, Winter 1958, pp. 420437, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2710584




14


Merle Curti, American Philanthropy Abroad, 2


 ed., Transaction Publishers, 1988, 651pp.




15


W. K. Jordan, Philanthropy inEngland, 14801660: aStudy of the Changing Pattern ofEnglish Social Aspirations, George Allen & Unwin, 1959; David Owen, English Philanthropy, 16601960, Belknap press ofHarvard university press, 1964.




16


David Hammack, Waves ofHistorical Interest inPhilanthropy and Civil Society, HistPhil, June 24, 2015. http://histphil.org/2015/06/24/waves-of-historical-interest-in-philanthropy-and-civil-society/




17


Robert H. Bremner, From the Depths: The Discovery ofPoverty in the United States, New York University Press, 1956.




18


Alice OConnor, Robert Bremners From the Depths: An Appreciation, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Sept. 2003, vol. 32, no. 3, . 441443. http://nvs.sagepub.com/content/32/3/441.full.pdf+html




19


Robert Bremner, American Philanthropy, University ofChicago Press, 1960(1988).   American Philanthropy, 1988.




20


Daniel J. Boorstin, Editors Preface  inRobert Bremner American Philanthropy, 1988, pp. vvi.




21


Children and Youth inAmerica: ADocumentary History, 3vols, Robert H. Bremner, editor, Harvard University Press, 1970.




22


R.Bremner, The Public Good: Philanthropy and Welfare in the Civil War, Knopf, 1980.




23


R. Bremner, Giving: Charity and Philanthropy inHistory, Transaction Publishers, 1994.




24


             2003    ARNOVA: Robert Bremner and the Study ofPhilanthropy in the United States: Four Appraisals. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 3, September 2003439449.




25


Friedman and McGarvie, 2003, p.5.




26


Clifford S. Griffin, Their Brothers Keepers: Moral Stewardship in the United States, 18001865. Rutgers University Press, 1960.      American Bible Society, American Tract Society, American Education Society, American Sunday School Union, American Anti-Slavery Society, American Peace Society American Society for the Promotion ofTemperance.




27


David J. Rothman. The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic, Revised edition, Aldine Transaction, 2002.




28


Rich Yeselson, What New Left History GaveUs, Democracy. The Journal ofIdeas, Issue #35, Winter 2015. http://www.democracyjournal.org/35/what-new-left-history-gave-us.php?page=all




29


Peter D. Hall, Inventing the Nonprofit Sector and Other Essays on Philanthropy, Voluntarism, and Nonprofit Organizations, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, pp. 7072.




30


.: Tax-Exempt Foundations  InCQ Almanac 1967, 23rd ed., 141141141143. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1968. http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/cqal67-1311376.- Patman Investigations  inJoseph Charles Kiger, Philanthropic Foundations in the Twentieth Century, Praeger, 2000p. 3139.




31


Gabriel Kolko, Wealth and Power inAmerica: An Analysis ofSocial Class and Income Distribution, Praeger, 1962.Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph ofConservatism: AReinterpretation ofAmerican History, 19001916, The Free Press, 1963. G. William Domhoff Who Rules America? The Triumph of the Corporate Rich, McGraw-Hill, 1


ed. 1967, 7


 2013.




32


Ferdinand Lundberg, The Rich and the Super-Rich: AStudy in the Power ofMoney Today, Lyle Stuart, 1968.




33


Waldemar Nielsen, The Big Foundations, Columbia University Press, 1973.  1985          The Golden Donors,       .




34


Ben Whitaker, The Philanthropoids: Foundations and Society, Morrow, 1974; Carl Bakal, Charity U. S. A.: An Investigation Into the Hidden World of the Multi-Billion Dollar Charity Industry, Times Books, 1979.




35


    : https://archives.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/2450/889/giving.pdf?sequence=1;      : https://archives.iupui.edu/handle/2450/807/browse?type=title




36


            ,             ,     30 2015.




37


Philanthropy inAmerica: AComprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, in3volumes, Dwight F. Burlingame, editor, ABCCLIO, 2004, v.1, pp. 3536.   Philanthropy inAmerica: AComprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, 2004.


