. , ,  ,  
  


       
     ,       -,         .     2002.    .          , ,  ,         .    , ,  ,   ,      . 2- ,   .





 

. , ,  ,  





 . . , 2009

 - .    , 2009





   


         2002.       ,       1999.,        ,    ,     .        .      2006.,      ,     III  (    ),       .

      ,    ,  ,  , -  .    ,        .







        ,   .

. 

      :  ,   ,           ,     ;     ,        ,  ( ) .       .

,   ,    ()   .

   XX   ,      ,     .      (,   )           ,  mass-media (  )   [1 - Cohen S. Folk Devils and Moral Panics. St. Albans, 1973.]     .              .  , ,  ,       ,   .      :  ,  (exciting),    ?[2 - Peelo ., Soothill . (Eds.) Questioning Crime and Criminology. Willan Publishing. 2005. P. IX (    ,    . . .).]

         ,  ,   , , ,  ,      .  ,      ,            ,         .[3 - Pepinsky H.,Jesilov P. Myths that Cause Crime. Seven Locks Press, 1984; Albanese J. Myths and Realities of Crime and Justice. Third Edition. Apocalypse Publishing Co., 1990.]

       ,             ,     ,    ,       .        ,      .

     ,  ,       ,         ,       .     .  ,                    .      (. Mathiesen, N. Christie, L. Hulsman  .).[4 - Mathiesen . The Politics of Abolition. Essays in Political Action Theory // Scandinavian Studies in Criminology. Oslo/London, 1974; Christie N. Limits to Pain. Oxford, 1981 (. .:  H.  . ., 1985); Christie N. A Suitable Amount of Crime. NY. L., 2004 (. .:  H.   . ., 2006).]

 ,     ,        .

 ,     ,    .

  . ,   ,     .   ,   .        , .[5 -  .  . ., 1985;  .  . ., 1984;  .     . ., 1986;  .   . ., 1981; MilovanovicD. Postmodern Criminology. NY  L.: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1997.]

     XX.       ,       . ,           . ,              ,   ,      ,    .

        .       .      .          ,     (   )          ,       ,          ,          ?.      ,           ,    .          .



,         ,            ,     .      Max-Planck-Institut fur auslandisches und internationales Strafrecht (, ),                       -   .  ,           Max-Planck-Institut  .-.       2006.          ,       ,          .             .




 I

  





 1

  


There are many criminologies and many criminologists.[6 -       (    ,    . . .).]

R. Michalovskj




1.    


 (. crimen  , . , )       .            .

          : 1761.   .     ,               ,        .           1879.    1885.   .    . ,      ,         .       , ,      , ,  , ,    ..



    ,         , ,  XIX.   ,    ,       (, , ,    .)      (   .  17  1823.                18191820.,  .  9  1831.      ,  .    , 18711876. .).

         ,  .    :

    ;

 () ;

    ;

    ();

  ,    ( , , ,     ..)    (,  -   :  , ,  );

 ;

 ;     ()    (. victim  );

   ,    ,   (         ,  )   (,  );

    ;

     .

  ,    ,       ,             .

       ,      , ,  ,      , , ,    ..           .

       ,         .                 :  (),    . ,          ( ),     (    )        (   )   (    - ).         . ,         .              .      .      - ,           - .[7 -  / . . .   . . . ., 1997. . 22;  . . . ., 1999. . 29.] ,       .          ( ,          ,     ).

    :     ?      .    ,     (, , ).       ,   .   ,     ,          .[8 -  / . . .   . . . . 16.]




2.    


   ,     ,    ,          ,  ,  ,  . ,   , , ,       ,       (),       () .

   ,  ,  (deviance)     ,    ,    ()  ,            (, )   .    (deviant behavior) ,   ( ),            (, , )   .

    ,     (, ,   .)           ().[9 - .:  . :  , , ,    . 2- . ., 2007;       (XIXXX.):     / . . . ., 2000; Hagan J. Introduction to Criminology: Theories, Methods, and Criminal Behavior. Nelson-Hall, 1986. P. 6; Lanier M., Henry S. Essential Criminology. Westview Press, 1998. P. 8, 22; Siegel L. Criminology. 4th ed. West Publishing Co., 1992. P. 8; Walters R. Deviant Knowledge. Criminology, politics and policy. Willan Publishing, 2003.]       .             ;       .[10 - Muncie E., Mc Laughlin (Eds.) The Problem of Crime. SAGE Publications, 1996. P. 12; Schmalleger F. Criminology Today. New Jersey, 1996. P.8; Tierney J. Criminology: Theory and Context. Prentice Hall, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1996; Barak G. Integrating Criminologies. Allyn and Bacon, 1998. P. 22; Lanier M, Henry S. Op. cit. P. 8, 22; Robinson M. Why Crime? An integrated Systems Theory of antisocial Behavior. NY, 2004;  F. . . . 82.]     :   ()       .        ,  ,    ,  .     ,   ,         , , , ,   .,      ,      ,   ,    .

 ,    ,    :        ()  (  ,    ,        ).

           . ,        :   (,    ,   ,     ),    -  (    ).  ,        ,       ,    ,      ()    ,         .

    ,     ()        : , ,  ,  ,  ,  .            ,      .

   (  )         .

 (  . , .   .)          .             ,       . .[11 -  .:  . .     //  .    3. ., 2006. . 91124;       / . .   . . ., 1999.]

        .      (), , ,      .[12 - Forst . (Ed.). The Socio-Economics of Crime and Justice. M. E. Sharpe, Inc. 1993; Hagan J. Structural Criminology. NJ, 1989; Hester S., Eglin P. A Sociology of Crime. NY  L.: Routledge, 1992; Messerschmidt J. Crime as Structured Action: Gender, Race, Class, and Crime in the Making. SAGE, Inc. 1997; White R., Habibis D. Crime and Society. Oxford University Press, 2005.]

     ,     ,   , ,  ,     . ,          .[13 - Ferrell J., Sanders C. Cultural Criminology. Boston, 1995.]

        ,    .  ,            ( ),        .[14 -  . .,  P. .     (   ). , 1982;  .,  .,  .,  . -        (  . ). , 1981;  . .     (- ). ., 1998;  . .       . , 2005.]        (    ,    ..),    ,       ,  ,     .

       .   ,     ,        ,  ,   ,    (                      ,       [15 -  . . . ., 1994. . 219; Schneider . J. Kriminologie. Berlin-New York, 1987. S. 327358.])  ..

      ,  ,   , , .            (, )     .[16 -  . .    ,   . , 2006.]

,        ,   .    ,         .     (      . 5)                ,    .[17 - Barak G. Integrating Criminologies. Allyn and Bakon, 1998. P. 7, 298.]




3.   


      -    . ,          .

         ,  ,  ,     ()  .

          .       ,    .           . ,        -    . ,    ,     [18 - ., :  . . ; :  / . . . ., 2007.]        .

         (),      : ,  ,  ,  ,     .

   ,    ,    . . ,        .[19 -  . . :   . 2- . ., 2006. . 2832, 98102;     / . . . . ., 2003;   / . . . ., 2007.]

.          .  ,   1948.     .[20 - Von Hentig . The Criminal and his Victim. Studies in the Sociology of Crime. New Haven, CT, 1948.]   (1941.)         .        . ,    1947.          : .        . , . , . , . , . , .   .[21 - ., : Fattah E. Towards a Critical Victimology. Macmillan Press, 1992; Viano E. (Ed.) Crime and its Victims: International Research and Public Policy Issues. Hemisphere Publishing Co, 1989; Van Dijk J., van Kaam R., WemmersJ-A. (Eds.) Caring for Crime Victims: Selected Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Victimology. Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, NY, 1999; Sgarzi J., McDevitt J. (Eds.) Victimology: A Study of Crime Victims and Their Roles. NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003; Irk F. (Ed.) Victims and Opinions. Vol. 1, 2. Budapest, OKRI, 2004.]  1979.     (the World Society of Victimology).       .

     60- .     . . .[22 -  . .   . , 1972;  .       . , 1977.]    . . , . . , . . , . . , . .   .[23 -  .:  . .  . ., 1999;  . .,  . . . ., 2000; Gilinskiy Y., Ivanov L. Victimology in the USSR: Theoretical Approach and Empirical Research // Kaiser G., Kury H., Albrecht H-J. (Eds.) Victims and Criminal Justice. Freiburg in Br.: Max Planck Institute, 1991. P. 157178.]

 .    -   .        ,    .    ,           ,      :    ,    (),    ,        ,  , ,  , ,  ,  ,   ,  ..

     .      . .  (18741953),      :    (1930)       (19411948, 19601963).        . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . .   .[24 -  . M.      . ., 2003;  . .   . ., 1991;  . .    :  . , 1994;  . .  . ., 1991; .]

 .      .           .

    70- .  XX . ,            ,            .   ,         ( ,   . . )   .[25 -  . .  . ., 1996;  .   (). ., 2003; Gondolf . Psychiatry Response to Family Violence. D.  Toronto, 1991; Wallace H. Family Violence: Legal, Medical, and Social Perspectives. Allyn & Bacon, 1996.]

      ,      (. . , . . , . . ).[26 -  . .  : , , . , 2000;  .  : , , , ,   ,   ( ). , 2006.]

   (. . , . . , . .   .).

,                 (. . , . . , . . ).[27 -  . .    . ., 2001;  .      . ., 2002;  . .,  . .   . ., 2007.]

   ,            . ,        .




4.  


   (. ????????   ,  )    .

          ,   ,  ,   ,   ,      ,   .  ,      .[28 -  . .    . ., 1964. . 6.]          , ,   .[29 - ., :  . X.   . ., 1970. . 56.]      , ,   ( ) .

               ,  :

        ,       . ( );

           , ,    . ( );

    ,  ;

,    ,    .

        ,     , ,    ,        .          , ,      ,    .[30 -  .:  .      //       .    . -. , 1988. . 102110.]

    ( ,  . ).

             .       .          (. . ),   (. . ),           ,        .       (    )       () , , ,  ,     (. . , . X. ).     ,         ,    ,    () ,     (),   .[31 -  . .   . ., 1998. . 86.]               ,        ,     (    ).[32 -        Christie N. A Suitable Amount of Crime.]

     .      ,        ( ).

             ,[33 - ., :  . .    . ., 1980;  . .      // . 1981. 5. . 4956;  .,  .       //    :    / . . . ., 1996. . 115.]   ,  ,  ,  ,              .     (,      . . [34 -  . .    . , 1999. . 518525.])  ,       .[35 - Henry S., Milovanovic D. Constitutive Criminology: Beyond Postmodernism. SAGE, 1996; Milovanovic D. Postmodern Criminology, 1997.]

   ().        , , .

         .  ,  ,  ,        .     ,    ,       .[36 -  A. H.    . M., 1990. . 321.]  ,            .                  (:     ).       (,    ),     .          , , .          ( ),      .  ,               ..,    ,    ,     , .. ,        ,               .[37 - IIonnep .     . ., 1992. . 2. . 255256.]

  (. ).        ()    ,  .       contraria sunt complementa (   ):  ,          .

 ,      ,   .              (  ),         .  :           ,         .[38 -  .   . ., 1971. . 2. . 209.]      :           ,           ,                 ;     ,    ,     ,      ,  ,           .[39 -  . . 495.]

   ,      , , ,   . ,        ,   ,          ,        .[40 - . :  .    // .   . 1986. 1. . 55.]

,       : , ,[41 - .:  . . . .;  . .,  . .  :  - . , 1990.] ,  ( ,  , ),      (, ,  , ),   ()     ..        ;    .[42 -  . .   . ., 1974;  .  . , 1981;   :  . ., 1986;  . .     . ., 1972.]

,         .  ()           ,    ,  .[43 - ., :  . .  XX : ,    . 2- . ., 2005;  ., - .     :     //  XX . ., 2000. . 115176;    / . . . ., 2006.]       ,       .

  ,        ,   .

  ,       ,    ,    .          ,  , ,     ( :  , , -).   ,        , ,     ,    ,         .[44 -  . .   . . ., 1965. . 16.]    .    ,      ()        ()  ,  (, )  ,  ,   .

 ,    ,    .

       (, )       ,     ,    , .[45 -  . .      :  . ., 1998.]     .[46 -  . .,  . .        . ., 1974;  . .   . ., 1973;  . .  :   :  . ., 1998;  . .   :  . ., 1997;  . .    ,   . , 2006;  . .       . , 2005.]

    ,     ,             ,        ..           .




5.   


  XIX.        ( . , .   .)      ,     .      . ,   . , -  .  (    )  .

                 .     ,             ,   , ,   .[47 -  . .,  . .     : , , . ., 1991;  . .,  . .,  . .,  . .           . , 2004;  . .  . , 1981;  .   :  . ., 1986;  .      . ., 1990;  . .  : , , . , 1995.]         .

     ,   ,  ,   (,    ),   ,        ,        (,  ,   ..).

     .

       ,   .      , ,       ( ). ,               , ,          ,  ,    (),  (),  (),  (),  (, ),  (-, ),  (, )  . . ,        ,      ..

         .     ()     ,  , ,   .,          (        ,  ,  ,    .).      ()   ,   . ,             .[48 -   -87 / . . . ., 1993; Palermo G., White . Letters from Prison: A Cry For Justice. Charles  Thomas Publisher Ltd., 1998.]

      .     :   .          .

, ..    ()   ()     ,    (,  ),   ,       ..       (      ),      (    ,   ).

   ,       ,          ,       .

       (, face of face), , .

         (   . 2 . 2).    ,     ,        , ,     .[49 -     / . . . ., 1993; Morris R., Heffren . Street People Speak. Mosaic Press, 1988.]

    ,     .   ,       - .          -  (, ).    ,      . ,         , ,    ()   , ,  .

     .   ,    ,  , ,    .      ()     (,  ),   -           ,      .

    ,   .        ,   -,  .[50 - .:  . .     . ., 1993; Afanasyev V. Views on Social Problems among Influential Groups in St. Petersburg // Journalists, Administrators and Business People on Social Problems. Helsinki, 1998.]

   ,   ,  , ,        ,    .

   ,      ,      .           .

1.  (, , , )   .        ,   .

2. - (, ,  ,      ..)  ,   .     ,     .       ()    -   :






 n   -   ,     (%);

N        (%).



       .  . . > 1     ,  . . < 1   .         .  . .[51 -  .      -   //      .    . -. , 1985.]

3.  ()        :     ;  ,     ..   -  :       (  )   . ,       -     ,     -  ,       ,  .

4.  (  ,  ,    )     . ,  -    ,   ,    ,           (  ).       12  16 (    ,     ),       18  24.         .[52 -  .:  .,  . . .]

5.   ,    , , ,    .        .    , ,  , ..   ,             .[53 -  . .    ,   . , 2006;  . .     :   . , 2007;  . .        :  . . . ., 2007.]

6.          ,       ()        ,    ..      -     .[54 -          ( 4). ., 2002; Afanasyev V., Gilinskiy Y. Alcohol, Drugs and Crime in the St. Petersburg Press // Social Problems in Newspaper. Studies around the Baltic Sea. Helsinki, 1994. P. 5570; Gilinskiy Y. Police and the Community in Russia // Police Practice and Research. An International Journal. 2005. Vol. 6. 4. P. 331346.]




 2




    ,      .

. 




1.  


    . ,     ,    .

      ,      ,  -  (behavior which is prohibited by the criminal code),          ():  ( ,   ),   ( ,   , ,    )   (    ).[55 - Brown S., Esbensen F-A., Geis G. Criminology: Explaining Crime and its Context. Third Edition. Anderson Publishing Co., 1998. P. 1723; De Keseredy W., Schwartz M. Contemporary Criminology. Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1996. P. 3163; Lanier M., Henry S. Essential Criminology. 1998. P. 1335.]     :    ,          .[56 - White R., HabibisD. Crime and Society. P. 17.]

 ,         .    :   ;   ;   ;   ; ,  ;   ;  ;   ;  ;  ;   ;  ;  .[57 - Barak G. (1998). Op. cit. P. 22; Muncie J., McLaughlin E. (Eds.) (1996) Op. cit. P. 1217.]

           -   ,     ,        .[58 - ., :  / . . . , . . , . . . ., 1988. . 63.]      :    ,     ,         .       :    - ,    ,   ,    ,                 .[59 -  / . . . , . . . 1997. . 22.]      ,     :          ,  ,   ? ?         .

      -  :    ,             ,   ,    .[60 -  . .      //    . ., 1985. . 21;  .     //   . , 1979. . 34.]   ,  ,   ,         ,       ,       - .[61 -  . . :   . ., 2006. . 136.] ,   ,    ,     ,     .

     ,  . . :     ,            .[62 -  . . ,     . ., 2003. . 7.]

   ,            ?  , .     ,     ( , ,  , , )       : 1)  ,    2)    (nullum crimen sine lege         ).    .

,           ,  . ,      ,     . ,     (,    . 121   1960., , ,      . 209  )  () ,   (  . 173   1996.,    . 197  ).     ,     ( )   ,  , sui generis, per se.       (),  (:   ),    ,      :    ,    ,     ..            :    ,    ( ),      ,      ..

 ,        ,  ,    ,  ,         XX .[63 - Berger P, Luckmann . The Social Construction of Reality. NY, 1966.]            "".[64 -  .,  .   . ., 1995. . 11.]              (ex senatusconsultis et plebiscitis crimina exercentur        ),           ,      .[65 - Barkan S. Criminology: A Sociological Understanding. NJ, 1997; Caffrey S., Mundy C. (Eds.) The Sociology of Crime and Deviance. Greenwich University Press, 1995; De Keseredy W., Schwartz M. Op. cit. 1996. P. 4551; Hester S., Eglin P. (1992) Op. cit. P. 2746; MuncieJ., McLaughin E. (Eds.) The Problem of Crime. SAGE, 1996. P. 13.]        :[66 - Hess H., ScheererS. Was ist Kriminalitat? // Kriminologische Journal. 1997. Heft 2.]    ,   ,     .      ,        .      .

      . :       ,    .         .[67 - Hulsman L. Critical Criminology and the Concept of Crime // Contemporary Crisis. 1986. 10. P. 6380.]

   ,   ,  ,     ,     ,   .     ,   (invented) ,  . .[68 - Robinson M. Why Crime? An Integrated Systems Theory of antisocial Behavior. NJ, 2004. P. 2.]

.  ()   ,       .    ,    .[69 - Christie N. A suitable Amount of Crime. P. 1011.]  ,  ,  :    (crime does not exist).[70 - Ibid. P. 1.]



       ,   ?[71 - .: Hilliard P., Pantazis Ch., Tombs S., Gordon D. Beyond Criminology: Taking Harm Seriously. Pluto Press, Fernwood Publishing, 2004. P. 1118.]

-,     (. 11   Hilliard P., Pantazis Ch., Tombs S., Gordon D.).

-,      (. 11   ).

-,      (. 12).   ,  廠     ,   .        ,         .

-,   ( . . .)   ,    (. 13).        ,  ,    ..,   de jure  de facto   .

-,  "" (. 14).   (!)  ,       ,   ,    - ,    .

-,      (. 15).      (           -)  ,               .

-, "  "  (. 16).       . IV  ,      .

-,         (. 17).      ,       (  )   -              ,   ,      ,         ,    ,       .        . IV  .

, -, ""   ()   (. 17). ,                  .       ,  ,   (    ;  ,   ),      .          .          .       .

        ,            ()  .[72 - Maguire ., Morgan R., Reiner R. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press, 2007. P. 179337. . : Young J. The Vertigo of Late Modernity. SAGE Publications, 2007.]

,     (label),     ,  .        ,   .       ;   .[73 - Robinson M. Why Crime? An integrated Systems Theory of antisocial Behavior. NJ, 2004. P. 2.]

      (   80- . XX.)      (hate crimes), ..      (-, -, -  -, ,     ..),     .[74 - Jacobs J., Potter K. Hate Crimes: Criminal Law & Identity Politics. Oxford University Press, 1998.]    ("Hate crime" is a social construct)     ,   .                .[75 -  . . ,      //    . ., 2001. . 3965.]              . . .[76 -  . .      . , 2004.]

   ,       ,         .         ,   Marlboro,    ,   ,             , .   ,      ,    ,    , ,    ,      (      ,    ,              ..).  ,    , ,             ,     (   )   (     ).

     :

1.     ?

2.         ?

3.         ,     ,  ?

   1983. . , ,    ,   ,     ,  ,     ,         ,         - ,      .[77 -  . .   - . ., 1983. . 89.]

  ,           .[78 - ., :  .      //  :  . ., 1999. . 292306.]        ,  . ,   ,        ,  ,        , .    :    (     )     ,  ,     . ,  ,     ,       .    ,  ,  ,   .[79 - Schur E. Crimes Without Victims. Englewood Cliffs, 1965.]

  .        ()  (continuosis variable).          ,         16-  (0,2 )   (0,3 )   (52,8 )      ,      20  (72,1 ).[80 - Hagan J. Modern Criminology: Crime, Criminal Behavior and Its Control. NY, 1985.]   ,    ?..

 ,      ,  ,   , ,       ,  , 100%      (, ,       -  . 130  ,    -,     . 116  ,        . 198    ..?).        . ,       ,  91  100%  ,     ,      (   ,   ,   .).

              ,   ,       ,   ,   .

,   (    -)     (      )     .[81 -  .:  . ,      //    . ., 2001. . 3965.]          .   1917.   ,            ,  -    , , .    1919.     1922.    ,     ,    1926.        .      (       ).           -  ,  ,    ,        . ,  20-     .          ,    ,           .   1917.       ,           1922  1926.       1930. :    ,                    ,       .[82 -   . 1- . ., 1930. . 17. . 594598.]   1928.      .           .

             ,   .  30- .     ,  ,         .     .  1934.       (         3  8 ).  1936.     .           (  ,        !).       :                  ,         ,   .[83 -   . 2- . ., 1952. . 12. . 35.]  1934.          .     ,        .     ,           .[84 -  . .     . ., 1985. . 1729  .]

      , ,  ,       ,    :  (, )       , ,       .      . .    1976.  ,       ,  (  ,    ),     ,  (,    ).       :      ,     ,  ,   .   ,      ()   .

      ,     ,     .        ().[85 -  . .    . , 1976. . 37.]   , ,    .

        ,       (),    ,  (  ) ,     .[86 -  . . : , ,  ,  . ., 2002. . 37.]       :  ,        ,    .[87 - HaganJ. Modern Criminology: Crime, Criminal Behavior and its Control. NY, 1985. P. 49.] ,    ,        .

 ,   ,   ,    . ,     . .  ,    ,     . .   . .      ,  -  ,       .[88 - :   / . . . . ., 2006. . 4849.]         ,           .      ,      .      ,  (   ,       ).  -       .

      :

, ;

  ;     ;

         ( )       ,      ,    (,    ,    XX.,    ,       );

            .

, ,  , ,              ,   .

   .              ,   .[89 -  . .   . , 1969. . 66;  .      (- ). ., 1983.]       .        (),    () ,      .

   ,             ,   ,   , ,       +,     .     , ,  ,       (        ),   ,       (),    ,      

     ( ,   ),     ,   .                ,  ,      ,  .         .       ,  (   --     . , . , .   .).    ,   ,   ( ,  ,   ,   ,  , ,     .).         ,       ,  .       IV  .




2.   () 


            .          .[90 - Barkan S. (1997) Op. cit. P. 5183; Brown S., Esbensen F.-A., Geis G. (1998) Op. cit. P. 79124; De Keseredy W., Schwartz M. (1996) Op. cit. P. 109150; Lanier M., Henry S. (1998) Op. cit. P. 3662; Muncie J., McLaughlin E. (1996) Op. cit. P. 1941; Sheley J. (Ed.) Criminology: A Contemporary Handbook. Third Edition. Wadsworth, Thomson Learning, 2000. P. 5683; Tierney J. Criminology: Theory and Context. Prentice Hall, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1996. P. 2443.]      .

   ,        ,             ,    (   -).        . ,         (     ).       ;    . ,            .

 ,   ()     .          .       ()  ?     ,     ( ,   ,   ,  ,  ),    (        ,   ),    ( ,    ,      ),    (        ,  ,    ?).       ()      ,    :      ,    (street crimes)     , ,  (white-collar crime).    A. Liazos,     ,    (nuts, sluts and perverts).        nuts, sluts and perverts   ,      .

           .  ,     ,   ?

          .

 ,    (, ) .    ,     :    ,     ,     (      ).        ,     . ,         (Uniform Crime Reports  UCR),     , ,  , ,  (burglary        ),  (   $50),   . ,      (    ,   ,      200. ,  ,  ,     )   .[91 - ., : Polizeiliche Kriminalstatistlk Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Berichtsjahr 2004. Bundeskriminalamt Wiesbaden, 2005.] ,           ,    ( ,   ..).[92 - ., : The 2000 British Crime Survey // Home Office Statistical Bulletin. London, 2000. 18/00; Recorder Crime England and Wales, 12 months // Home Office Statistical Bulletin, 2001.]          [93 - : Newman G. (Ed.) Global Report on Crime and Justice. NY, 1999.]     (Home Office).[94 - : Barclay G., Tavares C. International comparisons of criminal justice statistics 2001 // Home Office Statistical Bulletin. Issue 12/03. 2003.]

      . ,       1987.      .          л   1990.      1961.,       1980.[95 -     . 1989. ., 1990.]           1991.,   1992.         .[96 - ., :    (20022006).  . ., 2007.]    1992.         1993.   .                .      ,  ,      ,    ,      ,  , ,  .

        ,          (victimohgical survey).      ()    ,                 (, , )    ,   .       (National Crime Victimization Survey  NCVS)       ,    ,    UCR  NCVS    .[97 - : Sheley J. Criminology. A Contemporary Handbook. Wadsworth, 2000. P. 6079.]

 ,       ()  ,           (     ). , ,         ,    ,       .           -,       1989.,   1999.   ,   .[98 -    : Afanasyev V., Gilinskij Y., Colbert V. Social Changes and Crime in St. Petersburg // Ewald U. (Ed.) Social Transformation and Crime in Metropolises of Former Eastern Bloc Countries. Bonn: Forum Verlag Godesberg, 1997. P. 162181; Gilinskiy Y. Police and the Community in Russia // Police Practice and Research. An International Journal. Vol. 6. N 4. 2005. P. 331346;         . ., 1999;          (-2). ., 2000;          (-3). ., 2001;          ( 4). ., 2002.]

        (self-report survey).           ,    -        .    ,        (     ,      -   90- .).

      ,      (     ,        ..). ,        (National Survey of Youth),     .

       ?

     ,        .

,       2006.  3 855 373 .

    ,        ,    -      (     100. ,      10.,   1. ).      100. ,      (    14 ).

   100.     :






    ;

n          ;

N    (      14 )    .



,   ,       2006.  3 855 373 .         143 400. .    ()  2006.    ( 100.  ):

3 855 373 ? 100 000: 143 400 000 = 2696,1 (    2700,7).

  (   )         .

         ( 2006.    43,5%    ,     10,8%,   0,7%,     2,3%,   0,4%, ,     , 5,5%,    36,8%[99 -    (20022006).  . ., 2007. . 11.]),   -  ,   ( 2006.     15,1%,   84,9%;    10,9%,     18  29   45,5%,    43,6%;    20,3%,   4,7%,     0,6%,     8,3%,       59,6%,   6,2%[100 - . . 20.]),    .

             (,        43,5%,      15,1%).

      (, , )  . ,    ( 100.  )    1994  2006.: 1994. 1778,9; 1995. 1862,7; 1996. 1778,4; 1997. 1629,3; 1998. 1759,5; 1999. 2051,4; 2000. 2028,3; 2001. 2039,2; 2002. 1754,9; 2003. 1926,2; 2004. 2007,2; 2005. 2477,6; 2006. 2700,7.

 .             ,   , ,  :   ( ,          ,           100. );    (       );    (  -     ,  ,       );    (    );   (   -            )  ,    ,    ,     .[101 -  .:  . .   .  /, 1990. . 5874;  . .   . ., 1977. . 3744; :  . ., 1997. . 2326,4799;  . .   . ., 1995.]           .

,   ,  .    .        ,  , , , , ,    .., ..          ;        .             ,     .




3.  


 ,     (. dark number, . dunkel Ziffer  )    .    .

     -  ( ,     ,   ),             ,      ,  , .  , ,        ,       ,     ,    .       ,         (, ,  2006.    10 461 647    ,  3 855 373 ,  ,  , 1 360 860,   ,    , 909 921 ).

    ,   :

 : ,  ,   .

    ,        . ,      -,  2000.      73%  .    :         軠  52% (   ),      32%,       31%,     34% (   100%,      ).      ,      (  ,       .).

 :       ,     .

         .         ,    ,   (  ,    , ),       . ,         1983.  1983.      .           (       !)      .  ,       ,   1983.        21,8%    1982. (    ,  1983.     1966.  18,1%,      5%).   90- .  1994.        .     .     .

-,   .        4046% (1988.:    40,3%,    32,0,    45,8%).       9095% (1980. 95,4%, 1982. 95,9, 1984. 90,2%)  ,  .    46,9%     1992.,       .  ,   1993. (50,6%),  75,6%  2000.           , ,     .

-,       -,       19941997.,       ,   ( 1991. 12% ,  1994. 26,  1999. 27%).

-,   ,            ,     ,  ()    . ,   (  %)          : , ,   0,010,03%,  , , ,   0,060,07%,  , , ,   0,120,23%  ..     19851992.    0,700,85%    1993.     1,04%,   1994.  1,2%, .. 1,6  (          1%).          .[102 -  .:  . .        ? //   . 2001. 1. . 4762;  . . (2005) . . . 280293.]

     , .     ,      . ,           ,      .          .

    ,              ,      .

          .[103 -  .:  . .    :     . ., 1994;  . . . . 124146.]       .     ,                     .                 2002.:   1,17;       1,18;   2,45;   4,08;   4,21;   1,52;   1,36;   2,99;   3,81;   3,45;      17,82;    10,13;  ,         107,06;      70,73.[104 -       20012002. ( ). ., 2004.] ,    ,    .   ,      23,    . .    4  ,  .

       , ,  . ,   , ,           ,      .

            , .




 3

    


Everybody does it![105 -   !]

. Gabor




1.    


        ,    ,         ,        ,  ,        .   ,        ,  ,  ,         .  ,    ,    ,    .

            . .       .[106 -  . .  XX : ,    . 2- . ., 2005.]          .

    ,      XX      (   100. )   .          ,    ,     (. 3.1).

,                  .   :                ?

 ,  ,  :        .



 3.1

       






   90- .       ,                .[107 -  . .  XX : ,    . 2- . ., 2005. . 3546; Barclay G., Tavares . International Comparisons of Criminal Justice Statistics 2001 // Home Office Statistical Bulletin, 2003. Issue 12/03; Shaw M., van Dijk J., Rhomberg W. Determining Trends in Global Crime and Justice: An Overview of Results from the United Nations Surveys of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice System // Forum on Crime and Society. Vol. 3. 12, 2003. NY, 2004. P. 3563.]

,     20002001.       (-7%),  (-3%),  (-6%),  (-2%),  (-4%),  (-4%),  (-6%),  (-8%),  (-2%).     1980, 1993, 2000.      , :   8282, 12 084, 9451;   4873, 8337, 7621;   8804, 11 447, 8041.           .

            (, ,   .).            (, ).

     ( 100. )      2500  1980.  3100  2000.;     8900  1991.  6000  2000.;        5000  1980.  6200  1994.  ,   6000  1998.     6200  2000.;          : 2200  1980., 2000  1984.,   3000  1989, 19931994.,   2800  1997.,   3500  19981999.    2000.

            .       ,  .

           . ,     19802000.    68     100.      1989. 19921994.       2326        .            1721     (  21  1989.,  2000. 17).        (23)      (22,5).              ,           .[108 - Shaw ., van Dijk J., Rhomberg W. Op. cit. P. 48.]

     . 3.2.

       robbery  ,      ,         .         40 ( 100. )  1980.  65  2000.,     .           (      30  70).      (): 175  1980., 149  1985., 190  1991., 125  1999. 135  2000.         ,     :            ,       ,   .[109 - Ibid. P. 51.]

       .

  ,      19992002. -        26%,    2000. 18%,    2000. 20,5%.[110 -         . ., 2002.]

    17  (2000.) ,        24%   ,   ,   , 2024%   , , , , ,   ,  20%   ,  (), , ,    .[111 - Bondeson U. (Ed.) Crime and Justice in Scandinavia. Copenhagen, 2005. P. 146.]             . , ,         (1,8%),       ( 1,2%),        (0,1%);      , ,    ( 6%),    ,  ( 1%).         , ,     ,     ,  ,   .



 3.2

  (100. )       (19842001)




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/yakov-ilich-gilinski/kriminologiya-teoriya-istoriya-empiricheskaya-baza-so/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Cohen S. Folk Devils and Moral Panics. St. Albans, 1973.




2


Peelo ., Soothill . (Eds.) Questioning Crime and Criminology. Willan Publishing. 2005. P. IX (    ,    . . .).




3


Pepinsky H.,Jesilov P. Myths that Cause Crime. Seven Locks Press, 1984; Albanese J. Myths and Realities of Crime and Justice. Third Edition. Apocalypse Publishing Co., 1990.




4


Mathiesen . The Politics of Abolition. Essays in Political Action Theory // Scandinavian Studies in Criminology. Oslo/London, 1974; Christie N. Limits to Pain. Oxford, 1981 (. .:  H.  . ., 1985); Christie N. A Suitable Amount of Crime. NY. L., 2004 (. .:  H.   . ., 2006).




5


 .  . ., 1985;  .  . ., 1984;  .     . ., 1986;  .   . ., 1981; MilovanovicD. Postmodern Criminology. NY  L.: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1997.




6


      (    ,    . . .).




7


 / . . .   . . . ., 1997. . 22;  . . . ., 1999. . 29.




8


 / . . .   . . . . 16.




9


.:  . :  , , ,    . 2- . ., 2007;       (XIXXX.):     / . . . ., 2000; Hagan J. Introduction to Criminology: Theories, Methods, and Criminal Behavior. Nelson-Hall, 1986. P. 6; Lanier M., Henry S. Essential Criminology. Westview Press, 1998. P. 8, 22; Siegel L. Criminology. 4th ed. West Publishing Co., 1992. P. 8; Walters R. Deviant Knowledge. Criminology, politics and policy. Willan Publishing, 2003.




10


Muncie E., Mc Laughlin (Eds.) The Problem of Crime. SAGE Publications, 1996. P. 12; Schmalleger F. Criminology Today. New Jersey, 1996. P.8; Tierney J. Criminology: Theory and Context. Prentice Hall, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1996; Barak G. Integrating Criminologies. Allyn and Bacon, 1998. P. 22; Lanier M, Henry S. Op. cit. P. 8, 22; Robinson M. Why Crime? An integrated Systems Theory of antisocial Behavior. NY, 2004;  F. . . . 82.




11


 .:  . .     //  .    3. ., 2006. . 91124;       / . .   . . ., 1999.




12


Forst . (Ed.). The Socio-Economics of Crime and Justice. M. E. Sharpe, Inc. 1993; Hagan J. Structural Criminology. NJ, 1989; Hester S., Eglin P. A Sociology of Crime. NY  L.: Routledge, 1992; Messerschmidt J. Crime as Structured Action: Gender, Race, Class, and Crime in the Making. SAGE, Inc. 1997; White R., Habibis D. Crime and Society. Oxford University Press, 2005.




13


Ferrell J., Sanders C. Cultural Criminology. Boston, 1995.




14


 . .,  P. .     (   ). , 1982;  .,  .,  .,  . -        (  . ). , 1981;  . .     (- ). ., 1998;  . .       . , 2005.




15


 . . . ., 1994. . 219; Schneider . J. Kriminologie. Berlin-New York, 1987. S. 327358.




16


 . .    ,   . , 2006.




17


Barak G. Integrating Criminologies. Allyn and Bakon, 1998. P. 7, 298.




18


., :  . . ; :  / . . . ., 2007.




19


 . . :   . 2- . ., 2006. . 2832, 98102;     / . . . . ., 2003;   / . . . ., 2007.




20


Von Hentig . The Criminal and his Victim. Studies in the Sociology of Crime. New Haven, CT, 1948.




21


., : Fattah E. Towards a Critical Victimology. Macmillan Press, 1992; Viano E. (Ed.) Crime and its Victims: International Research and Public Policy Issues. Hemisphere Publishing Co, 1989; Van Dijk J., van Kaam R., WemmersJ-A. (Eds.) Caring for Crime Victims: Selected Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Victimology. Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, NY, 1999; Sgarzi J., McDevitt J. (Eds.) Victimology: A Study of Crime Victims and Their Roles. NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003; Irk F. (Ed.) Victims and Opinions. Vol. 1, 2. Budapest, OKRI, 2004.




22


 . .   . , 1972;  .       . , 1977.




23


 .:  . .  . ., 1999;  . .,  . . . ., 2000; Gilinskiy Y., Ivanov L. Victimology in the USSR: Theoretical Approach and Empirical Research // Kaiser G., Kury H., Albrecht H-J. (Eds.) Victims and Criminal Justice. Freiburg in Br.: Max Planck Institute, 1991. P. 157178.




24


 . M.      . ., 2003;  . .   . ., 1991;  . .    :  . , 1994;  . .  . ., 1991; .




25


 . .  . ., 1996;  .   (). ., 2003; Gondolf . Psychiatry Response to Family Violence. D.  Toronto, 1991; Wallace H. Family Violence: Legal, Medical, and Social Perspectives. Allyn & Bacon, 1996.




26


 . .  : , , . , 2000;  .  : , , , ,   ,   ( ). , 2006.




27


 . .    . ., 2001;  .      . ., 2002;  . .,  . .   . ., 2007.




28


 . .    . ., 1964. . 6.




29


., :  . X.   . ., 1970. . 56.




30


 .:  .      //       .    . -. , 1988. . 102110.




31


 . .   . ., 1998. . 86.




32


       Christie N. A Suitable Amount of Crime.




33


., :  . .    . ., 1980;  . .      // . 1981. 5. . 4956;  .,  .       //    :    / . . . ., 1996. . 115.




34


 . .    . , 1999. . 518525.




35


Henry S., Milovanovic D. Constitutive Criminology: Beyond Postmodernism. SAGE, 1996; Milovanovic D. Postmodern Criminology, 1997.




36


 A. H.    . M., 1990. . 321.




37


IIonnep .     . ., 1992. . 2. . 255256.




38


 .   . ., 1971. . 2. . 209.




39


 . . 495.




40


. :  .    // .   . 1986. 1. . 55.




41


.:  . . . .;  . .,  . .  :  - . , 1990.




42


 . .   . ., 1974;  .  . , 1981;   :  . ., 1986;  . .     . ., 1972.




43


., :  . .  XX : ,    . 2- . ., 2005;  ., - .     :     //  XX . ., 2000. . 115176;    / . . . ., 2006.




44


 . .   . . ., 1965. . 16.




45


 . .      :  . ., 1998.




46


 . .,  . .        . ., 1974;  . .   . ., 1973;  . .  :   :  . ., 1998;  . .   :  . ., 1997;  . .    ,   . , 2006;  . .       . , 2005.




47


 . .,  . .     : , , . ., 1991;  . .,  . .,  . .,  . .           . , 2004;  . .  . , 1981;  .   :  . ., 1986;  .      . ., 1990;  . .  : , , . , 1995.




48


  -87 / . . . ., 1993; Palermo G., White . Letters from Prison: A Cry For Justice. Charles  Thomas Publisher Ltd., 1998.




49


    / . . . ., 1993; Morris R., Heffren . Street People Speak. Mosaic Press, 1988.




50


.:  . .     . ., 1993; Afanasyev V. Views on Social Problems among Influential Groups in St. Petersburg // Journalists, Administrators and Business People on Social Problems. Helsinki, 1998.




51


 .      -   //      .    . -. , 1985.




52


 .:  .,  . . .




53


 . .    ,   . , 2006;  . .     :   . , 2007;  . .        :  . . . ., 2007.




54


         ( 4). ., 2002; Afanasyev V., Gilinskiy Y. Alcohol, Drugs and Crime in the St. Petersburg Press // Social Problems in Newspaper. Studies around the Baltic Sea. Helsinki, 1994. P. 5570; Gilinskiy Y. Police and the Community in Russia // Police Practice and Research. An International Journal. 2005. Vol. 6. 4. P. 331346.




55


Brown S., Esbensen F-A., Geis G. Criminology: Explaining Crime and its Context. Third Edition. Anderson Publishing Co., 1998. P. 1723; De Keseredy W., Schwartz M. Contemporary Criminology. Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1996. P. 3163; Lanier M., Henry S. Essential Criminology. 1998. P. 1335.




56


White R., HabibisD. Crime and Society. P. 17.




57


Barak G. (1998). Op. cit. P. 22; Muncie J., McLaughlin E. (Eds.) (1996) Op. cit. P. 1217.




58


., :  / . . . , . . , . . . ., 1988. . 63.




59


 / . . . , . . . 1997. . 22.




60


 . .      //    . ., 1985. . 21;  .     //   . , 1979. . 34.




61


 . . :   . ., 2006. . 136.




62


 . . ,     . ., 2003. . 7.




63


Berger P, Luckmann . The Social Construction of Reality. NY, 1966.




64


 .,  .   . ., 1995. . 11.




65


Barkan S. Criminology: A Sociological Understanding. NJ, 1997; Caffrey S., Mundy C. (Eds.) The Sociology of Crime and Deviance. Greenwich University Press, 1995; De Keseredy W., Schwartz M. Op. cit. 1996. P. 4551; Hester S., Eglin P. (1992) Op. cit. P. 2746; MuncieJ., McLaughin E. (Eds.) The Problem of Crime. SAGE, 1996. P. 13.




66


Hess H., ScheererS. Was ist Kriminalitat? // Kriminologische Journal. 1997. Heft 2.




67


Hulsman L. Critical Criminology and the Concept of Crime // Contemporary Crisis. 1986. 10. P. 6380.




68


Robinson M. Why Crime? An Integrated Systems Theory of antisocial Behavior. NJ, 2004. P. 2.




69


Christie N. A suitable Amount of Crime. P. 1011.




70


Ibid. P. 1.




71


.: Hilliard P., Pantazis Ch., Tombs S., Gordon D. Beyond Criminology: Taking Harm Seriously. Pluto Press, Fernwood Publishing, 2004. P. 1118.




72


Maguire ., Morgan R., Reiner R. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press, 2007. P. 179337. . : Young J. The Vertigo of Late Modernity. SAGE Publications, 2007.




73


Robinson M. Why Crime? An integrated Systems Theory of antisocial Behavior. NJ, 2004. P. 2.




74


Jacobs J., Potter K. Hate Crimes: Criminal Law & Identity Politics. Oxford University Press, 1998.




75


 . . ,      //    . ., 2001. . 3965.




76


 . .      . , 2004.




77


 . .   - . ., 1983. . 89.




78


., :  .      //  :  . ., 1999. . 292306.




79


Schur E. Crimes Without Victims. Englewood Cliffs, 1965.




80


Hagan J. Modern Criminology: Crime, Criminal Behavior and Its Control. NY, 1985.




81


 .:  . ,      //    . ., 2001. . 3965.




82


  . 1- . ., 1930. . 17. . 594598.




83


  . 2- . ., 1952. . 12. . 35.




84


 . .     . ., 1985. . 1729  .




85


 . .    . , 1976. . 37.




86


 . . : , ,  ,  . ., 2002. . 37.




87


HaganJ. Modern Criminology: Crime, Criminal Behavior and its Control. NY, 1985. P. 49.




88


:   / . . . . ., 2006. . 4849.




89


 . .   . , 1969. . 66;  .      (- ). ., 1983.




90


Barkan S. (1997) Op. cit. P. 5183; Brown S., Esbensen F.-A., Geis G. (1998) Op. cit. P. 79124; De Keseredy W., Schwartz M. (1996) Op. cit. P. 109150; Lanier M., Henry S. (1998) Op. cit. P. 3662; Muncie J., McLaughlin E. (1996) Op. cit. P. 1941; Sheley J. (Ed.) Criminology: A Contemporary Handbook. Third Edition. Wadsworth, Thomson Learning, 2000. P. 5683; Tierney J. Criminology: Theory and Context. Prentice Hall, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1996. P. 2443.




91


., : Polizeiliche Kriminalstatistlk Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Berichtsjahr 2004. Bundeskriminalamt Wiesbaden, 2005.




92


., : The 2000 British Crime Survey // Home Office Statistical Bulletin. London, 2000. 18/00; Recorder Crime England and Wales, 12 months // Home Office Statistical Bulletin, 2001.




93


: Newman G. (Ed.) Global Report on Crime and Justice. NY, 1999.




94


: Barclay G., Tavares C. International comparisons of criminal justice statistics 2001 // Home Office Statistical Bulletin. Issue 12/03. 2003.




95


    . 1989. ., 1990.




96


., :    (20022006).  . ., 2007.




97


: Sheley J. Criminology. A Contemporary Handbook. Wadsworth, 2000. P. 6079.




98


   : Afanasyev V., Gilinskij Y., Colbert V. Social Changes and Crime in St. Petersburg // Ewald U. (Ed.) Social Transformation and Crime in Metropolises of Former Eastern Bloc Countries. Bonn: Forum Verlag Godesberg, 1997. P. 162181; Gilinskiy Y. Police and the Community in Russia // Police Practice and Research. An International Journal. Vol. 6. N 4. 2005. P. 331346;         . ., 1999;          (-2). ., 2000;          (-3). ., 2001;          ( 4). ., 2002.




99


   (20022006).  . ., 2007. . 11.




100


. . 20.




101


 .:  . .   .  /, 1990. . 5874;  . .   . ., 1977. . 3744; :  . ., 1997. . 2326,4799;  . .   . ., 1995.




102


 .:  . .        ? //   . 2001. 1. . 4762;  . . (2005) . . . 280293.




103


 .:  . .    :     . ., 1994;  . . . . 124146.




104


      20012002. ( ). ., 2004.




105


  !




106


 . .  XX : ,    . 2- . ., 2005.




107


 . .  XX : ,    . 2- . ., 2005. . 3546; Barclay G., Tavares . International Comparisons of Criminal Justice Statistics 2001 // Home Office Statistical Bulletin, 2003. Issue 12/03; Shaw M., van Dijk J., Rhomberg W. Determining Trends in Global Crime and Justice: An Overview of Results from the United Nations Surveys of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice System // Forum on Crime and Society. Vol. 3. 12, 2003. NY, 2004. P. 3563.




108


Shaw ., van Dijk J., Rhomberg W. Op. cit. P. 48.




109


Ibid. P. 51.




110


        . ., 2002.




111


Bondeson U. (Ed.) Crime and Justice in Scandinavia. Copenhagen, 2005. P. 146.


