     :  . 
  


                ,       .                                ,         .                ,         -     .





.. 

     .  









[ ] ebooks@prospekt.org




 


          -    ,            .              ,        .

             .             ,   ,           . ,  ,             ,          ,      .

     ,            ,   .          ,    ,       .  ,            ,  ,            ,     ,         .

 ,      ,        ,        ,        .     -        -        .

  -      ,      ,     . . .  ,                


. . .    ,             


. . . - ,            ,   


. . .     ,            


. . .  ,                          


.

             .           . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . .   


.

       ,          .             .         . . ,              ,           


.        . . , . . , . . , . .   


.

                        .  , ,      ,      ,                   .  -            ,                ,                    ,    


.

      - ,   ,  ,     ,     ,   .           ,             .

            ,    ,            ,     .

,        ,     ,   . ,   ,              ,  ,          -  - ,    .

         ,           .           ,   ,    ,     ,       ,     -   .

                     ,   ,        .     ,              .

      ,            ,               ,              .                - ,          ,   ,    ,     ,     .

 ,                 .      ,           ,    ,                  ,    .           ,       .    ,            ,       ,      .

 ,     ,   ,          ,        ,       ,         .      ,            ,            ,          .

,

31  2013 




 1

         



Upon this point a page of history is worth a volume of logic.

Mr. Justice Holmes







1.      


          ,      .       , ,             ,         (common law),         .     ,            ,     -         


.           ,      ,                .

                    ,     ,   ,    ,              


.              ,      ,      ,   .

            ,       ,               


.            -    .            ,     (present estates),     (future interests),       ,            .

 ,    ,  ,        . ,   ,  ,      :  :   ,      ,     ,     . :  . : 


.                 ,              (private property)


, ,    ,     ,               


.

  ,                 . ,    (occupation theory),                    


.   (labor theory)   ,         , ,            ,            


.   (contract theory)   ,            ,   ,            


.    (natural rights theory)


      ,        ,        . ,       (social utility theory),     ,       ,              


.

           (economic theory of property),           ,        .       ,   ,     ,       


,        ,   ,        ,        


.       ,     .   (universality)   ,      (   )  - ,     .   (exclusivity)    ,   ,   ,       ,    ,    ,       ,       . ,   (transferability)     ,        ,             


.

         ,           ,        ,   ,        ,          


.

                   (Restatement of Property)  ,          ,  ,     ,       


.             ,                . ,     ,     ,   ,     ,       (valued resources)


.      ,       , ,            ,  ,     ,      


.     ,       ,     ,    ,   ,      ,   - 


.

              ,    ,        ,       ,   ,         ,     


.            ,      -       .

         ,      4     (basic legal relations)    .  ,   ,      (set of correlative terms):  (right)  (duty);  (privilege)   (absence of right);  (power)  (liability);  (immunity)  (disability)


.      


,                


.

   ,            ,      .    ,    ,    ,             , ,   


.     ,   ,    ,   -    


.  ,    ,                 .        ,            


,         (     )        ,  ,  ,   .

  ,                ,              (bundle of sticks)


,        :   (right to use);  ,    (right to possess)       (right to exclude others);    (right to alienate)  


.     ,    : ,         ,        ,         


.

  ,               


.     ,            ,  ,     ,            ,       


.             ,      ,          


.

   ,            ,                .      ,          :     ,  ,   .               ,    ,    .

             ,            , , ,      (right to use)


.         -  nuisance


,        , , ,  ,     , ,    


.        nuisance      ,    trespass,         (right to possess)        (the right to exclude)


.

            :  ,     ,      -   ,   nuisance,           trespass


.

      ,            


.  ,           (visibility)


.  , , ,        ,     ,       trespass,    nuisance


.

                    ,           .

       ,    ,     ,         .

,         ,    ,    .       


.         ,          ,     ,     ,              


.

,      ,     ,     (    ,        ),        ,           ,        


.

               ,    ,            


.      ,           ,         ,        ,     ,      ,        ,        


.

                    (right to possess)        (right to exclude)


.        ,              


.                      


.       .                                   ,      


. ,     -           ,                


. ,  ,           


.

  ,               


.           ,    ,  ,    ,                     ,      


.

 ,       (trespass)      -     .                  ,             


. ,        ,     ,      


.

             ,       (trespass is privileged),  


:  -     ,    (entry with the consent of owner),     (easements);   ,    (necessity)   ,       ,    ;    ,   ,       ,  ,       ;      


   .

   ,       ,     ,    ,        ,           ,               


.

 , ,      ,           ,       ,   ,        .

    nuisance,            .     ,   ,     ,         (remedies):     (property rules);     (liability rules)       (inalienability rules)


.

        (injunction),       (,   ,       ).            (damages) (           ,         ,      ,    )


. ,           ,    :            ,       (,       ,       ),       (  )     


.

    ,          ,     ,        , , ,   -  ,         ,     


.      ,    (American Law Institute)               (Restatement (Second) of Torts).     .

-,             (     ). -,      (        )   ,       ,  ,         . , -,         ,  ,  , ,    ,             


.

    (temporaty nuisance)   (permanent nuisance)   ,    .         ,       ,     ,        .             .    (/ )   ,           ( ;     ..)           


.

  ,  ,             .

          


   ,      ,    .     ,                  .        ,     ,       .

,       , ,    ,      ,        (encroachment),               ,      


.

             (good faith improvement),                 .              ,            ,      .      (unjust enrichment)    (good faith improver) ,  ,  ,       


.

   trespass,       nuisance,         .

 ,     .  ,         ?        :               (nominal damage).     (actual damage)        .          (compensatory damages),       .  ,       , ,           


.

,          ,      ,     .

 ,           


,         .

                   .  ,   ,          ,   -    


.

   ,    ,   ,   ,    ,    ,        ,      ,   ,                  


.

           ,       ,     ,      ,        .                .




2.            


     ,                ,         .   ,          ,         - .    . . ,            ,         


.       ,   ,              ,      ,     .

       ,        -   


.          1066.    ,   ,     ,        , ,            ,         


.

 ,            ,        ,               -  ,    XII 


.              (     )     -, -   ,    .

       ,        ,    (commendation)     (owner)   ,          ,     


. ,   ,            ,        .       ( ,    ),       ,               .

       ,    ,     ,    ,   ,  .        ,                      


.

    (sell)    (give)    ,      (feudal tenure),         , ,    ,    (tenants)  .      ,        (hold the land of the king). ,                 ,   ,       ,  


.

    1086.  20           , ,    ,      (The Doomsday Book).        ,       ,        ,     


.

    ,     ,              ,    (tenants in chief)       ,   


.     ,     ,  ,  ,   (sub-tenures)             .

       (      subinfeudation),        1290.    ,   Quia Emptores,          


. ,  ,   ,        ,            ,      


.

   ,    ( ,   ,  ,     ),          ,   .        ,    ,      (service)   (incidents).    ,  ,          ,              .              ,        ,     ,     


.

           ,           ,      ,     ,    


.      ,            - ,              . ,  ,   ,  ,    ,        ,          ,   


.

           ,           ,      


.

   ,        ,     ,               (           ),      (free tenure)   (unfree tenure).

       ,  -      


.   ,      - ,    :                  .

   ,          ,     .   :   (knight service);        (socage);            (frankalmoign,  frankalmoin) , ,    (serjeanty)


.

,  ,    ,       ,    ,       ,     .                .

 ,        ,            40-    


.

           ,           ,         ,    ,      


.

      ,         .               ,            ,     


.

   , ,    ,  ()


,              .          ,    ,    ,      


.

,     ,   ,    .

        4 :    (homage);     ,    (fealty)


;      ,    (,     ) (aids);           ( ,           ,        ) (forfeiture)


.

         .      4  :        (     ) (escheat);         (relief)


;    ,        ,     :   (wardship),   ,           (, )     21 


;     (marriage)     ,        .        ,          


.

 ,       ,       .        ()   .    ,     ,      ,     (demesne lands). ,          ,    ,    .

           ,      (villeins).      (surfs),  ,     ,     .      ,   ,         ,       (life and limb)


.      ,    ,       ,  (   )    (manorial courts).   ,       ,      ,     


.

XIV.          .    (13481349),      ,    ,         


.

            ,       .        ,                 ,    .      ,         .        (copyhold tenures),       .  ,   ,             (surrender)       (admittance).        ,     ,         


.

 ,                     (landlord-tenant law),      - 


.  ,      ,              ,  ,    .

            (landlords)   (tenants)  ,       (usury)     .      ,   ,      ,   (  )    ,        ,    ,   (    


)    


.    ,  ,    ,    - ,     ,             ,        


.

   XVI           - ,             (paradigm tenant)   ,   


.                                (commercial lease).           ,          


.

       ,  ,        ,    ,  ,   ,     ,     


.  ,               ,      (residential lease),          ,      


.

 ,    (nonfreehold estates, leasehold estates


)    ,       ,    ,       ,        


.

,    ,       .       ,       Quia Emptores          (free alienation).           (estate).

     ,             


:    (the life estate);        (the fee tail);     (the fee simple,  fee simple absolute)


.  ,                 ,    .    ,  ,  ,    ,      , ,  ,   (future interests)


.

  ,     - ,    ,         ,   ,    .        .         .         ,   -   ,  ,    ,            (..   ),                 (..               ).

     , ,                       ,  .

 1472       - ,                  ,   


.          (future interests)  ,          ,        .

      1535     (Statute of Uses)


,     ,    -  (executory interest),    (trust). ,    (Statute of Wills)


       .    ,     - ,          .  1660      (Tenures Abolition Act)


         ,  ,               .

  XVIII      ,   ,   .              .     600-             ,       


,   , ,        


.         


.

 ,        ,      ,        ,        .             .         (reception of English common law)


.

                  .

    ,        ,     ,   .        , ,  ,    .                (Sir William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England), ,     ,    - ,   


.

              :      ,           ,    


.

  ,    -   ,       .      .        ,      ,          


.

,  ,     ,   ,       (    ,         ).   ,         ,       


.                 ,             ,       


.

                 ,          ,                      ,      ,     .




3.         


  ,      ,          - ,        (   )       ,  ,   ,     .

        


.  ,              ,     .          ,        . -          .                 ,          ,        


.

-          .

        (ownership)     ,          .      (concurrent ownership)         ,           


.

       ,               ,    .  ,  ,         (present estates)   (future interests),      .      ,             ,            


.  ,         ,             ,          ,    ,       ,     


.

             ,               ,      .                  ,         .

        (theory of estates),       -     ,   estate,    status


.          .

     ,         ,            . ,          ,        ,    ,  . ,       - ,       ,       ,     .           - ,        


.

 ( . free hold   )      ,           


.  ( . non-free hold  )            ,       


. . . ,        ,        , .. (  )  ,   ,  ,  ,    ,      


.

          ,            .           .

         ,  -                .        (livery of seisin),        


.

       ,    ,     ,    .  XIV.      - ,       .  ,     ,    ,        (possession),  ,      ,  .           ,  ,   ( )


.             .          .  ,         ,  ,    ,   ,   


.

                      .  ,             ,   ,  ,     ,    ,          


.       ,         ,  ,              - ,     .            ,         ,         


.

     ,              .  ,  ,    ,                   


.

   ,        (    )   ,           .             ,         ,         .  ,      (possession)           (ownership)


   , ,        .

    ,                ,          


.  ,  ,      ,    . ,  ,   ,                        ,         


.           .

              .        -                 (freehold estates)   (non-freehold estates).           - , , ,    .         .

          ,  -       ,   .

         :     (fee simple absolute);    (life estate absolute);        (fee tail);     ,   -     (defeasible fees).    ,  -          ,  ,   ,    ,         (fee simple defeasible)      (defeasible life estate),    ,   ,     (determinable estate)    (estate subject to condition subsequent),              (estate subject to executory limitation)


.

         -                  .        ,          ,      .    ,   1970- ,           ,      ,          


.

     ,      :           ,       .                ,    ,         


.   ,    ,        ,        


.

    ,   ,    .   :   ,       (estate for years);   ,       (periodic estate);   ,     (estate at will),        ,                       (statutory estates);    (estate at sufferance),            .

    ,    ,          ,     , , -,  ,       ,  -,  ,   ,           


.

    ,         .   ,                      ,        .                ,    ,                      .

    ,  ,  ,              (future interest)        .          ,               .

      ,     ,         ,     ,       .           ,        - ,  ,    (future interests),           .

              


. ,         ,          - - , ,     ,  future interests         .

                  .             ,   - ,    . ,           ,      ,    


.

        ,      ,        .     future interests,     (grantor)


,  future interests,      (third person)


.

    ,    (reversionary), :      (reversion);          (possibility of reverter);                 (right of entry for condition broken,  power of termination).

    ,     ,  ,   (remainders)  :    (indefeasibly vested remainder);  ,    ,    (vested remainder subject to partial divestment,  subject to open);  ,       (vested remainder subject to complete divestment);    (contingent remainder);  ,     (executory interest).

     ,              .

   ,          .     ,      -  (estate),  ,       (future interest).             -    ,         .             .  ,  ,        ,             ,     ,        


.

 ,           ,      ,   .          -     -      . ,             .      ,                 ,      .  ,     ,      - 


.      ,   -            .                             -     ,       ()   


.

,     ,          ,              .  , ,   ,     ,      ,      .   ,   ,     


,        ,    


.

      ,   ,        ,    - ,        ,   (numerus clausus principle)


.    ,     ,       ,       ,             


.

        ,  -      .       ,           ,        


,  ,   numerus clausus          ,          


.  , ,         ,      ,             


.   ,     -     ,           ,       


.        ,                   ,   .

          ,     ,        ,     ,     ,      .




 2

      



Property is the most ambiguous of categories. It covers a multitude of rights which have nothing in common except that they are exercised by persons and enforced by the State. Apart from these formal characteristics, they vary indefinitely in economic character, in social effect, and in moral justification.

R. H. Tawney







1.   ()

 


 ,  ,  ,              (fee simple absolute)


,        (fee simple)


.  -            .

    ,            ,   (  ,     )   ,    ,           .

         


.  ,         ,           .

  ,     ,             ,     ,   ,        .       ,      ,      .      ,    ,        ,      ,          ,    ,       ,        (escheat)


.                  ,          .         :              -    ,            ,      ,     (       (ultimate heir))


.

  ,                      ,    


.    ,   (alienability)  .            .

             (inter vivos),            (  ,    )


.

       ,      ,      ( ,     )      ,    .

     ,          ,       ,    ,    


.                     - ,          ,      .     ,       - ,    .

                 ,   -         .   ,  ,      ,  ,   ,          ,  ,   


.

,         ( ,  , -  )           (granting clause)


:  N.  () ;  N.    ;  N.    


.

 ,           ,            ,         .          ()      :                 ,     .          ,     ,    .   N.   ,     ,  ,     (words of purchase).   ,    ()        


,       (words of limitation)   


.

        ,      -    . ,     ,       ,               ,          


.

                  (    ),          ,    ,            ,      


.  ,                   ,       


.

  ,             ,   


.      ,    -          .  ,  ,   ,   ,      ,        ,  ,  ,  ,   N.           N.     ,           ,    ,          ,   ,        


.

           


,     -                          .

  ,         


       ,   ,                   . -,            ,    . ,              ,  ,         .             .   ,    ,           ,       ,          - 


.

                


,      


.

                ,        ,               ,                   .

,                ,     ,      ,           ,   ,     .

   (rule of repugnancy)   ,   ,     ,       , 


.      ,     ,       ,         .

,          ,     ,   ,                  ,             


.                          ,     ,           ,        (remainder),         ,      .              ,         ,    ,     


. ,          -    ,       (        ),     .

      ,         , ,         ,      ,         


.

                   .       .                  (       ),         ,       ,       .

           ,        .      ,           ,     -        - ,      .            , ,           .

      ,        ,     -      .       - ,         ,            .  ,       ,          ,       .                         .     ,                 ,      ,        


. , ,    ,     - ,    ,       ,       ,   


.




2.       


           ,     .  ,  ,      .                       (fee tail)     ,    -  


.                ,         .   ,   fee tail          .   ,     -  ,            ,      ,     .

 fee tail      ,   I  1285 .     ,           


.    ,      .        ,   ,      (fee tail male),        (fee tail female),   ,    ,     (fee tail special).

         ,     ,              


.        1925 ,        ,      .            ,     ,   - ,     


.

   fee tail  ,             .         (           ),          ,               .        ,          .

  ,          ,       N.    


.

     ,      ,     ,           .  ,              .     (present estate)      ,      (  ),    ,   ,    (future interests)


.

,             ,       (vested remainder)  ,   .  ,    ,      (contingent remainder).  ,        ,      (      )        (reversion)


.

   ,     fee tail,         .         ,              ,       .        (waste) ,       ,         


.

 ,          ,  ,            .    ,   fee tail,   ,  ,    - ,  .      ,   ,               ,          .    ,         ,     fee tail,     ,        (   ,          )


.

                 ,             .         ,   ,   fee tail,    ,       


.       ,      ,  - ,  ,     ,    ,         ,        .

    ,      ,          ,      fee tail    . ,         


.     ,       fee tail


.     ,   ,    ,    ,  -    ,                 


.     ,    fee tail,          (life estate)


.

        fee tail   .      ,          ,    ,          ,             


.     , ,   -              ,       ,                -  (  )      


.  ,        ,     fee tail,       .          ,     ,             - .   ,         ,       ,  ,   ,      ,    ,    ,   


.   ,   fee tail   ,         ,  ,           -   .




3.   


   (life estate)  ,    ,      fee tail,              


.

 ,                 ,  ,       ,       ,      


.    XII          ,            ,        


.   ,    ,       .

       .    ,  ,    ,        (for the life of a transferee).          ,   (for the life of the transferor)


. ,    ,          ,         .         pur autre vie (.)    .    ,             .                 (until the first to die of two or more designated measuring lives),    ,           (until the death of the survivor of two or more designated measuring lives)


.      life estate                  ,    ,       (reversion),        (remainder),          .

  ,     ,        


, ,   ,   ,    ,  ,    ,   ,    ,          


.           :  N.    ;  N.    Z.


.        ,          ,    ,          


.

    ,           (granting clause)     ,   (habendum clause). ,     ,  ,  ,  ,    ,                    


. ,         ,      ,  ,    .        ,      ,   ,   ,          ,    ,   


.    ,       ,       


.

     ,  ,    .     ,           (by operation of law).

              ,       ,     ,    fee tail,      


.   ,                 ,            


.

          ,    (marital life estate).  ,                 .

        .        ,                (estate by marital right)


.  ,          ;         ,            .   ,         ,      ,  ,    ,  .

           ,  ,  ,      ,   ,          


.                    (estate by the curtesy initiate),      .  ,        ,       (estate by the curtesy consummate)


.    ,     life estate.    ( ,      ,    )          (tenancy by curtesy)


       ,     fee simple  fee tail      







  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/ekaterina-davidovna-tyagay/pravo-sobstvennosti-na-nedvizhimost-v-ssha-slozhnostrukturnye-modeli-monografiya/)  .

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