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           ,      ,  , , ,       .            XX .   ,  ,     ,  ,   .   ,             ,    ,  ,    .   ,           .                .       -  ,        ,        ,      .

  ,    ,        ,  ;   ,              [1 -       ,   1997      ,      ;           ,    Russian Politics and Law, ,     .].           ,      , ,    ,        ,    . ,        ,  ,         .    ,    , , ,   ;        ,    ,  ,   -     XXI .

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          .       ,   ,          XIX ,     ,          ,                   (.., .., .., .., .., .., ..  .).          ,  ,   ,    ;   ,      ,      ,               ,   ,      ,      .

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     ,      .                    ,      . ,  ,    ,   ,   ,    ,     ,        .     , ,        ,      ,         [3 - .: ..   :    //   . ., 2004. . 34.].             ,              .       -   ,      .

  ,   ,  .            !.  ,      -              .   ,           ,     ,                  [4 - .    // . 2001.21 .].     ,     ,                   .  ,     ,      ,   .

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 ,   ,    ,       .,             ,   .          (1764.)    , -      ,             - , ,        .

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 ,  .          ,   [7 -  .              .:     ,  ,   .]. XX , ,    ,   .     ,         .   ,  , ,   .   ,   XX     ,    .                   .       ,             ,      ,  ,    .           ,     .        ,      [8 -     .., .., ..       .   , ,  ;    ,   ,              ;  , , , ,   (..       . .: , 2000. . 147).].    ,   ,         ,             ,     .             ;      ,      .           ,               .

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     pro  contra  XXI    .        ,            ,              .       , , ,           [9 - .. . , ,  ,  .  . .: , 2002. . 48.].

  ,        , ,  ,    ,       . ,       ,       ,     ,            .     ,        ;        ,    ,          ,               .

      ..     ,          ,      [10 - ..    (. 1867.). , 2000. . 6.]. ,               ,   ,  ,    .

 ,       , ,                .       .     ,       , ,        ,  ,   .      ,               . ,      ,          ,    ,  , , ,   ..[11 - .: .    //  . 2001. 27 .]

 ,      , , ,     ,          ,   ,   .                    ,      ,    ,       ,    ,                    .

       .                   ,    ,           , ,          .       XX   XXI .  ,    ,   . ,  ,      .

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,     ,                .     , ,  ,                      .

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               ,             ,     ,     .         ,    ,   ,     ,              .           ,    ,  30      50   .

    ,          , ,  .     ,   20    ..,         ,       [13 -  :   . ., 1989. . 503.].       , , ,    ,  ,             (     ).                 ,      ,              .

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                ;    ;   ;   ;              .

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       ,  , 15 .           ,  ,               , ,  ,           .    ,    90-    ,           .           ,    19801995 .     90-            .          ,    ,        (..)        [14 - .: .     ? //  . 2005. 3; .   :      ? //  . 5.].       , ,  ,   ,        .  , ,     ,  ,  ,               .

              .         ,  ,  ,        ,     ,   ,      ,     , , ,              , ,   .


***

            .  ,         ,     ,           .          ,    2010                         .            ,       (   )      19  2009 ,         .

 ,   ,         ,             ,       .     ,      - ,     .

      ,  , ,        .      ,     ,          ,   !       ,   ,                    .

 ,        .  ,        - .                    . ,     ,     ,      .          - ,  .

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           ..     ..       .    ,          .        ..      ,       .




 1.     ,    





1.1.  




  6%   ,       .  1993          ,       206  141. ,       100.    1210  920 [15 - .: ..       //     2006. . 1. ., 2007. . 506.].

 1  1998        ,        34  17  (18  ).  . 15  ,                   . ,               (. 49)         (        ).

 . 1. 49 ,              ,    ,             ,           .

 . 2. 49  ,      ,   ,      18 ,  ,      65- .                    (. 3. 49 ).

 . 4. 49 ,                  ,                .

        ,             ,    ,        .  . 5. 49 ,              25         . ,    ,                ,          . ,              ,  ,        ,      ,      .

     ,  ,              , , ,      .

         ʻ  7  1998   . 75    ,    ,  ,       . ,           ,    . 15  ,          [16 - .: .    : de lege lata et ferenda //  . 1999. 12. . 48.].

        90-  XX            ,             .         ,          [17 - .:  . 9. 1998. 8-15 .].

  ,   90-            [18 - .: Hood R. The Death Penalty: A World-wide Perspective, 2002. P.9293; AI Index: EUR 01/003/2001 Concerns in Europe, January-June 2001.],     .        ,    2002              [19 - .: AI Index: EUR 01/007/2002 Concerns in Europe, January-June 2002: Kazakstan.].

       20  2002       .           2004   4  2003  ,                    ,               ,   ,            ,    .   17  2003                 .

             ,           .   , -,         ,        , , -, ,    ,      [20 - .:  . 2003. 19 .].

 10  2004      17  2003         , -  -  ʻ ,       ,     ,           . (,    ,  ,    ,    .)

  2004           ,                .

  2004 ,     ,     27     .    ,  19972004           . ,   1997      64 ,  1998  1999   63,  2000  40,  2001  39,  2002  22,  2003  17,   2004   5 [21 - .: ..       //    ,   -        . , 2005. . 12.].

  2006        ,                     [22 - .: AI Index: EUR 01/017/2006 Europe and Central Asia: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns in the region, January-June 2006.].

,    2007     ,     .          2006  (,      ) :     ,    [23 - AI Index: EUR 04/003/2006.].

   ,          ,     ,   ,     .     ,   ,         . ,        ,    ,      .

,  . 2. 15       21  2007         ʻ :       .           ,    ,      ,    ,       .               . 49  ,   ,        [24 - Ibid.].

 ,            ,                .        31      [25 - AI Index: ACT 50/003/2009.].





   , ,   ,    90-      ,          .   1992     ,    1986 ,   3,2 ,       100.    989.  10 ,  1986  1995 ,  , ,      3,6 ,       15,5%[26 - .: ..  XX . ,    . ., 1997. .107108.].

 2006     ,    1986 ,   2,5 .               , ,      .             , , ,   ,       ,  .

 90-   2000-        .  19982005               4950%,       69,7%[27 - .: .. -           . , 2005. . 74.].

  ,    ,    ,      ,                    2005   .            ,         ,             .

    1998        .        .             ,      19992007      .    , ,      ,          ,           .

  2002     160,    2005   130     .   ,    2004      31 [28 - .: AI Index: EUR 01/005/2004 Europe and Central Asia: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns in the region, January-June 2004: Kyrgyzstan.].             ,       [29 - .: .. -           . , 2008. .5861.].

     ,   ,       , -    ,     ,    .    1999  2006     73   -     ;      ,    ,     [30 - .: AI Index: EUR 01/007/2006 Europe and Central Asia: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns in the region, January-June 2006; Kyrgyzstan.].

  2006       ,     .





  90- ,       ,             . ,    ,         ,    ,         ,      .  2003          ,     ,            [31 - .: AI Index: EUR 62/011/2003; AI Index: EUR 62/012/2003.].

       2003 ,          ,   ,             .  2003        18      .

  2003           ,    ,   ,     ,    , ,    .           ,     ,        .

  ,   ,     ,    ;  ,  ,  ,     ,    .

 2004 ,         ,   -    .             ;      .           .

            -   . ,   2004    .   -,   2004           5060 [32 - .: AI Index: EUR 01/016/2003 Concerns in Europe and Central Asia, January-June 2003: Uzbekistan.].   , ,   ,  ,          .

 2005   ,    ,  ;    ,     ,  -    -    .         [33 - .: AI Index: EUR 62/021/2005.].         1  2005 ,    1  2008       .

    , ,       ,    , ,    ,   .     ,   2006       ,      ,         .

 2008         (  ).




1.2. - 


 -         ;   56%   .               ;  10                .

           ,         .

,  ,    XX   XXI ,           ,  ,       -      .        ;               .                          .     ,     - ,          ;     ,   ,                .

      ,      ,    ,       . -       ,              .       2000-     ,        .      ,    2003  18             ,   ,      .    -   ,     .

          -    .   10      ,        .          ;         .   ,     ,   90-     18. .   (   )              [34 - .: Hood R. The Death Penalty. A World-Wide Perspective. 2002. P. 2.].

  90-   -     ,     .  1999 , ,      14   (   10 ); 2001    15  (   12); 2002     19   [35 - .: AI Index: POL 10/001/2000; Amnesty International Report 2003.].

           ,  -       .  , ,                 ,     ,                  .

 2000-       .  ,     -  ,  ,            .         .  , ,    -    ,       ;         .

    -   ,     ,     ,   .           ,          .    -  (, , ,   .)        ,           .

         .   , ,              . ,      , ,    ,        .             ;          ,  ,    ,       ,      ,      .

  ,  2007  28%  , ,     ,    33%,     50% [36 - .: Amnesty International Report 2007. AI Index: POL 10/ 007/2007.].

           ,               - ,      , ,   .  , ,       ,                .  2006           .        ,      ,        1015  ,     .

      ,  ,   ,        ,     ,      ,  ,      ,      , .       ,  ,     ,         -    ,      ,   .

    -      .        ,    ,     .    ,     , ,     . ,    ,   .

           - ;        .                         ,     ,      .        ,  ,    .

      - ,               .      , ,          2000- , -  -           .

 20012009      26  ,    , , , , , , , , , .  ,      10     76%       70%   ,          ;            .

    -    ,      .    2006       ;       ,  de facto      (,                 ,  ).

     ,   ,  ,    .                  ,     ,       .



  

              .    ,    90- ,             ,    XXI           .        ,           ,    ,      ,           2008   -2010,     ,   .

              ,                .        14  1997      ,           ( )        [37 - .:  .       . .  . . . .: , 1999;  . .,  . .    .    //   . 1999. 9.].

             1997 ,        (   1  1997 ),             .        ,             ,    (. 4851 ).

 . 48   ,        ,          18 .           ,    ,        .   ,     1979  (. 44)          ,   1618 .

    ()     .   1979  (. 45)     .  -        .       ,    (. 34);       (. 210 )            (. 2. 212 ).

   ,   ,        ,           (   60  80    )[38 - .:  .       . .  . . . .: , 1999. . 14.].  ,             ,     [39 - .: Chen-Xin-Liang. The Death Penalty // The United Nations Standards and China's Legal System of Criminal Justice. Beijing, 1998. P. 536.],               .

 1997  (. 48)       ,           ,     ,          .       1949 .          ;         , ,  . 46  1979 ,      .

 50   1997   ,  ,          .     ,     , ,  ,    ,        .                 .

                        15  20 .  . 51 ,          ,                .

    ,   ,            .         ,  ,    .      .     ,       .        ,               .      - ,       .

  ,      ,    3      ໠   20;    6         (13 );  4         (11 );  10      (11 );  1     (9 ).      ,                [40 - .: .., .., ..       //   . ., 2000. . 34;  . .       //   . 2000. 10.].

  4                        .   ,       11, .. ,   3-   6-   ,          .     ,     (. 232 );           (. 234);       ,   14  (. 236),  .. ,  . 234    ,      .     :   ,     ;     ;  ,     ;     ,     .

      . 239              ,  . 240            .                 :     ; ,     ,       ;    ,     ;             ;     ;      ,      .

         , ,    ;    . 347     ,      ,      .

             ,      .  ,              29  1998         ,        .

      25  1999         ,     .      20 ,       ,      . ,  . 141      ,     ,           .   2007      ,         ,       ,         .

                (. 151, 153);        (. 170);                   (. 192195).           .   2009             ,   .        384  (56 . ).       ,       184 ,          .

     2010       Sinopec   (   ).   2009          ,     .    ,          .

     ,   ,      ,     .    . 383  386          ,    ()         100.  (14. .).     ,     .    ,        1317% ;  20%      .

   ,  2010         7     (     )       10  (1,4 .)[41 - .: .   // . 2011. 19 . 3 (896).].     -   ;            ,  ,      .

              -    ,            4,5 .  ,      .           2010  -   ( ),         3 .   2,5 .          ,             .

        ,       ,          [42 - .: Hood R. Capital Punishment // The Handbook of Crime and Punishment. New York; Oxford, 1998. P.739776.].    ,     ,  ,    -      [43 - .: The International Sourcebook on Capital Punishment / Schabas W. (Ed.). Boston, 1997. P.206232.].               [44 - H..     :      //    . ., 2004. . 222;  .        . .  . . . : , 2010.].

          ,    - ,      - ,       .              .            .         .     90-          ,         .                      [45 - .: Dutton M., Tianfu L. Mission the Target. Policing Strategies in the Period of Economic Reform // Crime and Delinquency. 1993. Vol. 39. N 3; ..  . ., 1997. .281283; Friday P. . Crime and Crime Prevention in China: A Challenge to the Development Crime Nexus // Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 1998. Vol. 14. N 3. August. P.296314.].

           ,     .               90-    .  1983 , ,      ,             ,   ,         (        ),       .       ,    ,   10. [46 -    (   )  .    ,       30 000 (.:   . ., 1989. . 255).].

 19871989    ( ,     )  ; 1987 , ,      132 . (    ,            [47 - .:  .  :     //  . 2001. 3.].)           .

 90-              .   1996          ,   ,     (Strike Hard).                ,       [48 - .:  , ..     . .,2006; ..  XXI :   . ., 2006;  .  .       . , 2005.],        ,        .            ,         .     ,       .



 1

        19962008.






  1






 . 1,                 .  ,  1996                 (     ,   ).   ,  1996   ,    . 2,  85,8%          92,2%     .      .



 2

             19962008. ( %)






  2






   ,  2001 ,      ,    ,   .  1998 , ,                    19962006     42,4%[49 - .: Amnesty International, Annual Report 2001, China; AI Index: ASA 17/049/2000 People's Republic of China: death penalty Log 1999.].    ,      1996  2000     .     90-   ,     ,    18. .

,    ,   , ,   ,       19962000    - .  ,  , ;        ,    . ,              ,   ,  . 2. 212          .

  XXI       ,    ,      .  ,      XX     ,     .    , ,           [50 - .: Albrecht H. J. The Death Penalty in China. Placing the China's Death Penalty Politics in International Perspectives // Presentation at the International Conference Towards the Global Abolition of Capital Punishment. Freiburg: Max Planck Institute, 2000. September.].     -        ,   . ,        [51 - .: Hood R. The Death Penalty: A World-Wide Perspective. 2002. P. 54, 86.].

    ,    ,            ,        ,         .    ,  ,   ,  ,         ,   ,       ,      ,  ,   ,        ,      ,             .  ,    ,             20012008          .






.1.       19962008.



    ,   .1, ,    ,            ,     [52 - .: Friday . . Crime and Crime Prevention in China. A Challenge to the Development Crime Nexus // Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. Vol. 14. 1998. August. P.296314; Hood R. The Death Penalty: A World-Wide Perspective, 2002. P. 8.].      (2008.)        12     (7.),       . ,     ,    ,  ,            .

             .               ,          (. .2).






.2.      19912008.



 ,         . , ,   -     ,     ,    ,      .         ,           .

  2001     (       )     .          2001          ,          1781     2960  .    2001    4015     2468    [53 - .: AI Index: ASA 17/022/2001 China: Striking harder' than ever before; AI Index: ACT 53/002/2002, 1 March, 2002; AI Index: ASA 17/029/2002, My 23, 2002 China: Strike Hard anti-crime campaign intensifies.].        ,         .       ,   , , ,   , ,    ..

    ,   ,    ,      1999   50%[54 - .: AI Index: ASA 17/009/2001, April 12, 2001 China: Day of death.].       ,           .

        2002     ;                     ,      .  , ,    ,            2002 ,   16-   .         ,         20042006 ,            2003  2004 .

  2000-    (  )         ,     ,    ,        .

  2001           ;   ,      ,               .   2002        ,   ,  -,         .            ,      ,      -.

       ,    ,       .        ,             .

  2002        ,     . -           ,     ,                 . ,     ,   ,   ,           . , ,  ,   .

        .         ,      .     ,  ,   ,      ,      .

 20012002         .    ,         (            )  2002      ,     ;   310.             ( 2001. 260. ).

                     ,          .   ,    100.      90-    XXI      100 ,   67                 , ,   [55 - .: Albecht H. J. The Death Penalty in China. Placing the China's Death Penalty Politics in International Perspectives // Presentation at the International Conference Towards the Global Abolition of Capital Punishment. Freiburg: Max Planck Institute, 2000. September; Kury H., Obergfeel-Fuchs J., Ferdinand T. Social Development and the Evaluation of Crime: An International Comparison // Comparative Law Review. 2000. Vol. 34. P.51, 89.].     ,   1,2   1,5    [56 - .: ..  . ., 2009. . 178, 187.].

                       .  , ,  100.   193    ,      160,    125,     345.                 [57 - .: United Nations Economic and Social Council: Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. Capital Punishment and Implementation of the Safeguards Guaranteeing Protection of the Rights of Those Facing the Death Penalty. E/2000/3, March 31, 2000. P. 13.].

 ,     ,       - ,          .         ,       .

        2003 ,                  ( 1921  1639)    ( 1060  726),  ,     ,         .    ,     2003      18         (       2003 ,          ).

 ,    ,         2003 ,     , ,  ,   ,     ,    ,    ,       .

                 (SARS)       .   2003      ,     840. -    80.  , ,    ,     ,  .

    2003           2004 ,     6000        3400   ,      1996 .    ,   2004          ,    ,     19962006  (83,8%),     (89,5%)   ,   1996 . ,      ,       2004          ,       10. .

 2004     ,   ,            ( ,       )      [58 -   2004   ,     (    1,5 ),   ,      .       ,      .].            ,       .       ,   ,     ,          ,        2008     .

          . , ,              , ,   ,                  .           .

 2005        2004    ( 6000  3900),   ,    ,   ( 3400  1770).                  ,            .   27  2005      ,             ,  ,       30%[59 - .: AI Index: ASA 17/035/2005, October 5,2005 People's Republic of China: Reinstatement of Supreme Court review of death sentences  a step towards abolition?.].

      , ,   ,   ,     , , ,    ;      ,    .      ,     ,  ,  ,      .

 2006           3900  2790,       1770  1010.   ,     , , -,      , ,    ,         75008000.    , ,             ,  ,        .  ,    20052006       , ,   ,     ,  ,           ,    ,  ,   ,     .

       .    2007        ,   2006     10        ,   ,           .    ,    ,  ,     2007         10% ,      2006 [60 - .: International Herald Tribune. 2007. June 8.]. ,                 ,             .

,    2007             :       2007           .        ,       [61 - .: Reuters, 2007. September 3.; The Jurist. 2007. September 3.].

,  2007 ,    ,      1860  .    2008 ,    ,                  ,   2006       ,   2007  (7003)[62 - .: AI Index: ACT 50/003. 2009. March 24.].

  80-            ,        .         ,       ,    .          ,   ,    30          .       ,      ,       .

    ,    90-       .  20                , ,    .          ,  ,    ,      .           ,          .       ,          ,   .

     :



 ,  ,      ,    ,    .        ,     ,       .            ,       .              ,      .  ,      .         ,      ,       ,             [63 - Field Catherine. Chine's Take Out // Penthouse. 1997. November.].


  80- ,      -,     ,            , ,     1987    50  80%,   1991     90%.

   90- ,        ,  100            ;        3. ,      .       ,     90%  .

          .      ,     -   - ,       .                  ,        , ,   ..

           -     (. ).     ,           .  30       100   ,   .      30. .               ,   [64 -   //  (Russian Weekly Newspaper). -, 1997. 82. 1016 . .89.].

               ,    ,    .      ,         .          .       ,   .    ,      ,    .       ,     .

    1996   ,   ,     ,      .          ;           . (,    ,     .)

 ,       ,      ,         ,    .      ,       :     ,     .     ,   [65 -  .]

    ,   ,        .        ,     ,   ,    ,                   .           ,            1997  :    ,   ,          ,   ,  ,          .

 1998            ,       .          .        (-)   .            , ,         . ,    ,                     [66 - .:  .     // . 1998. 6.].

 ,                .  2005    , , ,      ,    ,        [67 - Guardian. 2005. September 13. AI Index: ASA 17/035/2005, October 5, 2005.].    ,                .

  , ,      ,       .       ,  ,     ,   ,          ,   .

21  2008           ,      ,      .                ,       .  , ,         (    1  2008.)  - ,       ,    .                .   ,                .

18  2008               ; 2009       .





   ,      ,        . ,             ,    ,          .                 ,       ,         ,      ,   40%  .

,   ,   1012      .      - ,           . ,     ,  ,      ,      .

              ,        ,  , ,    ..  ,     ,      ,  ,      ,          .

   30%  ,   ,     .            ,             .      ,      ;         . ,    ,    2003  2006      16.  ,    19972006      100.[68 - .: Amnesty International Report 2007; AI Index: POL 10/ 007/2007.]

  ,   ,          ,   ,      .   , ,       ,      , .

          ,           .               1973      [69 -      , ,   1985         .],       ,   .

  70-           ,  ,  ,    ,      ,   ,    .   ,   ,       -  .           ;          ,    (    ).

                  ,   .          ,       .     ,      1987       ,            [70 - .:   . ., 1989. . 230.].

     20          ,               ()  [71 - .: Schreiber A. States that Kill: Discretion and the Death Penalty  A Worldwide Perspective // Cornell International Law Journal. 1996. Vol. 29. P. 301.].        ,      ( 1986      ),    .

              .  1991   24       4; 1992   6; 1993   4; 1994  1,   1995   2 [72 - .:   . 2002. 1. . 79.   ,  1993       ,   1994    (.: Simon R., Blaskovich D. A Comparative Analysis of Capital Punishment: statutes, policies, frequencies, and public attitudes the world over. Lanham, 2002. P. 28).].           .  90-        7580% ,      ,     .

  ,            . ,              ,  ,              ,      ,      ,   .      ,      2000            [73 -             ,  28  1998          26  (    ),      .         .].

 2001    16  ; 2002     ,    ,    30 ;         60 [74 - .: AI Index: ASA 20/049/2001 India: Briefing on the Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance.    ,    ,  1947  2004 ,  55 .].

        .       ,        ,   ,     .   ,    ,    ,            ,   , ,     (  ),   .              ,  ,       ,   [75 - .: AI Index: ASA 04/ 002/2002 India: evaluation of the South Asia Human Rights Defenders Project.]




  .


   .

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1


      ,   1997      ,      ;           ,    Russian Politics and Law, ,     .




2


  ,      .          .     ,  !..      ,    ,    ,  !    ,      ! (.    //  . ., 2007. .389390).




3


.: ..   :    //   . ., 2004. . 34.




4


.    // . 2001.21 .




5


..  . ., 1913. . 3.




6


    ,   ,    .   (1800.),    .    . .       ,      .




7


 .              .:     ,  ,   .




8


    .., .., ..       .   , ,  ;    ,   ,              ;  , , , ,   (..       . .: , 2000. . 147).




9


.. . , ,  ,  .  . .: , 2002. . 48.




10


..    (. 1867.). , 2000. . 6.




11


.: .    //  . 2001. 27 .




12


.:   .      /  . ... ., 1989.




13


 :   . ., 1989. . 503.




14


.: .     ? //  . 2005. 3; .   :      ? //  . 5.




15


.: ..       //     2006. . 1. ., 2007. . 506.




16


.: .    : de lege lata et ferenda //  . 1999. 12. . 48.




17


.:  . 9. 1998. 8-15 .




18


.: Hood R. The Death Penalty: A World-wide Perspective, 2002. P.9293; AI Index: EUR 01/003/2001 Concerns in Europe, January-June 2001.




19


.: AI Index: EUR 01/007/2002 Concerns in Europe, January-June 2002: Kazakstan.




20


.:  . 2003. 19 .




21


.: ..       //    ,   -        . , 2005. . 12.




22


.: AI Index: EUR 01/017/2006 Europe and Central Asia: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns in the region, January-June 2006.




23


AI Index: EUR 04/003/2006.




24


Ibid.




25


AI Index: ACT 50/003/2009.




26


.: ..  XX . ,    . ., 1997. .107108.




27


.: .. -           . , 2005. . 74.




28


.: AI Index: EUR 01/005/2004 Europe and Central Asia: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns in the region, January-June 2004: Kyrgyzstan.




29


.: .. -           . , 2008. .5861.




30


.: AI Index: EUR 01/007/2006 Europe and Central Asia: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns in the region, January-June 2006; Kyrgyzstan.




31


.: AI Index: EUR 62/011/2003; AI Index: EUR 62/012/2003.




32


.: AI Index: EUR 01/016/2003 Concerns in Europe and Central Asia, January-June 2003: Uzbekistan.




33


.: AI Index: EUR 62/021/2005.




34


.: Hood R. The Death Penalty. A World-Wide Perspective. 2002. P. 2.




35


.: AI Index: POL 10/001/2000; Amnesty International Report 2003.




36


.: Amnesty International Report 2007. AI Index: POL 10/ 007/2007.




37


.:  .       . .  . . . .: , 1999;  . .,  . .    .    //   . 1999. 9.




38


.:  .       . .  . . . .: , 1999. . 14.




39


.: Chen-Xin-Liang. The Death Penalty // The United Nations Standards and China's Legal System of Criminal Justice. Beijing, 1998. P. 536.




40


.: .., .., ..       //   . ., 2000. . 34;  . .       //   . 2000. 10.




41


.: .   // . 2011. 19 . 3 (896).




42


.: Hood R. Capital Punishment // The Handbook of Crime and Punishment. New York; Oxford, 1998. P.739776.




43


.: The International Sourcebook on Capital Punishment / Schabas W. (Ed.). Boston, 1997. P.206232.




44


H..     :      //    . ., 2004. . 222;  .        . .  . . . : , 2010.




45


.: Dutton M., Tianfu L. Mission the Target. Policing Strategies in the Period of Economic Reform // Crime and Delinquency. 1993. Vol. 39. N 3; ..  . ., 1997. .281283; Friday P. . Crime and Crime Prevention in China: A Challenge to the Development Crime Nexus // Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 1998. Vol. 14. N 3. August. P.296314.




46


   (   )  .    ,       30 000 (.:   . ., 1989. . 255).




47


.:  .  :     //  . 2001. 3.




48


.:  , ..     . .,2006; ..  XXI :   . ., 2006;  .  .       . , 2005.




49


.: Amnesty International, Annual Report 2001, China; AI Index: ASA 17/049/2000 People's Republic of China: death penalty Log 1999.




50


.: Albrecht H. J. The Death Penalty in China. Placing the China's Death Penalty Politics in International Perspectives // Presentation at the International Conference Towards the Global Abolition of Capital Punishment. Freiburg: Max Planck Institute, 2000. September.




51


.: Hood R. The Death Penalty: A World-Wide Perspective. 2002. P. 54, 86.




52


.: Friday . . Crime and Crime Prevention in China. A Challenge to the Development Crime Nexus // Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. Vol. 14. 1998. August. P.296314; Hood R. The Death Penalty: A World-Wide Perspective, 2002. P. 8.




53


.: AI Index: ASA 17/022/2001 China: Striking harder' than ever before; AI Index: ACT 53/002/2002, 1 March, 2002; AI Index: ASA 17/029/2002, My 23, 2002 China: Strike Hard anti-crime campaign intensifies.




54


.: AI Index: ASA 17/009/2001, April 12, 2001 China: Day of death.




55


.: Albecht H. J. The Death Penalty in China. Placing the China's Death Penalty Politics in International Perspectives // Presentation at the International Conference Towards the Global Abolition of Capital Punishment. Freiburg: Max Planck Institute, 2000. September; Kury H., Obergfeel-Fuchs J., Ferdinand T. Social Development and the Evaluation of Crime: An International Comparison // Comparative Law Review. 2000. Vol. 34. P.51, 89.




56


.: ..  . ., 2009. . 178, 187.




57


.: United Nations Economic and Social Council: Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. Capital Punishment and Implementation of the Safeguards Guaranteeing Protection of the Rights of Those Facing the Death Penalty. E/2000/3, March 31, 2000. P. 13.




58


  2004   ,     (    1,5 ),   ,      .       ,      .




59


.: AI Index: ASA 17/035/2005, October 5,2005 People's Republic of China: Reinstatement of Supreme Court review of death sentences  a step towards abolition?.




60


.: International Herald Tribune. 2007. June 8.




61


.: Reuters, 2007. September 3.; The Jurist. 2007. September 3.




62


.: AI Index: ACT 50/003. 2009. March 24.




63


Field Catherine. Chine's Take Out // Penthouse. 1997. November.




64


  //  (Russian Weekly Newspaper). -, 1997. 82. 1016 . .89.




65


 .




66


.:  .     // . 1998. 6.




67


Guardian. 2005. September 13. AI Index: ASA 17/035/2005, October 5, 2005.




68


.: Amnesty International Report 2007; AI Index: POL 10/ 007/2007.




69


     , ,   1985         .




70


.:   . ., 1989. . 230.




71


.: Schreiber A. States that Kill: Discretion and the Death Penalty  A Worldwide Perspective // Cornell International Law Journal. 1996. Vol. 29. P. 301.




72


.:   . 2002. 1. . 79.   ,  1993       ,   1994    (.: Simon R., Blaskovich D. A Comparative Analysis of Capital Punishment: statutes, policies, frequencies, and public attitudes the world over. Lanham, 2002. P. 28).




73


            ,  28  1998          26  (    ),      .         .




74


.: AI Index: ASA 20/049/2001 India: Briefing on the Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance.    ,    ,  1947  2004 ,  55 .




75


.: AI Index: ASA 04/ 002/2002 India: evaluation of the South Asia Human Rights Defenders Project.


