.   
  


  
              .         ,            ,         .

񻠖     1983-1991 .,     ,         ,        .        ,      .      ,        ,      .

  a4.pdf   .





 



  



Vladislav M.Zubok

COLLAPSE: THE FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION



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 ... 1964.

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,   (19302011):    ,  1989   1990.

,   (1932):  ;     19871988. - 1990.

,   (1934):    , 19901991.

,   (19342015):    ;    .

,   (19231991):   ;     ,  1988   1991.;       (),  1991.

,   (19372022):     ,  1988   1990.;       1991 ;   ,    1991.

,   (19322021):      , 1988   1991.;  ,  1991.

,   (1940):  ;   ,    1991.

,   (1933):     ,    1991.

,   (19352006):   , 19811987.;   , 19871991.;  ,  1991.

,   (19232011):   , ;      .

,   (19412020):       ,  1990   1991.

,  (1932):    , 19881992.

,   (19452022):  ;    ,    1991;   ,    1991.

,   (19232009):        , 1989   1991.;   ,  1991.

,   (19262012):  ,  1983   1990.;    ,  1988   1990.

,   (1948): ; -  ,  1991   1992.

,   (19562009): ;      ;    , 15  1991   1992.

,   (1937):    ,  1989   1991.

,   (1960):       .

,   (19472022): - ;   , 5   26  1991.;         1991.

,   (19382016):      , 19891991.;  1990.        .

,   (19362020): - ,    , 19901994.

,   (1951):    ,  1990   1991.

,   (1950):  ,       , 19891996.

,   (19342022):     ,  1990   1991.;    ,  1991  19  1994.

,   (19281991):    , 19831991.

,   (19242007):  ,  1988   1991.;       1991.

,  (1932-):   (    )   , 1989   1991.

,   (19202021):   ,  1983   1990.;  ,  1985   1990.

,   (1937):    ;     ,  1990   1991.

,   (19302019):  ,  1988   1990.,    ,  1990   1991.;      1991 .

,   (19372010):        , 1982   1991.;  , 1988   1991.

,   (1929):  ,  1988   1990.

,   (19392022):    ,  1988   1991.;    ,  1991.

,   (1957):    ;   ,  1990   1991.

,  (1929):     , 1987   1991.

,   (1940):     ,    1990.;  1990        .

,   (19372003):   ,  1989   1991.;    ,    1991.;  ,  1991.

,   (1949):       ,  1985   1990.;   ,  1985   1991.

,   (1931):     ,    1991.

,   (19372014):   ,  1989   1990.;     .

,   (1935):    ,  1990   1991.

,   (1936): ;   ;   ,    ,  1990   1991.

,   (19292015):  ,  1990   1991.;     ( ),    1991.

,   (19371991):    ,  1990   1991.;  ;       .

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,   (19502022):      ,  1988.; - ,  1991   1992.

,   (19211989): ,   , ;     1975.;       ,    1989.

,   (19372000):  -,    1991.

,   (1954):   , 19891991.;       , 19901991.

,   (19461998):  ;    ,  1989   1991.;    ,  19901993.;  , 19901991.

-,   (19341999):       ,  1985   1990.

,   (1932): -  ,  1990   1991.

,   (19422023):      ,  1990   1991.;    ,  1991   1993.

,   (19212017):      ,  1986   1991.

,   (19422020):   ;   ,    1991.

,   (19341997): ;    ,  1990   1991.

,   (19242001):   ;  , 1988   1991.

,   (1956):   ;       78  1991.

,   (19352012):     ( ),  1988   1991.;        1991.

,   (19282014):     ,  1985   1990.    1991.

,   (19342022):    ,    1991.;       8  1991.

,   (1952):  ;   400   ( 500 ),    1990.;   ,    1991.

,   (19232005):  , 1985   1990.;   ,    1990.    1991.

,   (19302005):    , 19861991.;   ,    1991.




 


    ,     ,         , , ,  ,    .   ,      ,   2008      ,   ,    .    ,     .     ,       (University of Temple)  ,                   (The London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE).   ,      .    ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    .  20122013          ,        ,    ,          .    -.  2018      ,       .         ,   ,  ,  ,  ,     .          ,      ,  ,  ,  ,     .  2018        ,        ,     .

         .           (HIA),    -   (GBPL),         (NSA)    . (SML)   .             ()      ().      ,     (  )  ,         .                   .

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            .       ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .         --  1991 ,     .       ,           .          .  ,      ,       .     ,         ,       .

       ,       ,     1990-      ,   .      ,      ,      ,  ,     .  1995     ;            ,      .  1999 ,       ,    ,     .    ,       ,   ,    ,  ,   ,         -   .   ,    ,      ,        ,  ,     ,    ,     ,  ,      ,     -   .  ,   ,       2020 .  ,           ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .

         ,        .             ,       .        ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .       ,    ,       ,       .        ,          1990- .    ,               .

    -.     ,   ,     ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .     ,  ,      ,      .   ,   -     -  -            ,   .  ,  ,  ,               ,         .       -     ,         .        ,      .   ,             ,            .

 ()        ,   ,         .      ,            .          .

   ,      .         .   ,           .    ,   , ,   ,       .









    .           -.             .   19  1991 .        :          .       CNN,    ,       .                ,      ,  -    .       .        ,       ,       .           ,  ,   .          ,      .       ,           , ,   ,   .

     .      ,   .           ,         - .  1990 ,          ,      ,           ,         .      ,   ,  ,       .          ;    ,    .        ,    ,  ,     ,  ,  .          .    ,        ,          .                     - .   ,        ,     .

 1991         ,           .  ,        ,     .     .        .      :   ,    .   ,           .      .  ,        .  ,        ,  ,    .   -  ,       .

       .        31  1991 ,  , ,        ,     .    -2  .  -    .               .   .    ,      . ,  -   .        ,   ,      .     . ,       ,  ,  .

       ,  ,      ,  ,  .   .   1991  ,    ,  , . ,    ,   , ,     1991 .           ,  ,     [1 - . Stephen F.Cohen. Was the Soviet System Reformable? Slavic Review 63:3 (2004), pp. 459488; Mark Kramer, The Reform of the Soviet System and the Demise of the Soviet State, Slavic Review 63:3 (2004), pp. 505512.].   2005             ,    ,    .       .          2008        2014 .   ,  ,       .

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       -.  -  ,      ,      軠   .    ,         !     ,      ,  .         ,    ,    .

         .  ,                   .               .    ,   ,       .                 . ,           ,    ,         .     ,             .  ,  ,              .    ,        , ,  ,   .

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[6 -      - ,   .]           ,    ,        .    ,        .  ,   ,       .            ,   , ,      ,       ,   ,  -   [7 -        ., , Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006).].            ,  . ,    ,     ,           19901991 .   ,     ,     .

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      .        ,         ,       ,   .   ,     ,     . ,        .         ,    .

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   ,     ,          ,       .         ,     廠         .      ,    ,   .                   ,      ,      ,   ,    .         ,   ,           .      , , , ,  ,    ,   ,   ,    , ,  ,     .

   ,     ,  ,    ,   .                      ,     ,      .           ,     ,     ,    ,         .                     .       ( ,   ),     ,   .         ,  ,      ,        ,            .                ,    .                 ,                  ,          .        ,                 .   ,           л,   ,            .    ,      ,          .               ,   ,          .      ,     ,        .             ,     .

          .      ,     , , ,  ,  -         ,   .         ,      .         ,         .      ,       ,   ,   ,    ,      .     ,   ,   .             ,     .  :        ,    .

          ,   ,    ,      .      .   ,          .         ,       ,       ,        1990- .  ,              ,          ,   ,     , , ,  ,     .  ,             , ,    ,    .           .

        .            ,        .        ,   ,            .   ,           ,   .  ,      ,     ,   .    ,             ,      . ,  -     ,   , ,    .         .          .       ,      ,   ,        .        .  ,                     .       .                .

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    ,       ,          .                       .     ,  ,         ,      .     ?      ,  ,  -?            ?     1991        ,      ? ,          ,           ,    ,     .




 I

  

19831990





 1




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,       ,   .        ,  1930-  1960- ,        .    -    ,  -       .              ,        .   -             .      .        ,     .                [56 -  ..     . 8384.             1960-  :  ..,  ..,  ..,  ..     .     19662005. ., , 2006. . 1; Valentina Fava. Between Business Interests and Ideological Marketing: The USSR and the Cold War in Fiat Corporate Strategy, 19571972, Journal of Cold War Studies 20:4 (Fall 2018), pp. 2664.].

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     ,    ,       .  26  1986       ,    ,    ,     .                  .      , , ,            .   100000     ,  30-   ,    ,     ,      ,     ..    30         3  .     1989 ,      8  .      -  , -     ,  [58 -   ,  ,       1986  ( );    х 3  1986   16  1989 . . 6465, 445;  .. :  . . 145, 150; Serhii Plokhy. Chernobyl: The History of a Nuclear Catastrophe (New York: Basic Books, 2018); Taubman, Gorbachev, p. 241.].

 , ,   ,     .       .    . ,     (      )    .      ,      ,      14 ,         .           .       ,         .           .           1989 ,      [59 - Bill Keller. Gorbachev, at Chernobyl, Urges Environment Plan, The New York Times, 24 February 1989. https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/24/world/gorbachev-at-chernobyl-urges-environment-plan.html.].

         ,     .        ,    ,   1986     .         ,      .   , ,         .   ,  ,           , , ,   , ,        .     [60 -    3  1986.    . . 65.].                     .

   ,   ,   .  , ,  ,      ,     -       ,        .    .         ,                .        ,           .  ,              ,  :      ,         .      ,  [61 -      ;           х].

  :   1986          ,    ,    ,  [62 - Taubman. Gorbachev, p. 242.].      .                           .   ,  ,   ,      .         .    ,   30  1986 ,   , ,       [63 -  ..     . 118, 132.].

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  1987   ,          .      . -,   ,   ,   ,      绠     . -,       .      .      ,   .

      .             [66 - Ellman and Vladimir Kontorovich. The Destruction of the Soviet Economic System, p. 142, 144.            ; .  . [ ].   ?.  . 1987. 5. . 239241.].        1960-      є: ,   .    ,      (   !)      ,      ,   .         ,   .                   .        ,    ,    .                 .      .                [67 -      , 25  1992 . The McFaul Collection, HIA.].

  1987           .         :          .  , , ,    ? ,  .       1917 .    .     ,  ,   ,      :   , [68 -   , 22  1987 ,    . . 134135.].      .   ,     ,    .         ,            ,        .

  ,      ,     - ,     ,      .           .    ,              .    ,              ?      .    ,      ,      ,   ,  .      ,     :    :  ,  ,     .            .     ,     .   ,     ,      .  ,  ,  ,    .   ,  [69 -   , 12  1987 ,   ,  . , .].     ,    .      . ,     ,  .     ,  :     [70 -   , 14  1987.,    . . 184.  , 5  1987 . // .. .  .   . 19721991. . 313.].

        .     -.   1987 ,          ,   :     ,  ,   ,    . .   ,  ,    ,  .    [71 -   , 2122  1987 ,   ,  . , ;    . . 188189.].  ,        ,     .

   ,     ,    30  1987 .                    .      ,  -   ,        .        ,            .             ,      . ,    (  ..),      ,   . ,   [ ]     ,    [72 -     16  1987 .    . . 209.].

     ,   .     ,       ,    .      ,  ,     .   ,         ,  .        ,     ,  -  :  ,    ,     .  ,  , ,         :  .  .    ,       .            [ ]         23   [73 -     , 11  1987 .   ,  . , ;    . .196197.].

      1988 ,      .         ,     .        ,   ,    .     ,        .       ,         [74 -  ..       .    YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLFov5A_bwc.].             .  ,   ,   1970-   , ,            ,    ,     , .  ,     ,    ,        ,     .         ,     .         ,       .       ,       [75 -     http://lexandbusiness.ru/view-article.php?id=4716;          https://www.svoboda.org/a/usa-today-belovezhskiye-soglasheniya/28167677.html *.].         ,      .          ,     .

     ,          .               ,    .  1983         ,   .            .      .           .                 .         .    ,  뻠         .  ,           .           ,           .        ,  ,   ,  .      ,       , ,           .            .   -          .

    ,    , ,       .         .           ,    ,        ,  -  .      ,      ,       .          ,          .

    ,          .  ,            ,      .      :            .             ()    ().                  ,   . ,   ,   .  ,         ,            .        ,      .  1947   1961            ,        (      ).          - ,        .         [76 -  ..   1947 . ., , 2018.].            ,         .

            .                 .     ,            ,   .     -   .        ,      .         ,            .           ,         ,    ?   ,      ,   [77 -   . 14  1988 . . 332;    , 30  1992 . The McFaul Collection, HIA;   . 14  1988  //    . . 332.   ,    40       34     .].

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  1988            .   ,      .         ,   1980-    .          .            ,     .   .  ,   ,         .  ,        . , ,    .              ,     .        ,       .

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 ,     ,          .             ,  ,       ,       .         1013 .           :           ,        .           ,       .   1989   ,        .     .


  

       ?   ,  ,      ,  .      ,    .              .             :    ,         ,    ,   :  ,        ,  ,     ,       ?[83 - Taubman. Gorbachev, p. 3, 338.]

   ,           .          .         ,        .   1936     ,  ,     .  1948         .   1975      ,   1977-       . ,           [84 - Daniel Thomas. The Helsinki Effect: International Norms, Human Rights, and the Demise of Communism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Sarah Snyder. Human Rights Activism and the End of the Cold War: A Transnational Story of the Helsinki Network (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011); Richard Davy. Helsinki Myths: Setting the Record Straight on the Final Act of the CSCE, 1975. Cold War History 9:1 (2009), pp. 1-22; Michael C. Morgan. The Final Act: The Helsinki Accords and the Transformation of the Cold War. Princeton (NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018).].              .           ,            .            ,    ,       ,      [85 -  ..     ,      1982., 2, 4, 5. Open Society Archives, 300-80-1, box 880, 3.      .].

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,    ,          .             󻠖     .   ,  ,    .       :     [88 -  . . 53.].

         ,       .      1988      .       1941 ,      .       .           .         ,  ,  ,      .                     .  ,      ,    .              .   -    ,    .        1988-    .

 ,              .     ,      ,     .   ,         [89 -  ..   :  . .: , 1994. . 74;  ..  . . 73.].       ,       ,             1917 .     :                 .              .  ,      2250 ,    .            ,          .    :   ,             .       ,  .            ,   .             ,    .  ,            .           .

         ,  ,    .        ,    ,      ,     . ,      ,       .       ,       .  ,   ,     .      ,         ,  [90 -  ..   . . 7375.].

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              1988 .     4500 .  ,      ,      .  ,       ,           .          ,        1989 .        ,   .   ,         .       ,      ,        .    ,      ,                   .  ,      .     ,    [94 -  ..   . . 78.].       :          [95 -     , 20  1999 , .].

        ,        .      ,      -:   ?     ,    :    189,          .  ,         .     ,       ,        ,  ,     .     ,        ,         .              .    ,  ,     ,  ,  ,     .  ,        .        ,   -       [96 -  ..  . . 758759.].

  ,   1988       ,     .  ,      1964  ,     .        .      ,              ,       1920- .    ,      .          ,      .          1985    .     ,      .    1931         .        .          .     ,   ,        .   ,    ,    ,        .  , ,     .      ,         .        ,            .             ,      .  ,         ,   .          ,         .     ,             . ,    ,          ,     .

  ,  ,         .       :      .       ,            ,                 .           ,      .  ,  , ,             [97 - Timothy J. Colton. Yeltsin: A Life (New York: Basic Books, 2011),  5  6.].

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,   ,             ,       .      ,                  .            .         .       ,     ,   .              .         .   1922 .     ,     ,     ,    ,  ,          [100 -    13  1987 .   ,  . , .].         -,       .         .

         1988 ,      .    ,   ,   ,          .             ,       .   ,           ,  ,  ,       . , ,          ,  .      ;    ,    .       .   ,   .       ,            .         .      ,    ,     .        ,     . ,       ,     [101 - Taubman. Gorbachev, pp. 342351.].

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    ,     ,  ,     .              ,     ,         .       800  900         ,     .          .          .       ,      ,  . 8 1988        .    ,       ,       .    ,       ,     ,    .           ,             [103 -  ..   . . 7879, Taubman. Gorbachev. . 371372;  ..  . .761767;  ..     . 259260.].

    ,        .             ,  ,     ,   .     ,          ,      .     ,        .                  ,       .            :  ,   ,          !         .    : ! ,     , ,      .    , ,        .                  [104 -  ..   ( ).  12. . 37.].

30             .           ,     .               [105 -  ..   . . 7879,  ..     .259260.].

  19871988      ,   -        -.     .   1988       ,  ,        .    .  ,              ,     ,         .             .  ,  ,    ,      ,     . ,    ,   . ,               .




 2




 ,           ,    ,     ,  ,       .

  .
   , 1856


 

7 1988        -,            .         .         .    ,       .            ,    - ,       .           .  ,                ,     . ,      ,      ,        [106 -    . . 419420, 422;  ..  , 31  1988. . 776.].

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                 , ,   ,    .         , , , ,  ,     .     ,      .     ,         .  , ,       ,   ,   ,     .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/v-m-zubok/kollaps-gibel-sovetskogo-souza-69397636/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


. Stephen F.Cohen. Was the Soviet System Reformable? Slavic Review 63:3 (2004), pp. 459488; Mark Kramer, The Reform of the Soviet System and the Demise of the Soviet State, Slavic Review 63:3 (2004), pp. 505512.




2


   http://kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/22931;    https://www.rferl.org/a/eu-leader-to-putin-soviet-union-s-collapse-was-a-blessingnot-a-catastrophe/30049755.html *.




3


      ,        ,    ,  ,  .       (*). . .




4


James Wilson. The Triumph of Improvisation: Gorbachevs Adaptability, Reagans Engagement, and the End of the Cold War. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015); Robert Service. The End of the Cold War, 19851991 (London: Macmillan, 2015).




5


Kate Geoghegan. A Policy in Tension: The National Endowment for Democracy and the U.S. Response to the Collapse of the Soviet Union, Diplomatic History 42:5 (2018), pp. 771801.




6


     - ,   .




7


       ., , Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006).




8


        : Michael Ellman and Vladimir Kontorovich (eds.). The Disintegration of the Soviet Economic System (New York: Routledge, 1992),    The Destruction of the Soviet Economic System: An Insiders History (London: Routledge, 1998); Philip Hanson, From Stagnation to Catastroika: Commentaries on the Soviet Economy, 19831991 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992); David Woodruf. Money Unmade: Barter and the Fate of Russian Capitalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999); Juliet Johnson. A Fistful of Rubles: The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Banking System (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000); ..  :     (. Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia, trans. Antonina W.Bouis. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2007)).




9


Mark R.Beissinger. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).         Serhii Plokhy. The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union (New York: Basic Books, 2014).




10


          John Dunlop. The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). .  Geoffrey Hosking. Rulers and Victims: Russians in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2005).       Edward W.Walker. Dissolution: Sovereignty and Breakup of the Soviet Union (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003).




11


David M.Kotz and Fred Weir. Revolution from Above: The Demise of the Soviet System (New York: Routledge, 1997); Steven Solnick. Stealing the State: Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998); Stephen Kotkin and Jan Tomasz Gross. Uncivil Society: 1989 and the Implosion of the Communist Establishment (New York: Modern Library, 2009); Georgi M.Derluguian. Bourdieus Secret Admirer in the Caucasus: The World-System Biography (Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 2005).




12


Archie Brown. The Human Factor: Gorbachev, Reagan, and Thatcher, and the End of the Cold War (London: Oxford University Press, 2020). .    Did Gorbachev as General Secretary Become a Social Democrat? Europe-Asia Studies 65:2 (2013), pp. 198220.




13


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14


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18


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19


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21


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22


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23


..  . . 8788.




24


Vladislav Zubok. Zhivagos Children: The Last Russian Intelligentsia. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009.




25


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26


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27


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28


          , 11  1981 , .  , http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/115717.




29


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30


     , 25  1992 . The McFaul Collection, Hoover Institution Library & Archives [ HIA].




31


    ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .




32


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33


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34


        . . . 82. . 1. . 5354.      https://lenta.ru/articles/2020/04/23/35/?fbclid=IwAR00Uocg8CZYJyrQgxdnZo8jkbqY_t8dBXEAOX7IVM3JbvyuRXJ3VvHs2NQ ( 26  2020 ).




35


       , 11  1981 ,  ,   , http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/115717.




36


Mark Harrison. Secrets, Lies, and Half Truths: The Decision to Disclose Soviet Defense Outlays.      ,   . 55,  2008 , https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/archive/persa/055.pdf. /         ,        .       ,  .       : Dmitri Steinberg. The Soviet Defence Burden: Estimating Hidden Defence Costs, Europe-Asia Studies 44:2 (1992), pp. 237263;  ..,  ..        //        / . ... .,  , 1999. . 82129.




37


      , 22  1982 . . . 2. . 3. . 614. . 32, 33, 34,     Robert Service. The End of the Cold War, 19851991 (London: Macmillan, 2015), pp. 5556.




38


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39


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40


 ..   .    . ., , 2004. . 281282.




41


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42


      William Taubman. Gorbachev: His Life and Times. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017, p. 76, 134.      : https://dzen.ru/media/tass/son-jeny-kotoryi-gorbachev-vspominaet-do-sih-por-5bd9ab255a16d500ab505b7b.




43


 ..   . . 1. ., , 1995. . 265; Raisa Gorbacheva. I Hope (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), pp. 45; Taubman, Gorbachev, p. 209.




44


A. Ross Johnson. The Cold War and East-Central Europe, 19451989, Journal of Cold War Studies 19:2 (Spring 2017), p. 203.




45


Taubman, Gorbachev, p. 1, 5, 693;  ..  . .,  , 2016. . 691.




46


Stephen E. Hanson. Gorbachev: The Last True Leninist Believer?  Daniel Chirot (ed.), The Crisis of Leninism and the Decline of the Left: The Revolutions of 1989 (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1991).




47


  : Ludmilla Alexeyeva and Paul Goldberg. The Thaw Generation: Coming of Age in the Post-Stalin Era (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1990); Vladislav Zubok. Zhivagos Children; Benjamin Tromly. Making the Soviet Intelligentsia: University and Intellectual Life under Stalin and Khrushchev (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014); Kathleen S. Smith. Moscow 1956: The Silenced Spring (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017).




48


 ..  .    19721991 . ., , 2008, 23  1989 . . 790; Valery Boldin. Ten Years that Shook the World (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 95; Taubman. Gorbachev, pp. 215216.




49


 ..   . . 2. . 237238;  .., 29  1985.  . . 100063. . 1, . 116, https://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/1023305.




50


 ;   ,   ,   1985 ,  , . 10063. . 1. . 380 https://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/1023329.




51


Taubman, Gorbachev, pp. 230231. XXXII     . 25   6  1986 .  . . 1. .,   , 1986. . 121.




52


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53


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54


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55


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56


 ..     . 8384.             1960-  :  ..,  ..,  ..,  ..     .     19662005. ., , 2006. . 1; Valentina Fava. Between Business Interests and Ideological Marketing: The USSR and the Cold War in Fiat Corporate Strategy, 19571972, Journal of Cold War Studies 20:4 (Fall 2018), pp. 2664.




57


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58


  ,  ,       1986  ( );    х 3  1986   16  1989 . . 6465, 445;  .. :  . . 145, 150; Serhii Plokhy. Chernobyl: The History of a Nuclear Catastrophe (New York: Basic Books, 2018); Taubman, Gorbachev, p. 241.




59


Bill Keller. Gorbachev, at Chernobyl, Urges Environment Plan, The New York Times, 24 February 1989. https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/24/world/gorbachev-at-chernobyl-urges-environment-plan.html.




60


   3  1986.    . . 65.




61


     ;           х




62


Taubman. Gorbachev, p. 242.




63


 ..     . 118, 132.




64


 .    , 20  1986.   ,   St Antonys College, Oxford.




65


 . 25  1986.




66


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67


     , 25  1992 . The McFaul Collection, HIA.




68


  , 22  1987 ,    . . 134135.




69


  , 12  1987 ,   ,  . , .




70


  , 14  1987.,    . . 184.  , 5  1987 . // .. .  .   . 19721991. . 313.




71


  , 2122  1987 ,   ,  . , ;    . . 188189.




72


    16  1987 .    . . 209.




73


    , 11  1987 .   ,  . , ;    . .196197.




74


 ..       .    YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLFov5A_bwc.




75


    http://lexandbusiness.ru/view-article.php?id=4716;          https://www.svoboda.org/a/usa-today-belovezhskiye-soglasheniya/28167677.html *.




76


 ..   1947 . ., , 2018.




77


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