  .            
 . 


  = Contemporary American Studies in the Russian Language
   ,      ,  .              .          ,      ,   ,     ,     .     ,   ,         .        .





 . 

  .            








  ,        ,     .

     ,     ,   ,    :         ,    ,    , ,    .

           :     ,       ,  ,       ,           ,       ,  ,       ,      ,          ,        -,      , ,         .

           ,      , ,  ,      ,               .     ,           ,  .

         :    .,        -    ,   ,     ,  ,          ( )    .

 ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  -,  ,  ,  ,   -     ,     ,       ,      . ߠ   .

 .  ,     Cambridge University Press,      .          .

              .                 .

       :   ,    .            .   -        ,    , ,   . ߠ            .      蠖  ,    .




 


ALA -  

ASI   ,    

BU  , , 

CHMRC     

CHSL    

CMLS-VHS -       

CPL   

DHS   

DML   , 

DU  ,       .

ETHS    

FHS   , 

GC  ,    

HSWP    

ISL   

KHS   , 

LC  ,  

LCTA   , 

LMRL     , -, 

LSU   ,   

NARA    , , 

NARA-II    蠖 II, -, 

NYPL   -

OCM   , 

OHC   

OR  :       128 (:   , 1897)

OSU   ,  , eHistory

RG  

SCC    

SCHS    , 

TSLA    

UGA  ,      

UKL  蠖 

UM  ,    .

UMCP  ࠖ -,   

UMIS  ,  

UMS  ,  

UNC-SHC   ,   

USC   ,   

UTA   ,      

UTK   

UVA  ,       

VHS   

VMI   

VSP   ,  

WIU   

WRHS     










, , 1861


  1861    ,    ,  ,  ,     .         ,  1860?1861        ,    .     ,       ,   ,     .       .         ,  ,   ,     .           ,     .       ,       .   -     ,  ,         .      .   ,     .       ,       , ,   ,      [1 - .      1860 (. 219)   21 1861   .      .].

 ,         . -   ⠖        ,    ,    , ,   .    :   ,    ,    ,   .      ,            . Ӡ    ,    ;   1860     .          ,       .   ,    .     蠖      ,      .          -  1861[2 - .     1860 (. 15),        3 1861, 1 1860, 27 1861, 13 1860, 4 1860, 31 1860, 5 1861, 29 1860, 3 1861, 22 1861, 20 1861, 14 1861 28 1861.].

 ,      ,   .   ,  ,     . ,  ,       .   ,          ,           . ʠ  ,   .     -   ,      ࠖ  - ,     ,     . Ѡ  ,   . ,  ,     .    , 蠖      ,       [3 - .   21 1861  .].

 ,       ,   ,  -        .     .         ,     .           .     :   - ,   ? ߠ ,  -            ,         .   ,     ,          . ߠ  ,       (,   ),  ( ,  ).      .




   


     ,  ,  ,     ,       .           .  , , ,     ,     .            .         ,                젖 , ,          .  ,       ,               .

   .       ࠖ      ,    ,       ,   1861   .         ,       ,     ,        .     ,     , ,  -     ,  ,    ,     ,     .         ,     ,     . ,    ,   ,     [4 - .        24 1864.Π     . [Uglow 2014; Gibson 2014; Proctor 2010; Tirman 2011; Merridale 2006; Schrijvers 1998; Eby 1998].].

     ,   .       頖  ,  ,    ,    ,   .   ,  ,        ,         ,     -      .  ,    ,     ,             .       ,       ;   ,         ,        . ,         1806,        ࠖ   ,  1861.    1862    , 1863   .  ,  ,   ?  ,  頖   -     .      .          ,  ,     [5 - . [Bledsoe 2015; Watson 2013; Herrera 2015; Skelton 1992; Chetail, Haggenmacher 2011; Reardon 2012: 1011, 15, 1921, 87, 137; Coffman 1986: 42211; Carnahan 2010: 23, 43, 119; Escott 2006: 17, 9394; Davis 1991: 440, 541, 581]. . [Witt 2012: 29, 237238],   ,       .].

    , ,    .     ,    ,         .      . Ƞ       , ?     .     ,    ,     ,           堖  ,      .        ,    .  ,      ,              .     :        .     ,      . -            [6 - . [Dyer 1985: 4;Hickey 1990: 129130; Schrijvers 1998: 105; Parker 2013: 2829, 671].   ,       ,  [Royster 1991]  [Fellman 1995] ,      ,     [Dilbeck 2016],  [Grimsley 1995]  [Neely 2007]   .].

             . ,   .        , ,  ,      .         ໠    [7 - . [Goff 1969: 9091, 129130, vii; Wilson 2006: 3,191192].].              .       ,     ,  ,   ,       .       ,   :            .          [8 - . [Shannon 1965: 53103; Hagerman 1988: xixviii, 58; Huston 1966: 179187; Wilson 2006: 191192; Wiley 1943: 90107; Escott 1978: 5493].].

         ,       .  -     .          ,         .       ,      .     ,    , , ,   .         .   1862 -      -       ,  , ,      .   ,    ,     ,           ,   [9 - . [Le Duc 2004: 6869, 8485;  .. ; Adams 1916: 135, 147; OR: 951; Eggleston 1875: 208210].].

 ,         ,    ,     . - ,          ,     ,     .                   ;     ,  ,          .  1862      .  ,      - ,      .    -       . ,     ,    .    ,          .          .     ,      .  ,    ,   ,    .         ,        .      [10 - . [Borch 2016: 1;Witt 2012: 269, 273274; Alotta 1989: 202209; Kastenberg 2011: 193228]. Ѡ       ; . [Humphreys 2013: 3436, 3839, 129130, 208242; Downs 2012: 8182].      ,       ; . [Knight H.2011: 4,4952, 204205].].

 ,       ,      .     ,  ;   ,       .     ,  -  ,         . ,   ,      .        ,      ,        ,               .       ,    . Ѡ             ,   [11 - . [Mitchell 1988: 138, 140146; Glatthaar 2008: 176185; Hughes N.1995: 26, 82; Wills 1906: 360361; Ramold 2010: 273276, 286287; Wiley 1943: 217243; Wiley 1962: 193223].].

 ,   , ,    ,      ,  :      ,    ,    ,     ,   .         ,     ,       ;      ,   .  ,        .            ,          ⠖     .      ,    .      , -       .       :  ,  .        .       ,   [12 - . [Perrow 1986: 4;Grimsley 2011: 118, 135; Alvesson 2002: 1,166167, 172, 183; Hoffer 2007: viii, 910, 13; Komer 1972: viiiix; Schuck 2014: 4,13].].

        .     ,    .      ,         ,           .          .            .     ,  ,  .      ,  ,      ,       .           젖   ,      .       ,          ,  ,    .            .       [13 - . [Escott 2006: 72].].

     ,             .  -    ,    ,  ,      ,     [14 - . [Wiley 1943; Wiley 1962; Barton 1981; Jimerson 1988; Manning 2007; Sheehan-Dean 2007; Noe 2010].],          .    ,    .   ,      ,          .        .      蠫   ,  ,   -  .   , ,     ,    ,      .       . Π     .   .,    , ,    ,   ,            [15 - . [Marshall 1999: 83; Simon 1996: 4;Lewis 2013: 163, 166, 174175]. .   ..  ꠫      26 1862 (LC).].

        ,     .     .         . , -,      1862, ,        蠫   .           ,        .       .   . . ,    堖     ,   ,         [16 - . [Stout 2006: 286292, 321328, 329392, 393394, 401; Dilbeck 2016: 47, 128129, 134135, 144, 154155; Livermore 1897: 659; Graham 2013: 191].].

            ,      .   , ,    , ,       蠖    1860,      ,   .         :      .   1860  40%        ,        ,      ,    . ,   , -,    ,      ,            .      ,  , 蠖        .         ,           .          :     ,       [17 - . [Foner 2010: 143; Williams et al. 2002: 12].   ,        :  [Rubin 2005],  [Wetherington 2005],  [Gallagher 1997],  [Faust 1988],  [Thomas 1979]  [Massey 1966] ,       ,     [Myers 2014],  [Storey 2004], ,   [Williams et al. 2002],  [Bynum 2001],  [Fisher 1997],  [Dyer T.1999],  [Current 1991],  [Durrill 1990],  [Beringer et al. 1986],  [Escott 1978],  [Degler 1974]  [Tatum 1934] ,              .  [Freehling 2001]      .].







       ,    ,     ,     ,   .     ,      ,     [18 - . [Glatthaar 2008: 176185; Escott 2006: 165178; Sutherland 1995; Whites 2009; Ash 1995; Massey 1964: 204211].],  ,   ,    .      , ,     ,     .  ,       ,   [19 - . [Harrison 2013; Jabour 2007; Gardner 2004; Edwards 2000; Faust 1996; Whites 1995; Rable 1989; Elshtain 1995].].       ,      .   ,         ,   ,      ,    .     ,     頖 ,      ⠖  ,   ,            [20 - . [Reardon 2012; Ramold 2010; Escott 2006; Grimsley 1995; Mitchell 1988].       . [Bonner 2016: 17, 183184, 202; Bensel 1990: 233234].     . [Brooke et al. 2018].].

       ,      .   .  -    蠫  ,   ?     [21 - . [Cashin 2011; DeGruccio 2011: 1535].].           ( ,  ,  ),   ,        .    ,      [22 - . [Brady 2012; Drake 2015; Fiege 2012; Meier 2013; Judd 2014; Tucker, Russell 2004a].].   ,      ,             ;         ,    .  ,  -,   ,  ,   ,   .      ,   ,      - .      [23 - . [Hess 2005: 121, 126, 161165, 174, 257; Ash 1995: 55, 92; Escott 1978: 109110; Wiley 1943: 102; Wiley 1962: 233236].].         .   , ,     , ,  .         (1862)      [24 - . [Nelson 2012; Grimsley 1995].]. ʠ             ,     .        .




      


         ,    ⠫     ,   , ,   ,          .      1861  1863,                (1862)    (1863).       18641865,           .           ,     ,  ,  ,   .     .  ,       .           , ,   , , ,  ,   .             ,      ,   ,          .  ,            .              ,        (18611862),    ,   1863[25 - . [Romero 2015; Cecelski 2012; Siddali 2005; Camp 2004; Hahn 2003: 13115; Frankel 1999; Syrett 2005; Thomas 1979].].

   ,       .        ,         ,      . Ѡ      ,   , , , ,   ,     ,   ,    ,   .  ,    ,   ,    ,     .     堖    ,      ,         .

   .          .  껠   XIX,       40  ,      .            ,   ,      . ,        ,  ?     .    ,     ,     ,         .       ,   .




 1

 



   , , ,    :  ,  ,        .  ,     ,        .              .      ,       .    ,     ,    ,       ,   ,         [26 - . [Ash 1995: 45; Crofts 1992: 75101; Burton 1985: 75].].

        .  ,    蠖 ,  ,           .     ,      ,  .    , , , , ,   ,      ⠖    ,          .      ,   .       , ,         .       ,        ,            [27 - .    , . 18,     ,  ,   (UMIS).].







, , .      ,   , ,  ,        .    ,    .         :     .             ,   ,    . ,  .      ,  :  ,  ,      .               [28 - . [Burton 1985: 47, 57, 123; Wyatt-Brown 1982: 117291]. .     ., .I, . 110, UNC-SHC;    , . 3264, USC;    ., . 1,   ,    (VHS).].

     ,      .          . ,        ,  ,    ,      .  ,  ,         : ,         .      ,      .         ,   ,      .    .         ,    ,       蠫   [29 - .   .     30 1859,   ,  ,       (UVA);   .  .  15 [1832 1833],  ,    (FHS);   .    27 1856,    ,  ,     (DU);       25 1855,    .,   ,       (UTA). .  [Cooper-Hopley 1863: 75].].

           .            .     -,  ,   ,  ,      .             -,     ,   .      1859                   ,       .   ,     ,   ,    .    [30 - .       25 1856,    .,  -  (ALA);   .,   3 1859 UNC-SHC;   ,    (, ) 14 1853, . 3..  [Livermore 1889: 205206].].

      ,   ᠖ . ,      .     ,   ,          .     .      ,          .       .              .        ,  ,     .      ,    [31 - . [Taylor J.2008: 6263; Green 1921: 55; Murr 2001: 64]. .    .    20 1841,    , USG;    .   , LC, URL: http://rs6.loc.gov.].

       ,   ,    ,      .  ,  ,    . ʠ1861       ,       .       .       ,    , .         (     ), ?       - - .       ,    [32 - . [Zimring 2014: 6797; Stern 2012: 217, 1837; Weissbach 2005: 1213]. .    ,   20 1863  1 1864,   , UNC-SHC;   ,   26 1856  24 1857,   ,   (VSP).].

        ,  . ,   ?  ,             .           ,   ,       . ,  ,  ,    ,   . ʠ        , ,  ,   .      ,    ,            .      ,       ,     .     .    ,    ,  , ,             ,          [33 - .    ., . 1,   ,    (VHS);   , . 105, URL: www.loc.gov. .  [Pringle 1922: 18].].

     ,     .  ,   ,     .   , ,   ;   ,    .   ,      ,       .        ,  ,    ,   .     , ,     .      . ,       ,  ,         ,       [34 - . [Wolfe 1995: 23, 5864; Glover 2007: 25; Batchelor, Kaplan 2007: 27; Cashin 1996: 10; Burton 1985: 128; Lerner 1967: 41, 5460].].

         .      ,    . Ƞ,      ,   -  .      ,    ,  ,   ,     .        -,      .       ,         .      ,      .  ,       .          ,        ,    ,  <>  [35 - .   ., 2:47,   9 1840,    , ALA;        , 17 1850,        ,     ;   .    28 1852,    , UNC-SHC.].

  堖   ,      .       ,    ,  ,    ,   .      .  ,  ,   ,       .         -,       .      ,     ,  . Ӡ      .      .        [36 - . [Pringle 1922: 129130; Hazen, Hazen 1992: 6678, 129131; Outland 2004: 63; Pyne 2010: xvi]. .       (, )  16 1854, . 3        23 1855, . 2.].

            ,   .      ,   , .          ,     .     ,      ,  ,     .        ,      蠖    ,    .   ,    ,  , ,   ,     [37 - . [Klein 1999: 33; Anderson M.2015: 19; Edwards 2009: 7,6499].].

,  ,        .       ,  :      ,    .        ,     .        ,     ,  ,      .      ,        .     ,         ,       . ,       ,    .         .       ,    ,      ,    .     ,  .  .,   ,         [38 - . [Williams et al. 2002: 9;Ingraham 1835: 171; Perdue et al. 1976: 323, 326; Avirett 1901: 118119; Lerner 1967: 41, 5356, 60; Baggett 2003: 21, 7172; Fladeland 1955: 9092, 113123].].




 


 ,    ,    頖    .          ,     ,    ,   ,    .    ,    , ,  ,    ,   ,            .       ,  .    ,   .          ,   ,     .    ࠖ     ,     [39 - .    , . 14, 19,VHS;       11 1847,   , UNC-SHC;       14 1854,    , DU. .  [Hilliard 2014: 21, 4052, 67, 235; Smedes 1887: 84].     ,     ,     : . [Kennedy 1964: lli].].

    ,       .               .    ,  ,   ,  ,      ,          .       . Ӡ       ,          ,    ,      .  ,    .      ,      ,    [40 - . [Counihan 1998: 47; Cecil-Fronsman 1992: 143144; Sharpless 2010: 34]. .    ,   30 1854,  2 1854,  20 1855,     , UNC-SHC;    ., 18291857,  , , , URL: www.dinsmorefarm.org/biographies ( : 03.02.2023);   .,   12 1859, UNC-SHC.].

     .     :  ,    ,   .      ,      .      .    ,    .                .    ,   ,        ,    [41 - . [Cecil-Fronsman 1992: 1,103109; Shields 2015: 89, 146; Marks 1991: 28, 4648;Ingraham 1835: 172; Rosengarten 1986: 130131]. .   ..   12 1848,   , DU;    ,  2,18391845,   6 1845, 9 1845,   , USC.].

       .     ,      ,       . ..        , ,  ,     .     ,    .    .  ,     ,        ,           [42 - .  .    25 1844,       17 1852,    , UNC-SHC;  ..  ..   25 1858,    ., UTA. .  [Moore 1993: 62, 77].].

    , ,    ᠖     ,    .      . Ӡ           .      . ,     -:     , ,       .         ,        ,      [43 - . [McDaniel 2011: 57, 58, 171172; Schlesinger 1984: 312; Hess K.1992: 59, 9596, 102]. .    .     1 1848,   -,     (TSLA).].

     .     ,    ,     .        ,        .  ,   , ,  .     .      ,  ,         ,        .   ,    :     [44 - . [Horowitz 2006: 12, 12, 17; Hilliard 2014: 40, 8386, 9598, 125; Kemble 1864: 20; MacClancy 1992: 151].].

   ,           .            .         ,    ,        .        .     .      .   ,  .   , ,      ,    ,     .     ,    [45 - .    , . 7(    , UMIS);          17 1851, . 4..  [Hickman 1962: 25, 38].  1850-       [Hickman 1962: 26].].

       ,         .          .       ;    ,       .      ,   .    ,      .             ,          [46 - . [Toussaint-Samat 1996: 145146; Strother 1866: 170; Eppes 1968: 28]. .    .  1832    , . 9,   ,  ;   .  .  21 1853,    ., UTA.].

,     ,   .   , ,        .   ,     .       ,      .             ,     . ,     ,    ,  ,      ,    [47 - .   ., April 21, 1859, UNC-SHC;  ..     25 1843,   , UVA;    ,   13 1860, UNC-SHC. .  [Trefousse 1997: 21; Edwards 2009: 100101].].







     ,  堖  ,       ࠖ   .      :  ,  .      .            ,   ,    ࠖ .  XVII,      -,     .       . ʠ       ,   ,       .  1830-    ,  XVIII  ,   .        ,      .      [48 - . [Silver 1990: 1417, 25; Lillard 1947: 153; Kemble 1864: 181, 206; Green 2006: 386; Avirett 1901: 25].].

  ,        .    ,         .    .  ,    ,       ,    .       ,     .      .                   .          , ,  [49 - . [Livermore 1897: 154, 176177, 360;Venet 2005: 2731; Robertson 1960: 6061; Stewart 1996: 180181]. .   ..   .  12 1839,    , ALA.].

    ,        :    , , , , ,   ,  .       .        ., ,       ,       ,      .       ,   ,    .  .        蠖  ,  -        [50 - . [Williams M.1989: 7;Green 2006: xxii, xxv]. .    .  .  2 1858,    .,    (DHS);   - [ 1830-   1850- ],   ,    ., UTA;    ., . 53.].

      頖    .         .      -,    -,   .      -    .    .     ,      ,   , ,     .    ,    .        26 ,   ,    ,  .       . ,     蠖    [51 - . [Williams M.1989: 7172; Lillard 1947: 7779; Silver 1990: 132; Rosengarten 1986: 126127].].

     .          .      :     ,    ,      .            ,  .  ,        ,     .       :          ,    .        堖 ,       ,      [52 - . [Hickman 1962: 101; Williams M.1989: 77, 355; Durrill 1990: 14]. .    ,   13 1859,   ,VSP;   ,   22 1857,VSP;       2 1860,    ,  .].

 ,     .         ,   . ,    ,     ,   .        (1848) ,        .     ,        .            ,     .     ,     [53 - . [Fett 2002: 68; Simons 1848: 91]. .    ..   , . 13, UTA;  .    28 1831,   , UNC-SHC.].

        ,    .      .  ,    ,    ;            .     ,  ,            .        .     750   ,        10 [54 - . [Durrill 1990: 9;Outland 2004: 3561; Gudmestad 2011: 148150]. .      -     2 1850, . 4; . .    3 1860,   ,VSP.].

   ,      .         , ,    ,    .        .        ,        .      .        .   , ,    ,      ,    :   ,     [55 - .       ,   1855, . 724;       6 [1846],   , DU. .  [Outland 2004: 9899; Stoll 2002: 8,121124, 129].].

        .        ,    .       .  .,    ,  ,          .   ,  ,     ,       .         ࠖ        .  -          ,   [56 - . [Berry 1977: 182]. .     ,   16 1856,    , USC;      .,   .,    (OHC);     , /, 1928,     , UMIS.].

     .  ,    ,   , ,        .   ,  ,     , .    ,     ,     .      ,      XIX,       [57 - . [Plake 1868: 11; Hickman 1962: 2;Green 2006: 386; Williams M.1989: 10, 1415]. .    .    1861  1865, . 7,VHS.].

   ,     .         ;     ,      ,     .     ,  ,     ,  .      ,       .          ,       ,           [58 - . [Rosengarten 1986: 126; Green 1921: 18; Schlesinger 1984: 150151; Carteretal. 2016: 5;Lillard 1947: 157159]. .            16 1850 (  )        20 1858, . 2.].







     ,    .    ,   , , ,     .     :    ,      .    ,     .    ,  ,   ,    ,    .       ,  ,  .  .,  , , ,     ,   ,  ,    [59 - . [Garrett 1990: 15; Bollnow 2011: 124128; Felton 1919: 40; Cecil-Fronsman 1992: 152]. .       24 1855,    ., ALA;   .    5 1848,    , DU.].

             .    ,     ,  ,       . -,  ,      ,    .     .       ,   ,      ,   .   ,      ,      ,        .      ,    :    ,  [60 - . [Schlesinger 1984: 60, 382, 430; Martineau 1838: 5152]. .   ..     5 1851,   , UNC-SHC; .   , . 8.].

 ,      ,    :           ,  .       ,          ,     .  ..      , ,  .       ,    ,  .    ,     , ,   ,   [61 - . [Walker, Detro 1990: 5354; Burke 2010: 7172; Bishir 2006: 1,1149, 20; Fry 1908: 37]. .    .  .   20 1860,   ., DHS.].

     .  ,        .   ,    18 20   ,  .       ,   . , ,        -          .        .  ,     ,      . ,       ,      ,        [62 - .   .  .   20 1860,   ., DHS;       3 1831,   , UVA;      ,   ., URL: http://tn-roots.com/tncrockett/military/quest/quest-index.html (   ). .  [Taulbert 1995: 20; Green 1952: 24; Williams M.1989: 7273; Crofts 1992: 57; Smedes 1887: 67].].

     XVIII.       堖  ,   ,    - 1726.       XIX: -     ,      ,     .       .     , ; 1861       ,  ,       .           :      .  ,      ,  ,  ,  -   [63 - .      ,   , , URL: cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm ( : 03.02.2023);       13 1858,    ., ALA. .  [Burke 1941: 43;Ierley 1999: 238; Wyeth 1914: 8a].].

 ,      .   ,    ,   ,         .          :      .   ,      , ,     .         : ,        ,     . ,     ,   ,          ⠖  ,        [64 - . [Vlach 1993: 6,8; Fry 1908: 5354; Roth 2001: 162163; Bishir 2006: 4446]. .       ,   ., URL: www.tngenweb.org/bledsoe/bdocs/htm ( : 03.02.2023);        11 1860.].

  ,        ,       ,    .    , 堖  .         : ,    ,      .      ,     . Ӡ ,     ,  ,  .       ,    . - ,  ,       ,       , .              ,  XVIII[65 - . [Martineau 1838: 56; Anderson J.2012: 1315; Martin 2008: 4344, 196197]. .   ,  17229,  ,  239,    ,     (SCC), RG 217,    頖II, -,  (NARA-II);  -     8 1850,    ,  ,      (UGA);    , 1827,    , ALA.].

    :     ,    .       : ,  ,        .       .     ,    ,  ,    ,     .      ,    , .          .        .          ;  ,      ,    [66 - . [Akhtar 2005: 1721, 4950, 6768; Felton 1919: 16; Pringle 1922: 4445]. .      21 1833,    9 , ,   ;     6 1840,   8 -, ,   ;     .  29 1846,   , USC;   .. ,   6 1855,   -,   ,  (KHS).].

        ,     .   .. ,     ,      .      .           ,   ,       ,       .   ,   ,     ,   .           , .  ,   ,   ,         [67 - . [Woodward 2007: 174175]. .   ..   .  29 1838,   ., UNC-SHC;    , . 12,     ,  ,   (UMIS);   ., . 3,   , ALA.].

,    ,         .     , ,         .  ,       .    ,   ,    ,   ,      ,     .        .   , , 1860       .   ,  ,       ,       [68 - .   .    7 1858,   , USC;   ,   1846,  ,  ,   , 18421848, 3, . 3234;    ;     1860,  , ,  , . 27, 28, 33.].




 


       :        .     ,  ,   ,  ,    .        ,        ,   ,    .       .    , ,    1857          :   , ,    .    ,         ,  ,        .     , , ,   [69 - . [Harris 1985: 9495, 108111; Crofts 1992: 5051, 75, 101102]. .     ,   5 1843, UTK;     ..   24 1857,   .. ,VSP.].

  1850- ,       , ,  ,      .     ,        ,     ,      ,  .  .,      ,             .   ,    ,  ,   ,    ;    , , .    ,         .            , ,   ,  , .          :      .    堖 , ,     ,    ⠖         ,    .      ,        ,     ,  .    ,    ,    ,     ,    [70 - . [Harris 1985: 130131; Hansen 1994: 1314, 52136; Altschuler, Blumin 2000: 910, 79; Williams S.2006: 105107; Strasser 1999: 12; Stilgoe 2005: 9192, 94; Stoll 2002: 8,1920, 36; Glassie 2000: 138146; Jaffee 2010: 213, 270271, 318319]. .      , . 3,   (1850- ), UTK.].

  1860         ,      .           :          ?         -  ,  ,   -    ,       ,      , ,         . (  ,    , -  ,  ,        ,      .)      .    ,    .      ( , , , , ,  ),     (,  ),         ,  ,     ,  ,     4 ;        500. ,    ,    (..      )  40% .     1860    ,         [71 - . [Fuller 2012: 103, 131; Storey 2004: 28; Foner 2010: 143].].

    ,     .      ,        ;    ,    .        ,   ,        .  - ,     ,  .               . Ӡ    .      ,     -.  ,      ,  ,   .   ,  -  ,              . ,     ,      .     ,    ,      .    .   ,     ,  . ʠ 1861      [72 - . [Aughey 1905: 4647; Tatum 1934: 4;Baggett 2003: 4265; McCaslin 1994: 32; Williams et al. 2002: 13, 1,194; Ash 1995: 109110; Degler 1974: 129, 132133, 145148, 154155, 160163; Andrews 1908: 191; Storey 2004: 2832]. .      ,   1 1861,  -,  (OCM).         : . [Doyle 2010].].

  ,     .       ,     ,     . ,  ,  ,       ,  ,     .      ,          .  1812    ,   ,   .         , ,      ,    .   ,   .       .   ,    ,      . ,        .,       ,        ,              [73 - . [Nash 2005: xiv, xxi; Chamberlaine 1912: 92; Strother 1866: 409; Graham 2013: 299].].

             .   ,    ,   ,    .         ,  .    ,          .     :     . 堖    堖   .  ,        :     [74 - .   ,   2 1862,   , UNC-SHC. .  [Crofts 1989: 345; Trowbridge 1969: 250; Murrell 2005: 1317, 31, 39; Saxon 1905: 1516].].

          .       1861,     ,     .  ,                 .          1861,     ,            -     . ,     ,     :   , ,    [75 - .        30 1861, . 4;  ,  ,     1 1861, . 2;   ,  -   20 1861, . 1..  [Escott 2006: 87; OR 1,4: 393].].

,  ,      .   :    ,        .  ,         , -   ,    ,  .    ,    .      蠖  堖  ,     .           .     .  1861        , ,  .




 2





    1861          .   ,        ,        . Ƞ ,      , ,  ,       .         ,   ,  ,       ,     .     ,   ,     ,   1861.       ,   ,   ,   .     :        . Ƞ              ,       [76 - . [Graham 2013: 522; Proctor 2010: 5,11; Schrijvers 1998: 109, 124126, 200201].].

  , ,     ,      ,         頖     ,        .            .        ,    : ,  ,  , ,   .         .      ,      ,          . ,   ,       ,  : , 3040%      .        [77 -      ,  40%    ,     , 1860    .  ,  1861    ,  ,       .  ,  1860   ,  1861      , , ,       .       ,       ,  : [Myers 2014: 1112] ,     6%    ,    [Storey 2004: 6]   10?15%   .].

 ,      , .      1806         ,   .            ,     ,         .   ,        ,    ,         .       ,     .     56,          ,   ,  57            ,  60,   ,   ,    .        1861;       ,  1863,        ,     1806[78 - . [Bray 2016: 121124, 129, 131142]. .        1861   (. 494),  ,      (. 171189)     (. 407420).].

           ,   .        ,  ,     ,    ,    .       ,  .         .       ,         .         .   1862  :          ,        .   1863     ,     ,       . ,   ,         .




 


   ,        -,       . Ƞ        ,      . ,   1861-젖  1862-,      .        1861  , ,     ,   .  ,     :   ,       ,   .        ,     [79 - . [Degler 1974: 147148; Becker, Thomas 1988: 7]. .     ,   -  3 1862, . 2,     4 1862,   , LC.].

     ,         , ,      .       .       ,   .   .  ,       , ,      .  1861,    ,            .          ,  -   1860,     .      ,       [80 - . [Davis 1999: 4245; Dayton 1961: 6,11]. .     ,      24 1861, . 8.].

            . - ,    ,  .     ,  , , ,         . Ӡ,   ,    .   ,  , ,  ,     .        ,  ,    .      .    ,     ,      .     ,   ,       [81 - . [Kent 1976: 8586]. .       24 1862,   , LC,        -,     8 1862, . 3.].

             .    ,   1861,      ,      ,      .     ,    ,          ,   . ,   .   .     蠖  ,  1860    ,      .        .  -    ,          [82 - . [OR 1,4: 545548; Gordon 1903: 27; Moore 1910: 27].].






. 1.  .   



         ,   .     ,     ,      .     ,   ,     ,     , ,          .    -  ,     ,       ,        .      - . . .,   , ,         ,   ,  ,    .    ,            [83 - . [Moore 1910: 22, 42; Cox 1900: 78, 85]. .   . .    3 1862,  . ., .2,      -.].

   ,       .       ,      .  18611862  -, , , ,      ,       -.     , ,    ,     ,         .         :    .          ,    ,      ,       [84 - .       ,     13 1861,   .   23 1862,     .    (ISL),  .     1860  1862,   ,     (ASI); OR 1,7: 719720. .  [McFadden 1991: 26].].







            頖  :      .     56      ,  ,       .   ,   ,    ,    ,  .             .     ,   .            .       .   1861          .         .       ,     [85 - .        18 1861,   - (VSP);  < >   17 1862,   - (LC);  ,     21 1861, . 3.].

      : ,  .  ,      .  1861    ,             . ,     ,  ,    .       : , ,      . ,  ,    .          ,        ,  . Ƞ,     ,        ,  .           ,     ,       [86 - . [Van Tuyll 2001: 136138]. .      ,     21 1861, . 2;    29 1862,   - (LC);   .    1861  1865, . 12(VHS); [OR 1,4: 51].].

      ,      .    .     . ,       :     ,          ,      .       堖    蠖   . Ӡ   ,  .   -, ,     ,     [87 - . [Hajdinjak 2002: 2231; Barber 1894: 104105]. .   ,     21 1861, .3;[OR 2,2: 1023];    ,     18 1862, . 1;[OR 2,2: 183184, 192].].

           .          ,      .   (  )    , .  1861 1862      .            .               . Ѡ   ,  .          ,    [88 - . [Rable 1989: 12, 1517, 30; Moore 1910: 142]. .      ,     8 1862, . 1; ,      7 1862, . 2.].

     ,  ,     . ,    , ,   (  )  ,   .         ,      .  ,    ;          1862    11  -    ,  .  ,      .   ,  ,       ,   [89 - . [OR 1,17, 2:15, 187];     ,   -  12 1862, . 1;   ,     18 1862, . 1;  ,   <>  9 1861, . 1..  [Sarna 2012: 57, 2122, 2930].].

   ,   ,  -   .          ,   ,  .       ,     .    ,  ,  1861   ,      .     :      ,        .  ,    ,   ,         .  1861       ,  -    ,   .   1862,    ,       [90 - . [Fishel 1996: 7374; Harrison, Klotter 1997: 207208]. .  [OR 2,2: 192];   ,     30 1861, . 4;    ,     11 1863.].

   .  蠖 ,   ,      ,     .    ( ,    ),        .      , ,  ,    ,     .    . ,  ,    ,        .      .  ,       ,        [91 - . [Ash 1995: 87]. .  [OR 2,2: 192];   195  ,    - ,  - , RG 153,     (NARA);     1860,  , ,  , . 7172; [OR 2,1: 662].      -     A  K,       ,       .].

       .   ,   ,   ,    ,      .  1862 ,    , ,          .    :      .     ,  ,    ,    ,        . -  .   , ,       ,           [92 - . [Hickey 1990: 170, 225227, 252; Risch 1989: 345; Towne 2015: 66]. .       ,   <->    17 1862, [OR 1,17, 2:187].].

            .   1861    , ,       ,       .   ,          .  ,        .         -堖       , ,     . ,            [93 - . [Hassler 1965: 51; Diaz 2015: 3233; French 1901: 155]. .  [OR 1,26, 2:153154].].

,      ,    頖 , ,  .     .           , ,     ,     .    ,           .         ,  .     ,      ,   .  ,        ,    .  1850-     ,     ;   ,        .       ,     ,        .  ,      .      [94 - .   ,     4 1862, . 2;   ,   -  11 1862. .  [Pryor 1987: 3637, 6567, 130131].].







        .    57,       .          .           :        頖   - ,    .  ,   ,     .     , ,           1861.               .           .     ,         ,      [95 - . [Cashin 2006: 114; Murrell 2005: 108]. .      .  24 1861,   ,   .].

    ,      .    ,      ,     .              ,    .     ,      ,      .   ,      ,  ,     ,     젖     .          [96 - . [Whites 2009: 103106; Fishel 1996: 56]. .        23 1862,   -,     (ETHS);   .    ..   6 1862,   蠖  , 18611865,  189,     , RG 109, NARA.].

       ,     .                .   ,   ,    ,      : ,             . -,  ,    ,      ,      .        .  .     ,      堖 - ,      ,   . ,       ,         .  ,     , 1862 ,     ,           [97 - .  M.  ( )  13 <1861  1862>,   蠖  , 18611865,  189,     , RG 109, NARA;   ,  NN 195,   - ,  - , RG 153, NARA; [OR 2,2: 13611362; OR 2,2: 1431];      6 1862,   - (LC).].

                 .   1860?1861             ,      ,   1861 -   ,      , , ,     .      ,      ,      ,     .   1862        , ,   32 ,        [98 - . [Matthews 1864: 284; Sheridan 1994: 93]. .  [OR 2,2: 13611362; OR 1,13: 524525].].







         :     ,          .               .          ,  ,   ,      .         ,       .         廠 ,     ,    .   1861,    ,  .  -, ,       ,    ,       .      .       .      ,        ,              [99 - . [Fishel 1996: 2;Shackley, Finney 2005: 1]. .  [OR 1,17, 2:1415];   . ,   8 1861,   ;   ,   27 1862,     ,  ,   . (UM).].

     ,        ࠖ   .    , ?     .        ,         . Ƞ      ,    -   .    , -      ,      .     .  1861                 , .    .    , ,  . ʠ  -,           [100 - . [OR 1,2: 992; OR 1,10, 1:3536]. .  [Storey 2004: 151152].].

     ,    .    ,     :   ,    .         .      - -,     ,     , ,  ,      .        ,    .  , ,    - ,     ,    [101 - . [Gallagher 1989: 6970; Gordon 1903: 4142; Wills 1906: 9091].].

       ,    ,     .     ,    ,   ,   .     : -   , -   .         .        ,          .   1861               堖    - .  ,   ,   [102 - . [OR 1,17, 2:1415; OR 1,4: 320]. .  [Feis 2002: 16, 31, 128; Blackford 1993: 18].].

   ,        .    ,    -, ,  -,     .         .  ,    ,   ,     ,    . ,       . -    ,        ,   :        ,    [103 - . [OR 1,8: 4748; OR 1,4: 242]. .  [Schrijvers 1998: 192193; Cox 1900: 251].].

        ,    .      .   1861 -  ,   , ,       ,       .     .            .     ,  ,     . ,       . ,   ,     ,        [104 - . [Fishel 1996: 8,5868, 175177; Gallagher 1989: 140; Bonds 2007; Shackley, Finney 2005: 12]. . [OR 1,1: 433].].

        ,      ,    .  ,    ,   .   1861        . ,  .. ,   , ,   ,    .      ., ,  ࠖ    蠖  .      , :   ,       ,     .   ,   . ,   1861          .   ,    [105 - .   .  .  28 1861,  , LC;    ,      8 1861, . 3;   -   ,   -  26 1863, .1.].

,      ,   ,  .          ,   . ,   ,   ,        .      ,       .   ,       .             ,   1862     . -      .  1861/1862     ,  -,     ,  ,       [106 - .  .. , . 1617,  . .. , UNC-SHC;    ,      12 1862, . 3..  [Cox 1900: 8687].].

-            .  1862     ,  ,  ,   -.  ,    ,  ,   , ,  ,   .    ,       ,   ,  ,   ,      .  ,      , ,    .       ,  ,          . Ӡ   ,     (  ),   (  )   (, ).     ,     ,  ,   蠫     .      [107 - . [Blanton, Cook 2005: 58]. .  [OR 2,5: 121122].].

   ,      蠖     .   -        ,   ,     , ,   .      ,     .       ,   .   -   ,    ,      -    ,    .  1862     ;   ,     .        ,   .    ,           [108 - .  .. ,  NN 200,   - ,  - , RG 153, NARA; [OR 2,2: 1363]. .  [Dyer 1999: 102120; Fishel 1996: 148149].].




 


      ,    XIX .    60 ,   ,  ,     . ,      ,       ,     ,       .   ,       ,      ,    ,    ,    70.    ,     ,      [109 - . [Proctor 2010: 6;McKenzie 2006: 137138; Mohr 2001: 121128; Escott 2006: 46; OR 2,2: 14241425].].

 18611862     .    ,   .     ,    ,    .    ,       .            ,   ,      [110 - . [Ford, Ford 1905: 12; Rable 1989: 121128, 131132]. .      ,  1928,     , UMIS; [OR 1,7: 753].].

             .      . ,     ,        ,        .       ,   ,    ,    ,     ,    ,  .       ,        [111 - . [Hickey 1990: 228]. .      ,  1928,     , UMIS;    , . 96;    ,   . .  7 1862   ,    ,    18621863,  190,     , RG 109, NARA. .  [Quiroz 2008: 426427].].

     ,   ,    .   .      ;    .         ,  ,     .        .    -         500,  ,  ,           ,     .     ,     .   ,   ,           .   1862    ,     [112 - .   961  ., .V, .43,      ,     , RG 109, NARA; [OR 1,18: 396397]. .  [Blackford 1993: 6468].].

,          .     ,        . , ,   ,        .   , ,   ,  ,     1862,            .          ,     .     ,         : ,        ,   .  1863      ,         .     ,       蠖       .           :       [113 - . [OBrien, Parsons 1995]. .    , 1898, . 1,  , -; [OR 1,5: 621; OR ( ) 2,1; 756];    , . 12, 239.].

  ,     ,    .     ,       ,      .  ,   , ,     .  ,  , ,  , ,          ,     .         .          ,               :  ,  .     ,   ,   ,       蠖 ,    ,      ,    .  ,    .       ;    ,  .  , ,  [114 - . [Huston 1966: 170; Rusling 1899: 189; Ash 1995: 79; Capers 1965: 8182; Livermore 1899: 357; Sheridan 1992: 137138]. .      ,     7 1863, . 157.].

,        ,         .            .   , 1862           ,     .        :   , ,     .      .    ,     .      ,     - .   ,       .      .  1865       ,     [115 - .     1860,  , ,  ;     , ,    ,  18631864,  301,  225,   , 17941915,      , RG 92, NARA.].

       ,       .  ,     ,     ,    .          : ,        .      .     ,       ,    , .    ,    ,  -   ,    .   ,     ,   ,    [116 - . [Merridale 2006: 237;Venet 2009: 125128]. .    ,   , 1976,  , , ;    , ,  27 1862, ASI.].







  1861       ,      .   1861         ,    ;   蠫    .       ,          .            ,    :  ,     , 頖     ,     [117 - . [Murrell 2005: 93; Sternhell 2012: 129133; Neely 1999: 26].].

      .     :        .      ,    .     ,     .      ,   ,           , , 1861 ,    .    ,   .           ,    .        ,      ,   ,    [118 - .    ., , 10 1861,   ,  ; [OR 1,11, 3:659; OR 1,4: 397];   ,     2 1861, . 8..  [Berlin 1994: 6263; Mitchel 1916: 1820; Neely 1999: 24]. Π     . [Torpey 2000: 3,2252, 9394].].

      ,       ,     . Ѡ   ,     ,    ,     .   .      堖       .     .       ,    ;     ,  .           :  , , ..,   ,   ,   [119 - . [Ash 1995: 84; Murrell 2005: 93]. .   ..     1860  1862, ASI; [OR 1,25: 1115; OR 2,2: 14131414].].

        ,   .       (100   ),      ,      ,         .       . , 1861        , ,       .           ,   .      ,  -   : !    [120 - . [OR 1,17, 2:158; OR 1,5: 514515]. .  [Frobel 1992: 3436].].

 ,        .             ,     .             .   ,       頖  .      .  ,      ,       .     .        ,      .    ,   ,        .   ,             .  ,        ,        ,    .         , ,  堖      [121 - . [Murrell 2005: 9398; Lonn 1940: 89, 178180, 251]. .      29 1862,   - (LC);  ,     17 1863; [OR 2,5: 620624].].







        ⠖  .           :    1949   .       ,     ,         .         ,          .       ,    :    ,     .   , ?  ⠫        ,       .  1863          .             [122 - . [Proctor 2010: 24, 127128; Carnahan 2010: 140141, n.72; Small 1997: 8084].  [Fisher 1997: 149]    ,  , ,        .].

   1861,    .    ,     ,   .        ,    .          . ,  1861    ,   ,      ,    .               :      .     ,    . -         ,     , ,   ,  .       , ,   .      -,       ,  [123 - . [OR 2,1: 866867];   ,   ,  ࠖ -,   (UMCP); [OR 1,19, 2:55].].

               .   , .   1861              ,          ࠖ  , , ,      .        .   -        ,        .  ,  -  ,     .  1862    , ,    ,      ,      [124 - .    ,      8 1861, . 3;   ,   -  19 1863; [OR 1,15: 554555].].

  ,       ,    ,        .       ,     젖  ,     .     ,      .     .            ,   .     ,         .     ,  ,    ,   ,  [125 - .    ,      8 1861, . 3;  -,     15 1861, . 1;[OR 2,4: 855; OR 2,3: 156];   ,   , UMCP; [OR 1,15: 554555];    ,   -  19 1863.].

   ,     ,    -.    ,       ,     .   1862  .    -   :  ,             . (  ,      .)                      ,     - .     ,      .   -     ,  ,         ,    .    ,   ,    [126 - . [OR 1,21: 1079; OR 2,4: 855; OR 2,3: 808; OR 1,22, 1:166].].     .   . ,      , -             .     ,     -   ,      -.       ,      ,    .    ,   ,              . ,         ,   .         ,     -,    [127 - . [OR 1,19: 55];     ,      4 1862, . 4;[OR 2,4: 351, 869870];   ,   , UMCP.].

 1862  .  , ,  .            .   ,     ;          .  1860      .       ,    .  1862        蠖      ,      .        ,       - , .     .       .    ,   ,             .           :    , 젖  ,     .       ,     .          .   ,      .    ,    . ,  1862       .  ,    [128 - . [Griffith, Rowe 1964: 395429].].

 1863     ,       .  ,  ,  , ,   ;      ,       .   ,     ,       .     1830-      ,       .          ,    ,       ,   .       ,    ,   ,       .    ,  -      .     ,   ..        ,   , 1857     -. ,    ⠖        1861    .     :      [129 - . [Freidel 1947: 262, 115170, 225, 235242, 292306, 317320; Witt 2012: 177178].].

 1861         .    ,      , 1862             .   ?  ,     24 1863      100.           (  157), ?        .      ,    . Ѡ ,  ,             ,     .  ,  ,        . Ѡ ,  ,                 .        ,     :     ,     ,     蠫 .    ,    ,      ,       .  ,     ,          .       ;   ,    ,    1861[130 - . [Freidel 1947: 317334; Witt 2012: 233234; Grimsley 1995: 149151]. .   15, 16, 2125[Witt 2012: 377378].].






. 2. ,  .   



  ,       ⠖   ,  ,      ,   .  , ꠖ  ,       ,       .   ,      , ..  (    )  ,      .   ,  ,    .       ,        ,    .     ,         .   , ,    .              ,   1863      ,   . ,  ,   ,        [131 - .  54, 55, 56, 59[Witt 2012: 383]. .  [Freidel 1947: 337338; Witt 2012: 245246, 283, 342365].].

     -        ,    1863,    ,   .        ,      .     .   1863    ,    - ⠫ ,      ,   , ,  -   .   ,     ,       .   -     ,  ,       ,    .    ,     [132 - . [Neely 1991: 153]. .    ,      5 1863, . 1;[OR 1,31, 3:366; OR 2,6: 777; OR 1,26: 4041].].

    ,  -     ⠖ ,  . ,         .      :            ,    ,    ,  -.  -  -   .   1863   .     ..   ,    ,   ,     ;    .   -     ,     .             ,     .   ,        ,         ,  -  .

     蠖 , ,  ,   ,    ⠖       ,      .      ,  [133 - . [OR 1,22: 267; OR 1,15: 312; OR 1,31: 506507]; .    ,      5 1863.].




 3





    ,       .        ,     . ..         ,      ;   ,  ,   .        ,    ,         ,    .  ,   ,   ,    ,    - .   ,     .     ,         ,      .       ,    ,   (  )   ,     .       蠖   ,         [134 - . [Bloodgood 1893: 7677; Ritchie 1981: 141; McNeill 1982: 7,2, 159, 183, 328, 354; Eby 1998: 25, 39, 43, 62; Lair 2011: 7480].].

       ,   ,       .  1806         ,    ,  ,    .  52       ;  ,   , -    .      蠫,          ,  컠  -      .     54,          ;              ,  , , ,   ;     ,      ,     .    ,  1863,  5254  . ,   ,  56     .      1861 ,              [135 - . [Simpson, Weiner 1989: 11:1104, 832]. .   ,  20,  52, 54(URL: www.freepages.military.rootsweb.com    );    , . 413414;       1861 , . 73.].

     ,  1861,  ,        .   1814 ?     .     ,    .    ,        . ,                 ,   젖       蠖       .  ,      ,         ,    ,   : ,   .      .       ,       .         ,   ,             ,    .          ,         ,   .      . ,       -   ,        ,     [136 - . [Johnson 1998: 175, 278, n.14; OR 1,1: 236; OR 2,2: 48; Scott 1861: 2122, 305308, 478, 586588; OR 1,2: 682; OR 1,7: 785786; Klingberg 1955: 2122].].







 1861    ,  ,     (,  ),  ,  ,        ,  .       :   1862, 1863 1864.      ,   ,  ,    ,   ;        .        ,   ,     ,     .      ,    ,        .       ,          [137 - . [Fisher, Fisher 2011: 5253, 73; Huston 1966: 174, 239; Stillwell 1920: 122125; Meier 2013: 112; McKim 1910: 63; Donald 1975: 120; Goodloe 1907: 207]. .        1861 , . 244.].

   ,   ,  , ,   ,  1861    . ,        ,  ,   ,    .        ,      .  ,      ,     .      : ,          蠖 ,  .    ,     ,     ,         1861 ,            .       ,    [138 - . [Weigley 1959: 162, 165, 219222, 260; Wiley 1943: 9697; Goff 1969: 53, 243245; Hughes N.1995: 23, 48; Robson 1898: 11]. .    . ..   10 1861,    .,  ,    (VMI).].

,         ,    ,    ,  . Ӡ   ,         .     ,    .         ,       .  ,       : ,      .  1861   ,   ,  , ,        .          ,       ,     .     ,       [139 - . [Billings 1993: 110, 115; Wiley 1962: 225226; Towne 2015: 6768; Taylor L.2004: 17; Leib 1862: 1719, 2829].].

                   .                    .    ,   ,        .              . -           ⠖  ,   ,    .      , ,    ,        [140 - . [OR 1,11, 1:1028; Taylor L.2004: 31, 111112; Huston 1966: 174, 230; Watkins 1999: 14; Bonner 2006: 103]. .   . .    10 1862,   . (UTK);   ,   18 1862,      (WRHS);       9 1862,    (UMCP).].

 ,      . ,  -  .,     ;        ; -    ;    .         ,     .      .      .    ,       ,   ,    .    ,      ,  ,     [141 - . [Dayton 1961: 1213; Gordon 1903: 110; Graham 2013: 467; Bloodgood 1893: 26; Fisher, Fisher 2011: 6061; Goodloe 1907: 207208; Kent 1976: 141]. .    .  ,   1862,    (UM).]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=69503974)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes



1


.      1860 (. 219)   21 1861   .      .




2


.     1860 (. 15),        3 1861, 1 1860, 27 1861, 13 1860, 4 1860, 31 1860, 5 1861, 29 1860, 3 1861, 22 1861, 20 1861, 14 1861 28 1861.




3


.   21 1861  .




4


.        24 1864.Π     . [Uglow 2014; Gibson 2014; Proctor 2010; Tirman 2011; Merridale 2006; Schrijvers 1998; Eby 1998].




5


. [Bledsoe 2015; Watson 2013; Herrera 2015; Skelton 1992; Chetail, Haggenmacher 2011; Reardon 2012: 1011, 15, 1921, 87, 137; Coffman 1986: 42211; Carnahan 2010: 23, 43, 119; Escott 2006: 17, 9394; Davis 1991: 440, 541, 581]. . [Witt 2012: 29, 237238],   ,       .




6


. [Dyer 1985: 4;Hickey 1990: 129130; Schrijvers 1998: 105; Parker 2013: 2829, 671].   ,       ,  [Royster 1991]  [Fellman 1995] ,      ,     [Dilbeck 2016],  [Grimsley 1995]  [Neely 2007]   .




7


. [Goff 1969: 9091, 129130, vii; Wilson 2006: 3,191192].




8


. [Shannon 1965: 53103; Hagerman 1988: xixviii, 58; Huston 1966: 179187; Wilson 2006: 191192; Wiley 1943: 90107; Escott 1978: 5493].




9


. [Le Duc 2004: 6869, 8485;  .. ; Adams 1916: 135, 147; OR: 951; Eggleston 1875: 208210].




10


. [Borch 2016: 1;Witt 2012: 269, 273274; Alotta 1989: 202209; Kastenberg 2011: 193228]. Ѡ       ; . [Humphreys 2013: 3436, 3839, 129130, 208242; Downs 2012: 8182].      ,       ; . [Knight H.2011: 4,4952, 204205].




11


. [Mitchell 1988: 138, 140146; Glatthaar 2008: 176185; Hughes N.1995: 26, 82; Wills 1906: 360361; Ramold 2010: 273276, 286287; Wiley 1943: 217243; Wiley 1962: 193223].




12


. [Perrow 1986: 4;Grimsley 2011: 118, 135; Alvesson 2002: 1,166167, 172, 183; Hoffer 2007: viii, 910, 13; Komer 1972: viiiix; Schuck 2014: 4,13].




13


. [Escott 2006: 72].




14


. [Wiley 1943; Wiley 1962; Barton 1981; Jimerson 1988; Manning 2007; Sheehan-Dean 2007; Noe 2010].




15


. [Marshall 1999: 83; Simon 1996: 4;Lewis 2013: 163, 166, 174175]. .   ..  ꠫      26 1862 (LC).




16


. [Stout 2006: 286292, 321328, 329392, 393394, 401; Dilbeck 2016: 47, 128129, 134135, 144, 154155; Livermore 1897: 659; Graham 2013: 191].




17


. [Foner 2010: 143; Williams et al. 2002: 12].   ,        :  [Rubin 2005],  [Wetherington 2005],  [Gallagher 1997],  [Faust 1988],  [Thomas 1979]  [Massey 1966] ,       ,     [Myers 2014],  [Storey 2004], ,   [Williams et al. 2002],  [Bynum 2001],  [Fisher 1997],  [Dyer T.1999],  [Current 1991],  [Durrill 1990],  [Beringer et al. 1986],  [Escott 1978],  [Degler 1974]  [Tatum 1934] ,              .  [Freehling 2001]      .




18


. [Glatthaar 2008: 176185; Escott 2006: 165178; Sutherland 1995; Whites 2009; Ash 1995; Massey 1964: 204211].




19


. [Harrison 2013; Jabour 2007; Gardner 2004; Edwards 2000; Faust 1996; Whites 1995; Rable 1989; Elshtain 1995].




20


. [Reardon 2012; Ramold 2010; Escott 2006; Grimsley 1995; Mitchell 1988].       . [Bonner 2016: 17, 183184, 202; Bensel 1990: 233234].     . [Brooke et al. 2018].




21


. [Cashin 2011; DeGruccio 2011: 1535].




22


. [Brady 2012; Drake 2015; Fiege 2012; Meier 2013; Judd 2014; Tucker, Russell 2004a].




23


. [Hess 2005: 121, 126, 161165, 174, 257; Ash 1995: 55, 92; Escott 1978: 109110; Wiley 1943: 102; Wiley 1962: 233236].




24


. [Nelson 2012; Grimsley 1995].




25


. [Romero 2015; Cecelski 2012; Siddali 2005; Camp 2004; Hahn 2003: 13115; Frankel 1999; Syrett 2005; Thomas 1979].




26


. [Ash 1995: 45; Crofts 1992: 75101; Burton 1985: 75].




27


.    , . 18,     ,  ,   (UMIS).




28


. [Burton 1985: 47, 57, 123; Wyatt-Brown 1982: 117291]. .     ., .I, . 110, UNC-SHC;    , . 3264, USC;    ., . 1,   ,    (VHS).




29


.   .     30 1859,   ,  ,       (UVA);   .  .  15 [1832 1833],  ,    (FHS);   .    27 1856,    ,  ,     (DU);       25 1855,    .,   ,       (UTA). .  [Cooper-Hopley 1863: 75].




30


.       25 1856,    .,  -  (ALA);   .,   3 1859 UNC-SHC;   ,    (, ) 14 1853, . 3..  [Livermore 1889: 205206].




31


. [Taylor J.2008: 6263; Green 1921: 55; Murr 2001: 64]. .    .    20 1841,    , USG;    .   , LC, URL: http://rs6.loc.gov.




32


. [Zimring 2014: 6797; Stern 2012: 217, 1837; Weissbach 2005: 1213]. .    ,   20 1863  1 1864,   , UNC-SHC;   ,   26 1856  24 1857,   ,   (VSP).




33


.    ., . 1,   ,    (VHS);   , . 105, URL: www.loc.gov. .  [Pringle 1922: 18].




34


. [Wolfe 1995: 23, 5864; Glover 2007: 25; Batchelor, Kaplan 2007: 27; Cashin 1996: 10; Burton 1985: 128; Lerner 1967: 41, 5460].




35


.   ., 2:47,   9 1840,    , ALA;        , 17 1850,        ,     ;   .    28 1852,    , UNC-SHC.




36


. [Pringle 1922: 129130; Hazen, Hazen 1992: 6678, 129131; Outland 2004: 63; Pyne 2010: xvi]. .       (, )  16 1854, . 3        23 1855, . 2.




37


. [Klein 1999: 33; Anderson M.2015: 19; Edwards 2009: 7,6499].




38


. [Williams et al. 2002: 9;Ingraham 1835: 171; Perdue et al. 1976: 323, 326; Avirett 1901: 118119; Lerner 1967: 41, 5356, 60; Baggett 2003: 21, 7172; Fladeland 1955: 9092, 113123].




39


.    , . 14, 19,VHS;       11 1847,   , UNC-SHC;       14 1854,    , DU. .  [Hilliard 2014: 21, 4052, 67, 235; Smedes 1887: 84].     ,     ,     : . [Kennedy 1964: lli].




40


. [Counihan 1998: 47; Cecil-Fronsman 1992: 143144; Sharpless 2010: 34]. .    ,   30 1854,  2 1854,  20 1855,     , UNC-SHC;    ., 18291857,  , , , URL: www.dinsmorefarm.org/biographies ( : 03.02.2023);   .,   12 1859, UNC-SHC.




41


. [Cecil-Fronsman 1992: 1,103109; Shields 2015: 89, 146; Marks 1991: 28, 4648;Ingraham 1835: 172; Rosengarten 1986: 130131]. .   ..   12 1848,   , DU;    ,  2,18391845,   6 1845, 9 1845,   , USC.




42


.  .    25 1844,       17 1852,    , UNC-SHC;  ..  ..   25 1858,    ., UTA. .  [Moore 1993: 62, 77].




43


. [McDaniel 2011: 57, 58, 171172; Schlesinger 1984: 312; Hess K.1992: 59, 9596, 102]. .    .     1 1848,   -,     (TSLA).




44


. [Horowitz 2006: 12, 12, 17; Hilliard 2014: 40, 8386, 9598, 125; Kemble 1864: 20; MacClancy 1992: 151].




45


.    , . 7(    , UMIS);          17 1851, . 4..  [Hickman 1962: 25, 38].  1850-       [Hickman 1962: 26].




46


. [Toussaint-Samat 1996: 145146; Strother 1866: 170; Eppes 1968: 28]. .    .  1832    , . 9,   ,  ;   .  .  21 1853,    ., UTA.




47


.   ., April 21, 1859, UNC-SHC;  ..     25 1843,   , UVA;    ,   13 1860, UNC-SHC. .  [Trefousse 1997: 21; Edwards 2009: 100101].




48


. [Silver 1990: 1417, 25; Lillard 1947: 153; Kemble 1864: 181, 206; Green 2006: 386; Avirett 1901: 25].




49


. [Livermore 1897: 154, 176177, 360;Venet 2005: 2731; Robertson 1960: 6061; Stewart 1996: 180181]. .   ..   .  12 1839,    , ALA.




50


. [Williams M.1989: 7;Green 2006: xxii, xxv]. .    .  .  2 1858,    .,    (DHS);   - [ 1830-   1850- ],   ,    ., UTA;    ., . 53.




51


. [Williams M.1989: 7172; Lillard 1947: 7779; Silver 1990: 132; Rosengarten 1986: 126127].




52


. [Hickman 1962: 101; Williams M.1989: 77, 355; Durrill 1990: 14]. .    ,   13 1859,   ,VSP;   ,   22 1857,VSP;       2 1860,    ,  .




53


. [Fett 2002: 68; Simons 1848: 91]. .    ..   , . 13, UTA;  .    28 1831,   , UNC-SHC.




54


. [Durrill 1990: 9;Outland 2004: 3561; Gudmestad 2011: 148150]. .      -     2 1850, . 4; . .    3 1860,   ,VSP.




55


.       ,   1855, . 724;       6 [1846],   , DU. .  [Outland 2004: 9899; Stoll 2002: 8,121124, 129].




56


. [Berry 1977: 182]. .     ,   16 1856,    , USC;      .,   .,    (OHC);     , /, 1928,     , UMIS.




57


. [Plake 1868: 11; Hickman 1962: 2;Green 2006: 386; Williams M.1989: 10, 1415]. .    .    1861  1865, . 7,VHS.




58


. [Rosengarten 1986: 126; Green 1921: 18; Schlesinger 1984: 150151; Carteretal. 2016: 5;Lillard 1947: 157159]. .            16 1850 (  )        20 1858, . 2.




59


. [Garrett 1990: 15; Bollnow 2011: 124128; Felton 1919: 40; Cecil-Fronsman 1992: 152]. .       24 1855,    ., ALA;   .    5 1848,    , DU.




60


. [Schlesinger 1984: 60, 382, 430; Martineau 1838: 5152]. .   ..     5 1851,   , UNC-SHC; .   , . 8.




61


. [Walker, Detro 1990: 5354; Burke 2010: 7172; Bishir 2006: 1,1149, 20; Fry 1908: 37]. .    .  .   20 1860,   ., DHS.




62


.   .  .   20 1860,   ., DHS;       3 1831,   , UVA;      ,   ., URL: http://tn-roots.com/tncrockett/military/quest/quest-index.html (   ). .  [Taulbert 1995: 20; Green 1952: 24; Williams M.1989: 7273; Crofts 1992: 57; Smedes 1887: 67].




63


.      ,   , , URL: cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm ( : 03.02.2023);       13 1858,    ., ALA. .  [Burke 1941: 43;Ierley 1999: 238; Wyeth 1914: 8a].




64


. [Vlach 1993: 6,8; Fry 1908: 5354; Roth 2001: 162163; Bishir 2006: 4446]. .       ,   ., URL: www.tngenweb.org/bledsoe/bdocs/htm ( : 03.02.2023);        11 1860.




65


. [Martineau 1838: 56; Anderson J.2012: 1315; Martin 2008: 4344, 196197]. .   ,  17229,  ,  239,    ,     (SCC), RG 217,    頖II, -,  (NARA-II);  -     8 1850,    ,  ,      (UGA);    , 1827,    , ALA.




66


. [Akhtar 2005: 1721, 4950, 6768; Felton 1919: 16; Pringle 1922: 4445]. .      21 1833,    9 , ,   ;     6 1840,   8 -, ,   ;     .  29 1846,   , USC;   .. ,   6 1855,   -,   ,  (KHS).




67


. [Woodward 2007: 174175]. .   ..   .  29 1838,   ., UNC-SHC;    , . 12,     ,  ,   (UMIS);   ., . 3,   , ALA.




68


.   .    7 1858,   , USC;   ,   1846,  ,  ,   , 18421848, 3, . 3234;    ;     1860,  , ,  , . 27, 28, 33.




69


. [Harris 1985: 9495, 108111; Crofts 1992: 5051, 75, 101102]. .     ,   5 1843, UTK;     ..   24 1857,   .. ,VSP.




70


. [Harris 1985: 130131; Hansen 1994: 1314, 52136; Altschuler, Blumin 2000: 910, 79; Williams S.2006: 105107; Strasser 1999: 12; Stilgoe 2005: 9192, 94; Stoll 2002: 8,1920, 36; Glassie 2000: 138146; Jaffee 2010: 213, 270271, 318319]. .      , . 3,   (1850- ), UTK.




71


. [Fuller 2012: 103, 131; Storey 2004: 28; Foner 2010: 143].




72


. [Aughey 1905: 4647; Tatum 1934: 4;Baggett 2003: 4265; McCaslin 1994: 32; Williams et al. 2002: 13, 1,194; Ash 1995: 109110; Degler 1974: 129, 132133, 145148, 154155, 160163; Andrews 1908: 191; Storey 2004: 2832]. .      ,   1 1861,  -,  (OCM).         : . [Doyle 2010].




73


. [Nash 2005: xiv, xxi; Chamberlaine 1912: 92; Strother 1866: 409; Graham 2013: 299].




74


.   ,   2 1862,   , UNC-SHC. .  [Crofts 1989: 345; Trowbridge 1969: 250; Murrell 2005: 1317, 31, 39; Saxon 1905: 1516].




75


.        30 1861, . 4;  ,  ,     1 1861, . 2;   ,  -   20 1861, . 1..  [Escott 2006: 87; OR 1,4: 393].




76


. [Graham 2013: 522; Proctor 2010: 5,11; Schrijvers 1998: 109, 124126, 200201].




77


     ,  40%    ,     , 1860    .  ,  1861    ,  ,       .  ,  1860   ,  1861      , , ,       .       ,       ,  : [Myers 2014: 1112] ,     6%    ,    [Storey 2004: 6]   10?15%   .




78


. [Bray 2016: 121124, 129, 131142]. .        1861   (. 494),  ,      (. 171189)     (. 407420).




79


. [Degler 1974: 147148; Becker, Thomas 1988: 7]. .     ,   -  3 1862, . 2,     4 1862,   , LC.




80


. [Davis 1999: 4245; Dayton 1961: 6,11]. .     ,      24 1861, . 8.




81


. [Kent 1976: 8586]. .       24 1862,   , LC,        -,     8 1862, . 3.




82


. [OR 1,4: 545548; Gordon 1903: 27; Moore 1910: 27].




83


. [Moore 1910: 22, 42; Cox 1900: 78, 85]. .   . .    3 1862,  . ., .2,      -.




84


.       ,     13 1861,   .   23 1862,     .    (ISL),  .     1860  1862,   ,     (ASI); OR 1,7: 719720. .  [McFadden 1991: 26].




85


.        18 1861,   - (VSP);  < >   17 1862,   - (LC);  ,     21 1861, . 3.




86


. [Van Tuyll 2001: 136138]. .      ,     21 1861, . 2;    29 1862,   - (LC);   .    1861  1865, . 12(VHS); [OR 1,4: 51].




87


. [Hajdinjak 2002: 2231; Barber 1894: 104105]. .   ,     21 1861, .3;[OR 2,2: 1023];    ,     18 1862, . 1;[OR 2,2: 183184, 192].




88


. [Rable 1989: 12, 1517, 30; Moore 1910: 142]. .      ,     8 1862, . 1; ,      7 1862, . 2.




89


. [OR 1,17, 2:15, 187];     ,   -  12 1862, . 1;   ,     18 1862, . 1;  ,   <>  9 1861, . 1..  [Sarna 2012: 57, 2122, 2930].




90


. [Fishel 1996: 7374; Harrison, Klotter 1997: 207208]. .  [OR 2,2: 192];   ,     30 1861, . 4;    ,     11 1863.




91


. [Ash 1995: 87]. .  [OR 2,2: 192];   195  ,    - ,  - , RG 153,     (NARA);     1860,  , ,  , . 7172; [OR 2,1: 662].      -     A  K,       ,       .




92


. [Hickey 1990: 170, 225227, 252; Risch 1989: 345; Towne 2015: 66]. .       ,   <->    17 1862, [OR 1,17, 2:187].




93


. [Hassler 1965: 51; Diaz 2015: 3233; French 1901: 155]. .  [OR 1,26, 2:153154].




94


.   ,     4 1862, . 2;   ,   -  11 1862. .  [Pryor 1987: 3637, 6567, 130131].




95


. [Cashin 2006: 114; Murrell 2005: 108]. .      .  24 1861,   ,   .




96


. [Whites 2009: 103106; Fishel 1996: 56]. .        23 1862,   -,     (ETHS);   .    ..   6 1862,   蠖  , 18611865,  189,     , RG 109, NARA.




97


.  M.  ( )  13 <1861  1862>,   蠖  , 18611865,  189,     , RG 109, NARA;   ,  NN 195,   - ,  - , RG 153, NARA; [OR 2,2: 13611362; OR 2,2: 1431];      6 1862,   - (LC).




98


. [Matthews 1864: 284; Sheridan 1994: 93]. .  [OR 2,2: 13611362; OR 1,13: 524525].




99


. [Fishel 1996: 2;Shackley, Finney 2005: 1]. .  [OR 1,17, 2:1415];   . ,   8 1861,   ;   ,   27 1862,     ,  ,   . (UM).




100


. [OR 1,2: 992; OR 1,10, 1:3536]. .  [Storey 2004: 151152].




101


. [Gallagher 1989: 6970; Gordon 1903: 4142; Wills 1906: 9091].




102


. [OR 1,17, 2:1415; OR 1,4: 320]. .  [Feis 2002: 16, 31, 128; Blackford 1993: 18].




103


. [OR 1,8: 4748; OR 1,4: 242]. .  [Schrijvers 1998: 192193; Cox 1900: 251].




104


. [Fishel 1996: 8,5868, 175177; Gallagher 1989: 140; Bonds 2007; Shackley, Finney 2005: 12]. . [OR 1,1: 433].




105


.   .  .  28 1861,  , LC;    ,      8 1861, . 3;   -   ,   -  26 1863, .1.




106


.  .. , . 1617,  . .. , UNC-SHC;    ,      12 1862, . 3..  [Cox 1900: 8687].




107


. [Blanton, Cook 2005: 58]. .  [OR 2,5: 121122].




108


.  .. ,  NN 200,   - ,  - , RG 153, NARA; [OR 2,2: 1363]. .  [Dyer 1999: 102120; Fishel 1996: 148149].




109


. [Proctor 2010: 6;McKenzie 2006: 137138; Mohr 2001: 121128; Escott 2006: 46; OR 2,2: 14241425].




110


. [Ford, Ford 1905: 12; Rable 1989: 121128, 131132]. .      ,  1928,     , UMIS; [OR 1,7: 753].




111


. [Hickey 1990: 228]. .      ,  1928,     , UMIS;    , . 96;    ,   . .  7 1862   ,    ,    18621863,  190,     , RG 109, NARA. .  [Quiroz 2008: 426427].




112


.   961  ., .V, .43,      ,     , RG 109, NARA; [OR 1,18: 396397]. .  [Blackford 1993: 6468].




113


. [OBrien, Parsons 1995]. .    , 1898, . 1,  , -; [OR 1,5: 621; OR ( ) 2,1; 756];    , . 12, 239.




114


. [Huston 1966: 170; Rusling 1899: 189; Ash 1995: 79; Capers 1965: 8182; Livermore 1899: 357; Sheridan 1992: 137138]. .      ,     7 1863, . 157.




115


.     1860,  , ,  ;     , ,    ,  18631864,  301,  225,   , 17941915,      , RG 92, NARA.




116


. [Merridale 2006: 237;Venet 2009: 125128]. .    ,   , 1976,  , , ;    , ,  27 1862, ASI.




117


. [Murrell 2005: 93; Sternhell 2012: 129133; Neely 1999: 26].




118


.    ., , 10 1861,   ,  ; [OR 1,11, 3:659; OR 1,4: 397];   ,     2 1861, . 8..  [Berlin 1994: 6263; Mitchel 1916: 1820; Neely 1999: 24]. Π     . [Torpey 2000: 3,2252, 9394].




119


. [Ash 1995: 84; Murrell 2005: 93]. .   ..     1860  1862, ASI; [OR 1,25: 1115; OR 2,2: 14131414].




120


. [OR 1,17, 2:158; OR 1,5: 514515]. .  [Frobel 1992: 3436].




121


. [Murrell 2005: 9398; Lonn 1940: 89, 178180, 251]. .      29 1862,   - (LC);  ,     17 1863; [OR 2,5: 620624].




122


. [Proctor 2010: 24, 127128; Carnahan 2010: 140141, n.72; Small 1997: 8084].  [Fisher 1997: 149]    ,  , ,        .




123


. [OR 2,1: 866867];   ,   ,  ࠖ -,   (UMCP); [OR 1,19, 2:55].




124


.    ,      8 1861, . 3;   ,   -  19 1863; [OR 1,15: 554555].




125


.    ,      8 1861, . 3;  -,     15 1861, . 1;[OR 2,4: 855; OR 2,3: 156];   ,   , UMCP; [OR 1,15: 554555];    ,   -  19 1863.




126


. [OR 1,21: 1079; OR 2,4: 855; OR 2,3: 808; OR 1,22, 1:166].




127


. [OR 1,19: 55];     ,      4 1862, . 4;[OR 2,4: 351, 869870];   ,   , UMCP.




128


. [Griffith, Rowe 1964: 395429].




129


. [Freidel 1947: 262, 115170, 225, 235242, 292306, 317320; Witt 2012: 177178].




130


. [Freidel 1947: 317334; Witt 2012: 233234; Grimsley 1995: 149151]. .   15, 16, 2125[Witt 2012: 377378].




131


.  54, 55, 56, 59[Witt 2012: 383]. .  [Freidel 1947: 337338; Witt 2012: 245246, 283, 342365].




132


. [Neely 1991: 153]. .    ,      5 1863, . 1;[OR 1,31, 3:366; OR 2,6: 777; OR 1,26: 4041].




133


. [OR 1,22: 267; OR 1,15: 312; OR 1,31: 506507]; .    ,      5 1863.




134


. [Bloodgood 1893: 7677; Ritchie 1981: 141; McNeill 1982: 7,2, 159, 183, 328, 354; Eby 1998: 25, 39, 43, 62; Lair 2011: 7480].




135


. [Simpson, Weiner 1989: 11:1104, 832]. .   ,  20,  52, 54(URL: www.freepages.military.rootsweb.com    );    , . 413414;       1861 , . 73.




136


. [Johnson 1998: 175, 278, n.14; OR 1,1: 236; OR 2,2: 48; Scott 1861: 2122, 305308, 478, 586588; OR 1,2: 682; OR 1,7: 785786; Klingberg 1955: 2122].




137


. [Fisher, Fisher 2011: 5253, 73; Huston 1966: 174, 239; Stillwell 1920: 122125; Meier 2013: 112; McKim 1910: 63; Donald 1975: 120; Goodloe 1907: 207]. .        1861 , . 244.




138


. [Weigley 1959: 162, 165, 219222, 260; Wiley 1943: 9697; Goff 1969: 53, 243245; Hughes N.1995: 23, 48; Robson 1898: 11]. .    . ..   10 1861,    .,  ,    (VMI).




139


. [Billings 1993: 110, 115; Wiley 1962: 225226; Towne 2015: 6768; Taylor L.2004: 17; Leib 1862: 1719, 2829].




140


. [OR 1,11, 1:1028; Taylor L.2004: 31, 111112; Huston 1966: 174, 230; Watkins 1999: 14; Bonner 2006: 103]. .   . .    10 1862,   . (UTK);   ,   18 1862,      (WRHS);       9 1862,    (UMCP).




141


. [Dayton 1961: 1213; Gordon 1903: 110; Graham 2013: 467; Bloodgood 1893: 26; Fisher, Fisher 2011: 6061; Goodloe 1907: 207208; Kent 1976: 141]. .    .  ,   1862,    (UM).


