 .    
  


        .          .         .           .        XVIII  XIX.      ,       .           .





 

 .   



 .., 2011

       , 2011

 , 2011


* * *








  ,        ,  ,   .       .       ,        ,   젖     .

      ,  -  , ,  ,   .           ,    ,    .  ⠫     ,    ,      ,  , -   .    ,  , ⠫   ,          . Ƞ  ꠫셻     , ,      堖    .

 ,            .      ,        ,     . , ,  ,  ,  蠖 ,   ,    .   ,         ꠫ ,      ,   [1 - Baldinucci F. Vocabulario toscano dellarte del disegno. (1681). Firenze, 1975. P.99100.].






    .   . . 1490-堖 1500-.



      .      ,   , ,   .    ,       .          ,  , ,     .   . ,    XVI.,   - (   ,  -  .)     ,  -         .     ,     ,    ,         .

     ,   ,      .  . ,             ,     ,      .   ,  ,   ,     ,            ,      .    ,    , :      [2 - .    ,  . ., 1970. .IV. .200.].

 , ,        ,  ,    . ,,           ,    .           ,  .  , XVIII.     . Π     ..,      ,   .               : ,  ,   ,    ,        ,  ,    [3 - Cristiani G.F. Dell' utilit?  della dilettazione demodelli. Brescia, 1765. .: Sardo N. La figurazione plastica dell'architettura. Modelli e rappresentazione. Roma, 2004. P.96.].

            ,     ⠖ ,    ,   - .  XVIII.    ,      ,    ,   ,           .             .






    .   . 



XIX.     .      ,       .      :  ,  1867.,      ,     , ,      .      ,    ,        .  1891. .       ,          .    ,    .     ,         (Stiftermodell),   [4 - Schlosser J. von. Beitr?ge zurKunstgeschichte ausdenSchriftquellen desfr?hen Mittelalters // Sitzungsberichte derphilosophisch-historischen Classes derKaiserlichen Akademie derWissenschaften. 123. Band. Wien, 1891.].

      ,       ,     .      - ,     .   1902.   .      ,       ,   .     .     (1929.)     ,   .        ,         XVIIXVIII.,      .    .            ,     .  ,            ,  . Ƞ     ,            .




 


     ,        .            , 젖  ,    , , ,   , ..       ,   蠫  .        ,       . Ƞ   ,    ,         [5 - Briggs M. Architectural Models-I // TheBurlington Magazine. 1929. V. 54. 313314. P.174.],        ,  XVII  XVIII.     .

     ,          ,  ,       .    ,         ,    ,  , ,   XIX.,    ,  ,  -  .            .       .       .          :  (Entwurfsmodelle),   (Modelle nach gebauten Architekturen),    (; Idealmodelle, Phantasiemodelle).           [6 - Heydenreich L.H. Architecturmodell // Reallexikon zurdeutschen Kunstgeschichte. Stuttgart, 1937. Bd. I. S. 921940.].

,   ,    .         ,       .     ,       ,           .      ,        ,      .          , ,     ,       [7 - Ibid. S.923.].

  . .,  ,     ,        ,   .     ,       , ,      蠫 [8 - Ibid. S.927.].        ,       ,     XIVXVIII.

,        ,          .         .-,         ,    [9 - Wilton-Ely J. Architectural model // TheDictionary ofArt. V. 2. Oxford, 1996. P.335338. London; New-York.].     , ,    ,     ,     .    ..,       . -     , ,   ,   ,  .

         XVIIIXIX., -   ,    .   ,      .       (),     ( )    .

     , , .-,     -    . 堖      ;         . 蠖   . 堖       .  XX.      ,        ,       .

  -     ,         ,    .           ( ,     ;   ).

         ,    堖 -. ,  ,    .    ,              ,   . ࠖ    .

  ,      , , XVIII.                  .        -  .

ʠ      , -      , ,    -      .  ,    -,               .






..    . 19171921.



        .        ,          (Stiftermodelle).       [10 - Heydenreich L.H. Op. cit. S.934.],  ,     .    - ,      ,     .          蠫     ,    ,  ,         .        ,       .

  ,          .           , ,    , , , ,       .

   :  ,  -   .        .             (, 堖 exemplar) ,    (堖 patron lev),    ,   maquette,      .

  ,   ,         .     ,      , ,     .         .    ,      . ,  ,          , . ,              -      砫  ⠫   .   .        . ..          -.

 :   ..       ,        ,     .    ,          ,     ,     ,  ,      .      ,  [11 -    //   . .II. . I. ., 1949. .2122.].

Ѡ              .       ,     .




 


      ,     modello,   modulus (, ),    .      ,    ,       .



, ,  ,     .      , , ,    .      ,        ,   ,         .      ,         .

,            disegno disegnamento. 堖 , .蠖      ,  .      ,   ,     .         ;     ,     , .

,      ,        .  ,    ,  ,     (    )   ,     .     .    ---     (deldisegnamento delegname),   ,     . ,    ,      .     ,  ,      .   ,    --- 19 1367.,        .     designamento,   ,   ,  ,    (cheogni altro disegnamento, si di mattoni chome di legname e di charta, si deba disfare)[12 -     ---  : Guasti C. Santa Maria del Fiore. Firenze, 1887. .: Scolari M. Lidea di modello // Eidos, 1988, 2. P.34.].

  ,      ,   ,      , .      - ,  頖 ,  ,       ---,      ,          .

      ,  .   ,   XIV.,      .   .       ,   ,     .     ,  ,       .       ,    ,       젖     - .

  ,  modulis exemplariisque     -   . ,  頖   ,   ,    -  (modulis, exemplariisque factis asserula, seu quavis re).       ,      ,   .   ,     ,      ,           ,  ,   - .  ,  ,     ,  ,       ,     : - , ,    (, ,   )[13 - ..   . ., 1935. .C. 4142.].






..  III . 



      ,   ,       .     modello,   ,   ,     ,  . Ӡ    ,    disegno ,   ,     (undisegno piccolo rilevato di legname, misurato e proporzionato come ha daessere fatto poi),   ,  ,  disegno  (modello o vuoi dire il disegno rilevato di legname)[14 - Antonio Averlino (detto il Filarete). Trattato di architettura. Milano, 1971. Lib. II. P.40; lib. VII. P.207.].

,      ,    ,   ,   .    , modello    ()         ,   .       ,     ,   .

       .    XVI.,    XVIXVII    XVII.    ,     modello. Ƞ-     ,  ,  ,    . ,    X,         [15 -   . ., 1966. .2. .156.].    ,   ,        ,   .             -,     .  ,   -   ,    .     . ,     [16 - Ibid. .179.].        ,   ,   ,      .

              .  ꠫   ,              .

  , ,     ,     ,     ,    .

 ,    ,     .    ,     ,   .      ,     ,  modello   ,  .         ,      .          ,           -  . ʠ    ,     .

    堖   ꠖ   ,  ,    , .    ,    IV,      ,  :    ,   ,    (When we mean tobuild, We first survey theplot, then draw themodel. Henry theForth, Second Part).     ,  ,       , ..       -[17 -     : Briggs M.S. Architectural models-II // TheBurlington Magazine. 1929. V. 54. 313314. P.246.].

     ,        .       .    .     ,     I, :   ,        (    . ..),  ,     [18 - Guillaume J. Lonard daVinci, Dominique deCortone et lescalier du mod?le en bois deChambord // Gazette deBeaux-Arts. 1968, fevrier. 93198.].

         . , ,    ,  ,    I   ,          .  , ..,        ,      -    .      :     ,         [19 - .:     XVIII / . . ... ., 1954. .143.].

    , ,     ,   -      .  , -, ,   蠫.   ,       (1612, 1623 1691.),  modello   modulus,       typus: ,   [20 - Vocabolario degli accademici della Crusca. Fiorence, 1612 (rev.5/1910). X. P.398400. .: Modello // http://www.groveart.com (http://www.groveart.com/).].           蠫   ,   ,  ,               .      (1624.)   ,       , 蠫    , 堖 ,    ,   .   ,   ,      . ,   ,    , [21 - .: Briggs M.S. Architectural models-II // TheBurlington Magazine. 1929. V. 54. 313314. P.254.].

           esempro, asempro, essenpro,  .       . ,      . ,     ,  .[22 - .: Millon H.A. Models inRenaissance Architecture // TheRenaissance from Brunelleschi toMichelangelo. TheRepresentation ofArchitecture. Milano, 1994. P.40.].     : ,  ,  ,    .

,    ,  ,           . ,      .    ,     ,    ,      .   modulum    ,  ,   堖     exemplar archetypi, , -,    ,  .    :       , ,   -    ,  [23 -        ,  1704.: BASILICAE PRINCIPIS APOSTOLORUM MODULUM / AB ANTONIO SANGALLO FLORENTINO EXCOGITATUM / AD EXEMPLAR ARCHETYPI / QUEM DUDUM BRAMANTES ASDRUVALDINUS URBINAS / MAGNIFICENTISSIM? MOLIS ARCHITECTUS / IULIO II P.M. IUBENTE FORMAVERAT / OBSCURE LATENTE LOCO AC TEMPORIS / DIUTURNITATE CORRUPTUM / CLEMENS XI P.M. /HUC TRANSTULIT ET INSTAURAVIT / ANNO SAL. MDCCIV PONTIF. IV (TheRenaissance from Brunelleschi toMichelangelo, .633).].

   ,   ,      (   蠫),         (  蠫). ,  ,        (   ).           ,         .  ,    ,   ,  :  ,   ,      [24 -       . ., 1938. .30.].

 , ,   ,     .   ,     ,       ,   , ,     ,    ,    [25 - .: ..  .  . ., 2003. .61.].   蠫   . ,,  .           ,  ,   ,   .  ,      ,  ,  ,      [26 - Ibid. .63.].

      ..   , , ,    ,   ,           .        ,  ..    ...   - ,    ,   ,       ,       (. ..)[27 -    . Ѡ      . . . 12. ., 1790. .7374.].

      ,        ,   .   ,       ; -   ;       ,      ,   .       ,   ,   ,      [28 - , ,  ,      ,        :  1772   ,    1789 ....  ... M.DCC.XCI (.195).].



, , ,       ,    . ,    modello     , ,           .     .

- -   ,  ,     ,      ,        .      . Ƞ    :    ,    ,   ⠫ ,    ,  1680- , ,       ,          [29 -  ,    ,    ,     . ., 1997. .65.      ,  ..           .].

,   -  ,        - -       .    ,   ,           .




 



 XIX.,            .     ,      , ,        .            ,    [30 - .: Bretschneider J. Architekturmodelle inVorderasien undinder ?stlichen ?g?is vonNeolithikum bis indas1. Jahrtausend. Ph?nomene inderKlein k u nst anBeispilen ausMesopotamien, demIran, Anatolien, Syrien, derLevante unddem ?g?ishen Raum unter besonderer Ber?cksichting derbau- undreligingeschichtlichen Aspekte // Alter Orient undAlter Testament. Bd. 229. Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1991.].         -  -  ( , , -, - ).

    ,           ,  - .      ,  ,     . Ƞ        . ,             :    ,    .       ,      ,     .            ( ,  ),    ,  .

  ,      ,      , ..       ;     ,  ,        .            ,          .         ,                 ( 20)               (35!).

 ,             ,            ,    .    ,     ,    .        (   ).       ,    ,       .      ,      .

        ,    .    , ,     ,   -, . ,  ,    ,   ,   ,     .  ,    - ,     .     ,  , ;     ,  ,     ,   ,    .

    .  ,     ,    .  ,     50      (IXVI. ..)[31 - Schattner Th.G. Griechische Hausmodelle. Untersuchungen zurfr?hgriechischen Architektur. Berlin, 1990 (Mitteilungen desDeutschen Arch?ologischen Instituts. Athenische Abteilung 15. Beiheft).], 堖 - (VIII. ..; ,  1968.,  60     )[32 - Staccioli R.A. Modelli di edif ci etrusco-italici. Imodelli votivi. Firenze, 1968.],  ,      (.21001800. ..),   . ʠ, 1907. ,    -,    100    ,   ,      ,     [33 - TheSoul-houses. Rifeh // Flinders Petrie. W.M. Gizeh andRifeh. London, 1907.].

 ,        (VIIIII. ..)  [34 - Clay Temple Models // Gimbutas M. TheLiving Goddesses / Ed. byM. Dexter. LosAngeles, 1999.   ,  .,  -      ,   .  ,  ,    .].    ,   ,        ;    ,        .  ,   ,   ,    ,     ,       . -  ,     , .       [35 -    .,   -  (Bnffy E. Thecult corner within Neolithic houses andits f nd assemblage, with aspecial reference tohouse models // Archaeological data onsymbolic thinking intheEuropean Neolithic. www.semioticon.com/virtuals/ (http://www.semioticon.com/virtuals/%E2%80%A6/archaeological.html) (http://www.semioticon.com/virtuals/%E2%80%A6/archaeological.html)/archaeological.html (http://www.semioticon.com/virtuals/%E2%80%A6/archaeological.html)).].        .

 ,        ,  ,         -  .      ,         ,   [36 - ..    (    ) //   . 1938. 4 (5. 247. . : ..    //    . .; ., 1949. 10.] 蠫       [37 - ..   - . ʠ  -  -  //    . .; ., 1953. 38. .204.].           ,           , ,  [38 - ..    ( ) //   . ., 1981. .162.]. ,   ,       ()    ,  ,  ,   ,   [39 -       //  . ., 1982. .248.   ..   ...].

 ,      -  ,       ,   , ,   ,     . ,         ,    ,   ,    - .           ,     :  - (),  ,  ,  ..       .   ()       26     ,    ,     ,  insitu.     ,  ,   , .     蠖    .      :    ,         ,     ,   .       -     ,     [40 -  .: Bnffy E. Thecult corner; Bnffy E. House Models from Neolithic Hungary // Archeological Objectivity inInterpretation. Southampton; London, 1986. V.2.].






     :  (, , 1),  (, , 2),  (, 3),  (, 4).  



     ,    -  . ,    ,    .           .        ,        .    ,       ,   .        . ,     .     ,     ,     .           ,   ,          VI. ..    ,   (. ),   , ,  ,   ,       ,  ,   , ,  .   .   ,  . ,    .   ,          .  ,    ⠖     .

     ,             .    ,   , ,   ,   . Ƞ        .

 ,   -   ,     ,    ,   ,     .            .      ,        ,      :   ࠖ   ()     ( ).

         , ,          .  ,       .

    -    ,     .    :      ,    .           ,    .       .          . ,         , 4 5: ,  ,  ,    .      :    ,    .           ,        .    ,   ,  , .

  ,      , , ,    .      ,    (  ,   ,     )   ,   .  ,  ,   ,    ,     .   ,    (,  ),  ,  ,    .

  ,      ,  ,           (  ,      ).       , ,        ,     .     ,    ,  ,       ,   (  ),  , ,      .  ,     ,  ⠫     .     ,    ,    ,     ,   .      ,   .




    


       ,     I     .      .            ,           ࠖ , .     .      , ,     ,   .

,          .  ,   ,       ,     ().  ,           ,   .    ,   ,   .    ,      ,     .         렖     ,       .

    .     ( )     ( ),    ,       ,   .       ,  -  .     ,   ,   ,    .

        .. , ,  ,     -  ,     ,   ,    .       ;       , 堖   ,       .

 ,          ,     . ,         .                .

          ,       .    ,   ,           , ,     ,  堖 .     ,  ,          .  , 堖  ,         ,  .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/anna-shukurova/arhitekturnye-modeli-ocherki-istorii-i-masterstva/)  .

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notes








1


Baldinucci F. Vocabulario toscano dellarte del disegno. (1681). Firenze, 1975. P.99100.




2


.    ,  . ., 1970. .IV. .200.




3


Cristiani G.F. Dell' utilit?  della dilettazione demodelli. Brescia, 1765. .: Sardo N. La figurazione plastica dell'architettura. Modelli e rappresentazione. Roma, 2004. P.96.




4


Schlosser J. von. Beitr?ge zurKunstgeschichte ausdenSchriftquellen desfr?hen Mittelalters // Sitzungsberichte derphilosophisch-historischen Classes derKaiserlichen Akademie derWissenschaften. 123. Band. Wien, 1891.




5


Briggs M. Architectural Models-I // TheBurlington Magazine. 1929. V. 54. 313314. P.174.




6


Heydenreich L.H. Architecturmodell // Reallexikon zurdeutschen Kunstgeschichte. Stuttgart, 1937. Bd. I. S. 921940.




7


Ibid. S.923.




8


Ibid. S.927.




9


Wilton-Ely J. Architectural model // TheDictionary ofArt. V. 2. Oxford, 1996. P.335338. London; New-York.




10


Heydenreich L.H. Op. cit. S.934.




11


   //   . .II. . I. ., 1949. .2122.




12


    ---  : Guasti C. Santa Maria del Fiore. Firenze, 1887. .: Scolari M. Lidea di modello // Eidos, 1988, 2. P.34.




13


..   . ., 1935. .C. 4142.




14


Antonio Averlino (detto il Filarete). Trattato di architettura. Milano, 1971. Lib. II. P.40; lib. VII. P.207.




15


  . ., 1966. .2. .156.




16


Ibid. .179.




17


    : Briggs M.S. Architectural models-II // TheBurlington Magazine. 1929. V. 54. 313314. P.246.




18


Guillaume J. Lonard daVinci, Dominique deCortone et lescalier du mod?le en bois deChambord // Gazette deBeaux-Arts. 1968, fevrier. 93198.




19


.:     XVIII / . . ... ., 1954. .143.




20


Vocabolario degli accademici della Crusca. Fiorence, 1612 (rev.5/1910). X. P.398400. .: Modello // http://www.groveart.com (http://www.groveart.com/).




21


.: Briggs M.S. Architectural models-II // TheBurlington Magazine. 1929. V. 54. 313314. P.254.




22


.: Millon H.A. Models inRenaissance Architecture // TheRenaissance from Brunelleschi toMichelangelo. TheRepresentation ofArchitecture. Milano, 1994. P.40.




23


       ,  1704.: BASILICAE PRINCIPIS APOSTOLORUM MODULUM / AB ANTONIO SANGALLO FLORENTINO EXCOGITATUM / AD EXEMPLAR ARCHETYPI / QUEM DUDUM BRAMANTES ASDRUVALDINUS URBINAS / MAGNIFICENTISSIM? MOLIS ARCHITECTUS / IULIO II P.M. IUBENTE FORMAVERAT / OBSCURE LATENTE LOCO AC TEMPORIS / DIUTURNITATE CORRUPTUM / CLEMENS XI P.M. /HUC TRANSTULIT ET INSTAURAVIT / ANNO SAL. MDCCIV PONTIF. IV (TheRenaissance from Brunelleschi toMichelangelo, .633).




24


      . ., 1938. .30.




25


.: ..  .  . ., 2003. .61.




26


Ibid. .63.




27


   . Ѡ      . . . 12. ., 1790. .7374.




28


, ,  ,      ,        :  1772   ,    1789 ....  ... M.DCC.XCI (.195).




29


 ,    ,    ,     . ., 1997. .65.      ,  ..           .




30


.: Bretschneider J. Architekturmodelle inVorderasien undinder ?stlichen ?g?is vonNeolithikum bis indas1. Jahrtausend. Ph?nomene inderKlein k u nst anBeispilen ausMesopotamien, demIran, Anatolien, Syrien, derLevante unddem ?g?ishen Raum unter besonderer Ber?cksichting derbau- undreligingeschichtlichen Aspekte // Alter Orient undAlter Testament. Bd. 229. Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1991.




31


Schattner Th.G. Griechische Hausmodelle. Untersuchungen zurfr?hgriechischen Architektur. Berlin, 1990 (Mitteilungen desDeutschen Arch?ologischen Instituts. Athenische Abteilung 15. Beiheft).




32


Staccioli R.A. Modelli di edif ci etrusco-italici. Imodelli votivi. Firenze, 1968.




33


TheSoul-houses. Rifeh // Flinders Petrie. W.M. Gizeh andRifeh. London, 1907.




34


Clay Temple Models // Gimbutas M. TheLiving Goddesses / Ed. byM. Dexter. LosAngeles, 1999.   ,  .,  -      ,   .  ,  ,    .




35


   .,   -  (Bnffy E. Thecult corner within Neolithic houses andits f nd assemblage, with aspecial reference tohouse models // Archaeological data onsymbolic thinking intheEuropean Neolithic. www.semioticon.com/virtuals/ (http://www.semioticon.com/virtuals/%E2%80%A6/archaeological.html) (http://www.semioticon.com/virtuals/%E2%80%A6/archaeological.html)/archaeological.html (http://www.semioticon.com/virtuals/%E2%80%A6/archaeological.html)).




36


..    (    ) //   . 1938. 4 (5. 247. . : ..    //    . .; ., 1949. 10.




37


..   - . ʠ  -  -  //    . .; ., 1953. 38. .204.




38


..    ( ) //   . ., 1981. .162.




39


      //  . ., 1982. .248.   ..   ...




40


 .: Bnffy E. Thecult corner; Bnffy E. House Models from Neolithic Hungary // Archeological Objectivity inInterpretation. Southampton; London, 1986. V.2.


