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Sandra Kynes

Tree Magic: Connecting with the Spirit & Wisdom of Trees



    



Published by Llewellyn Publications, Woodbury, MN 55125 USA. www. llewellyn. com

Interior illustrations by Eugene Smith



 2021 by Sandra Kynes

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 , , , ,  

:

Beith / Beithe / Beth

 : 24   20 

  :

24    

:

Berkanan / Bjarkan / Beorc

 : 1429 

Uruz / Ur

 : 1428 

/:

 , , , ,  /,   , , , , , , , , ,  (,  ), /, / , , ,  ,  (, ),  /,  , /,  /, / , ,  , 

 :

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  ,    :       ;     .


  

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        ,        ,      .       ,         .         ,   .   -  (, ,    . .)     ,     .              ,     .










 ( );     ,  ,  , ,  .

  ( -);     ,  ,   ,  .

          3,6  6   .       ,        - .  -      . -       .            ,    4,5   .     -        -  -.   - ,      .

     -,         [45 - Michael A. Homoya, Wildflowers and Ferns of Indiana Forests: A Field Guide (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2012), 78.].          .        ,       ,          .

      ,       . -    XIX   XX         .       ; ,  ,      .      ,         .   ,     (Euonymus),    ,    [46 - Hugh Glen, Sappi Whats in a Name: The Meanings of the Botanical Names of Trees (Johannesburg, South Africa: Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd, 2004), 26.].   ,       .

  ,      ,    ,    .      (gatter tree),      gat  [47 - Watts, Elseviers Dictionary of Plant Lore, 362.].     (louse berry,    lus-thorn   )  -                 .          .        ,         .   ,       ,     .

,      ,     Ҹ ( 15081568),      ,         .   , Ҹ   spyndell tree   ,       [48 - William Turner, A New Herball (London: Steven Mierdman, 1551), 313.].            .

        .  ,       ,      .        ,    - ,        .     ,       ,  .   ,     ( . spinster  )     ,  ,    .       :       ,    .


 

:



:

, , , , , 

:

Oir / Or

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, , , , , ,  /,   ( , ),  ,   , / , , , 

 :



  ,    :   .


  

  -,       (, , ).     ,    ,     .      ,        .   ,     , ,       ,      .        ,       .

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  ( );     .

  ( , .  );    ,  .

     , ,  ,  , ,  ,  .

       6 .          ,   .    .      ,    .       .       .     ,     ,      ,     .

    - ,    ,    -  .       haegthorn,   [49 - Wells, Lives of the Trees, 155.].    (Crataegus)     kratos  ,               ,  [50 - Coombes, Dictionary of Plant Names, 98.].

   ,    ,      .             .

          .               . ,              ,      . ,    ,      .

         ,        ,       .      ,       ,  ,     .     ,  (   )    ,    ,      .

,       ,       (    ).      , ,     ,   ,     ,    .      .

 ,        .         . ,       ,     .   ,   ,      .

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,      ,        .  ,            ,    .              ( ,   ).


 

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, 

 :

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:

, , , , , , , 

    :

, 

 :

 , ,  / , ,   , , 

:

Huath / h?ath / Uat8h

  : 13   9 

:

Opila / Ethel / Othala

 : 29   13 

Thurisaz / Thurs / Thorn

 : 29   12 

/:

 , , /,   , , , , , /, , , / , , ,  , ,  /, , /,   , , , , , ,  

 :

 , 

  ,    :           ,      .


  

       .            .       ,   .                .   ,      .       ,       .

       ,       .    ,     .              .

      ,       ,       ,      .    ,     .    ,             .    ,   .   ,    ,       Huath   Opila.     .










  ( );      ,  .

  ( );    ,  ,  ,  .

 ,   1,5  3,6     ,      .     2  6     .   ,    - .       ,         ,     25  .       ,     .      - .      ;     .

 ,     ,     .  ,  ,        .    -  -  .                .          .

  , ,        ,       .    ,         ,       .       ,        ,       .             .

     ,         . ,        ,   .      ,   ,     ,        .           .      ,    .

    .   ,       .        ;    ,  [51 - Porteous, The Forest in Folklore and Mythology, 90.].            -   .    ,   ,   .

 X    ,        .           .       ,        ,        [52 - Watts, Elseviers Dictionary of Plant Lore, 130.].  ,       ,     ,      .     , ,      .       ,          .       ,             .     ,       .

       ,   ,        .  ,  -           .    ,    ,    ,  .      , 30         :     ,    ;     .


 

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 :

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    :

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 :

 (  ), , , 

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Ruis

 :

25   22 

:

Fehu / Fe / Feoh

 : 29   1 

Jera / Ger / Jara

 : 1327 

/:

, /, /, , , , , , , , ,  (,  ), /, , / ,  /,  ,  , /, , , 

 :

 ;  , , ,   

  ,    :  ,   ,     ,       .


  

  ,    .    -    ,             .       .       ,         .      .     ,       .

     ,       .       ,     ,       .           .        ,       .          ,     .










  ( );     .

  ( );     .

  (  );     .

      ,      15  21       .     -       .          ,    .        .  ,    ,   ,       15  18   .   -,    -.      -.         30   .    - ,    .

   ,         .       .    ,          ,      ;           .     . ,   ,  ,          .

              . ,      ,        .  ,      .     (  700.  . .),           .   ,          .         .

-       .    ,       ,       .      ,  ,     , ,         , , ,       . ,             T,     .   ,  ,     .

        ,      .  ,       (   ),     ;      ,           .  ,     ,     .  ,   ,   ,   ,      .

       .        ,          .        .  1768      (17341820) ,        ,    ,        [53 - Wells, Lives of the Trees, 51.].

   XVII ,  ,      ,         .  , , , ,    ,      .           .

    ,    .  ,    ,   ,    ,    .   ,        .       .


 

:

, 

 :

; , , 

:

, , , , , , , , , , , , 

 :

 , , , 

:

Amhancholl / Eamancholl / Emancoll / Mr

Ifin / Iphin

Uilleann / Uilen / Uilleand

  :

21/22    

:

Naudiz / Naudhr / Nyd

 : 1327 

Perp / Peord / Perth

 : 1327 

/:

/, , , , , , , , ,  , ,   ( , , ), , , ,  

 :

, 

  ,    :          .


  

    ,     .     ,         .       ,         .      ,    .

       .     ,    , ,    .        ,         .    ,   .             .




 





  ( );     ,  ,   .

  ( );     .

       ,      .    ,  13  23  .   -    .          .

     ;   .       ;  - ,     -.

 Vitis    ,   vinifera  [54 - Neal, Gardeners Latin, 132.].      ,           .          .    ,          ,    .  , , ,            . ,     .

       ,      ,     .       , ,       ,           .            .

           .           ,       .        .

                   .   ,        .  ,   ,    ,           .  , ,  ,    ,    . ,   ,         ;        bacca  [55 - E. M. Berens, Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome (Irvine, CA: Xist Publishing, 2015), 124.]. /    ,  .

,     ,        .        ,         .        ;      .       ,      .

               .    ,   ,     ,    ,       ,  .   ,    .   , ,      ,           .


 

:

, , 

 :

, 

:

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    :

 (   ), , 

 :

, 

:

Muin / Muinn

  : 229 

/:

/, , , /, , , , /, , / , , , , , /, , ,  

 :



  ,     :  , ,  , ,   .


  

         ,    .         .     ,       .            .

         .      ,         .       ,          .     ,      . ,        .










  ( );     ,  .

  ();    , ,  ,  .

  ( );     ,  .

           15  24   .            .       - .

     ,    .    9   ,         ,    - .     6  12   ,   ,   -.  ,    .   ,      ,      .

    ,      ;  ,     ,  4000  5000   . . [56 - Jules Janick and James N. Moore, eds., Fruit Breeding: Tree and Tropical Fruits, vol. 1 (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996), 215.]        300   . .  I  . .;        [57 - Staub, 75 Remarkable Fruits for Your Garden, 40.].

  ,   ,    ,     ,    .            .              ,        .       .

   ;      avium,   [58 - Ernest Small, Top 100 Food Plants: The Worlds Most Important Crops (Ottawa, Canada: NRC Press, 1999), 149.].   ()    -    .

   ,       .           .     hexenbaum   [59 - Hilderic Friend, Flowers and Flower Lore, vol. 2 (London: W. Swan Sonnenschein and Company, 1884), 538.].  ,           ,           .        ,     (h?ggeb?r)[60 -  .].

             .        ,   ,         .

        ,    .      ,     ,   .    ,      ,   ,    ,   .    , ,    ,     ;        ;    -;    .      ,   .


 

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      ,        .    ,    ,      .    ,  ,     .    ,          , ,    .          .










  ( , .  );     ,  ,  .

  ( , .  ,  );     , ,  .

  ( , .  );     , ,  ,  ,  .

           18  24   .    -        -,   .        40   .    ,  .         .     .     ,   .   ,   ,       .         ,     - .       ,     .

     ,      -  [61 - William Cullina, Native Trees, Shrubs and Vines (New York City: Houghton Mifflin, 2002), 248.].  XIX       ,   XX          .

 ,    .        ,  -.   ,    .       ,      ,     30  .

 ,   ,  wych          -   [62 - Laura C. Martin, The Folklore of Trees & Shrubs (Chester, CT: The Globe Pequot Press, 1992), 207.].         ,            .

          ;       .      ,  .  ,       .

   ,  ,       .  ,      ,   .               .         .   XX         ;   ,         .

,        ,     .            .       .      ,     ,         .        ,  1188    II (11651223)   [63 - Daniel Power, The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 16.].


 

:

, , 

 :

, ; 

:

, , , , , , , , , , , 

    :

, ,  (  )

 :

, , ,  

:

Ailm / Ailim

  :

1525   1224 

:

Gebo / Gyfu

 : 28   12 

Mannaz / Madhr / Mann

 : 1428 

/:

, , /,   , , , , , , , / , ,   ( , ), /, , / , ,  

 :



  ,    :     .


  

  ,       .    ,     ,        .      .  ,  ,      .    ,      .   , ,     .   ,    .

     ,       .    ,            ,   .        ,   ,     .        .    ,   .










  ( );     ,  ,  ,  ,  .

  ( ).

         ,   .      ,      ,          .  ,     .                .         - .     ,      6 .

             3  4,5   .   -     -  .        ( )    ( );         .      ,         .     -  -;    -.

      hama    mela  ,       [64 - Glyn Church, Trees and Shrubs for Fragrance (Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books (U. S.) Inc., 2002), 74.].  ,   ;      ,   .      ,  witch    ,   -   [65 - Martin, The Folklore of Trees & Shrubs, 207.].        ,        (witch hazel).            -   .      -  ,      .

  (16541692),    ,   ,   .       ,   .        Almegestrum Botanicum,   1695      (16421706)[66 - Peattie, A Natural History of Trees of Eastern and Central North America, 302.].         ,       .              .       .        .

-   ( )     .        ,     .          ,        .

,        ,    .        ,     ,   .    1800-     (Aqua Hamamelidis)           .


 

:

, , 

 :

, ; 

 :

, 

:

Amhancholl / Eamancholl / Emancoll / Mr

/:

, /, , , , , , , ,  (,  ), / (, ), ,  /,  , /, ,  /, 

 :



  ,    :  ,    ,   .


  

           .      ,     .    ,         ,       .   ,          ;    .    ,      .

       ,              .        ,     .      ,      .

  ,    ,      .          , ,   -  -.      ,         ,      ,     .       ,    ,       ,   .










  ( );     ,  .

  ( );     ,  ,  .

     ,  .

            .       , -    .        ,     .      ,   ,     .           7,6  10,6   .   -,     ,   .           12  18   .  -       .     .

  (hornbeam)    ,     ;  beam    [67 - Gabriel Hemery and Sarah Simblet, The New Sylva: A Discourse of Forest and Orchard Trees for the Twenty-First Century (London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc., 2014), 226.].                .         ,   -       .

-      ;      ,   .   , ,    ,      .        ,           .      .

   (betulas)    [68 - Wells, Lives of the Trees, 169.].   ,     ,     .            .             ,      ().     -    .  ,       ,       .

 XV  XVII         ,       .      -     XVII   III  (16501702).           .     XIX         -       , .

 ,      (10981179) ,       ,    .  ,     ,      .  ,    ,     , -     .

           /       .        . , ,  ,  - ,     ,      .


 

:

, 

 :

; 

 :

,  

  :

413   211 

:

Fehu / Fe / Feoh

 : 29   1 

/:

/,   , , , ,  (,  ), / , /, 

  ,    :     .


  

    ,             .      ,      .    ,     .       ,      .      ,        .        ,      .










 ( , .  ).

   2  3,6        ,    ,    .      . -      .      - .    ,     ,  .  ,      .    ,      .

     Malum punicum ( )   ;      ,      [69 - Small, Top 100 Exotic Food Plants, 477.].       pomum      ,     granatum   [70 - Barnhart, The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, 583.].      4000.  . .          [71 - Staub, 75 Remarkable Fruits for Your Garden, 189.].

     ,  2500.  . . [72 - De Cleene and Lejeune, Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe, 583.],     .   ,  ,   .            .

    .   ,     .           .        ,    ,    .

     ,   .         ,    .    ,        ,        .             ,      .

  ,          .  ,         .    ,       .          ,         .

         ,   .          .        ,     .         .

        ,    .       ,      .           .        ,        .

   ,   .          .     .         ,       .  ,   ,    ,    .         granatum   ,   [73 - Lance Grande and Allison Augustyn, Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2009), 170.].


 

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 :

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 :



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     ,     .   ,    .            .         ,    .           .




 





  ( );      ,   .

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    ,    .        ,   .   23  30,5          .       - .   -   -      12  18   .        .        .   12  18   .        .

             ,   .  ,          .    (Juglan)     Jovis glans   ;   regia  [74 - De Cleene and Lejeune, Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe, 706.]. ,         .           .        .

    .   ,   ,        (24 ),   .  ,           ,      ,   .         ,    (     ( )),    .

  ,      ,          .                 . ,       , ,  ,   ,     .   ,          ,    .

 ,    ,  .    ,   ,   ,  ,       .   ,                .          .   -     (12351311),         .

 XV  ,            [75 - Watts, Elseviers Dictionary of Plant Lore, 410.].    ,          .             .  ,           .

   ,            .             .    ,    ,   ,       .                    .   ,         .

  ,    :   ( );     ;       .


 

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 :

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 :



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2130   24   2 

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 :

  , 


  

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  ( );     .

      - ,     7,6  12   .     ,         .     - ,    .

 ,       , ,         .       ,       .             2000   . .;          500   . . [76 - Joan Morgan, The Book of Pears: The Definitive History and Guide to Over 500 Varieties (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2015), 12.].

 ,      ,    .     ,      .     .  IV  . .     ,   ( ),       [77 - Ben Watson, Cider, Hard & Sweet: History, Traditions, and Making Your Own, 3rd ed., (Woodstock, VT: The Countryman Press, 2013), 124.].

         .               .                   .    -  ,    ,   , ,     .     .

 ,     .    ,    :       .  ,      ,        ; , ,     ,  .   ,         ,  ,        ,   .          ,   ,    .

      ; ,          ,     .       ,      .    ,    ,  ;        .

  ,          .            1265 , ,  ,     - .

 ,          ,          ,     .         ,       .         .       ,    .

     ,      .          ,        .   ,              .        .

  XVII      .      ,     軠       .     ,      ,      ,  ,    .         ,       .


 

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 :

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   ( , .  );      .

   ( );     , ,  .

   ,      4,5  7,6   .       ,         ,   .    ,      .      ,       - .   5  ,  ,       .      ,      . ,     ,   .

   ,        ,     .       sylvestris,    .

    ,   .        ;      ,       .   ,  ,  ,    ,     ,    .      ,  XVIII      ,         (     )[78 - Staub, 75 Remarkable Fruits for Your Garden, 55.].  ,      ,     ,   .           [79 - Hooke, Trees in Anglo-Saxon England, 249.].

-                 ,      ,   .          .          (lamasool),   , ,     ,    31   1 .           ,    .

   (29    , 21    ),  ,   ,      ,      . ,  ,       ,   .              .   ,        ,   .

  ,    :     ;      .


 

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 :

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    :

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 :

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Quert / Ceirt

  :

25   4   22   1 

:

Ingwaz / Ing / Inguz

 : 1428 

/:

, /,  /, , , , , , ,  , , /, , 

 :

 ; , , , 


  

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  ( );     ,  .

       57 ,       .   ()   .    ,              .       15  21 ,     30 .   ,       .       .     15  24   .    .       - .   15  30   ,  -  - .          .

   ,   ,   .           .   ,         , ,         ,   .      ,      .         ,       .

,        ,      .                ,      ,     .     ,         .  ,       ,     .  ,    (14121431)      .           ,        ,      .

   ,        .       ,     .                ,       .  , , ,       ,    (  ,        ).       .  ,        .   ,   ,   . ,       ,     .   ,      ,     .  ,               ,              ,  .

   ,  ,   .    ,           ;      XX .

     ,    ,  .        . ,       . ,   ,      .

    29 ,       1660 .  ,   II   ,   .               ();       .  ,    ,   ,  ,  -    .      .  ,    ,             .   ,   .

      .       ( ,    )   ,     .   ,   ,    ,        .


 

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 :

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    :

 (  ), , , , 

 :

, , , ,  , , , , 

:

Duir / Dair

  : 10   7 

  :

21 / 

:

Dagaz / Daeg / Dag

 : 1428 

Ehwaz / Eh

 : 30   13 

Jera / Ger / Jara

 : 1327 

Raido / Reidh / Rad

 : 20   12 

Thurisaz / Thurs / Thorn

 : 29   12 

Tiwaz / Tyr / Tir

 : 27   13 

Ac (.)

/:

, , /, /, /,  /,  ,   , , , , , , , , ,  , /,  , ,  /,  , ,   ( , ), , /, , /,   , , /, / , , , , , 

 :

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        ,       .              .   ,      .      ,     . ,   ,    .   ,      ,    ;        .          .

   ,      .           ,    . ,          ,    .            ,        .     ,    .




 





  ( );    ,  ,  .

  ( );     , , ,  .

         .      ,      .     34    .   -,    .        .      ,       .   ,     .      ( ) .

      ,         ,        ,   .    Muin    ,  [80 - Niall MacCoitir, Irish Trees: Myths, Legends & Folklore (Cork, Ireland: The Collins Press, 2003), 167.].           [81 - Watts, Elseviers Dictionary of Plant Lore, 44.].         hege  [82 - Frederick Edward Hulme, Wild Fruits of the Country-Side (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1902), 95.].            ,       .

  ,      ,    .  ,          .

         .     ,       .    ,        ,        .  ,      .              ,       .

           ,         .     2  ,        .

          ,       .   ,      30 .    ,      (29      11 ),        ,     .        31 ,   ,      .

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  ,    ,   -.   ,      ,    ,  ,     .      ,           .


 

:



 :

, ; , , 

:

, , , , 

    :

 (  ), ,  ( )

 :

, , 

:

Muin / Muinn

  : 229 

:

Thurisaz / Thurs / Thorn

 : 29   12 

Wunjo / Wynn / Wyn

 : 1327 

/:

/, /,  /, , , , , , , , ,  ,  /,  , , /, , 

 :

, , , ,  

  ,    : ,  ,  ,   ,   .


  

      ,            .      ,            .    ,   ,      .     .

                ,   .     .      ,   .    ,               .      ,      .     ,           ,        .











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  ( , .  );     ,  ,  .

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          14  18   .     .      -    -  .  ,   ,        12  18   ,     30,5 .    - .      .    18  24   ,       30 .  -     ,       .    ,    .       .

   (Picea)     pix,   [83 - Hageneder, The Meaning of Trees, 224.].         .      ,        .    ,    ,        .  XV            .

    ,          .    --   ,   ,        , -        .

       .   ,    .  ,      .  , ,             .   ,    ,   ,             ,   .

      ,    ,           .       ,        ,    .

    ,     ,         .          ,    .   --- (  ),       ,    .         XVI ,  -         .

 -         ;    -  ,           .    ,         .         -         .




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:

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 :

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 :

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  :

514   211 

:

Dagaz / Daeg / Dag

 : 1428 

/:

/, , ,  , /, ,  /, , , , , , ,  ,  /, , , ,  ,  

 :

, 


  

   ,        ,      .     ,   ,       .     ,    .      ,   ,      .        ;             .       ,    .       ,    .

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  ( );    .

  ( );     .

  ( ).

      ,   ,  .    -.       ,   2  4,5        .    ,          .  ,   ,   -    ,   .     9  15   ,          .   15  24        ,     .          .

,    ,      ,      .        ,        .     ,  ,       .

      , ,   .          .   ,         ,     ,    . ,                .

       ,            .                    .  ,      ,   ,    .           .

       ,       .     ,   ,        .   -      ,    .       .        ,  ,       .         ,         .        .

     ;    ,     ,    .  ,  ,    ,   1800-          .

  ,    :        ,  ,     ( , . ).


 

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 :

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, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 

    :

, ,  (  ),  

 :

, , , , , ,  

:

Saille / Saile

  : 15   12 

  :

312   110 

:

Laguz / Logr / Lagu

 : 29   13 

/:

, ,  /,  , , , , , , /, , / (, ),  ,  , , , , /, , /, , , , 

 :

, 


  

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


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2


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3


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4


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5


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6


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7


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8


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9


 .




10


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11


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12


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13


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14


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15


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16


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17


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18


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19


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20


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21


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22


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23


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24


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25


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26


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27


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28


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29


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30


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31


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32


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33


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34


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35


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36


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37


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38


Barnhart, The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, 525.




39


Staub, 75 Remarkable Fruits for Your Garden, 153.




40


Wells, Lives of the Trees, 39.




41


Susan Leigh Fry, Burial in Medieval Ireland 9001500: A Review of the Written Sources (Dublin, Ireland: Four Courts Press, 1999), 126.




42


Ernest Small, North American Cornucopia: Top 100 Indigenous Food Plants (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2014), 497.




43


Susan Leigh Fry, Burial in Medieval Ireland 9001500: A Review of the Written Sources (Dublin, Ireland: Four Courts Press, 1999), 126.




44


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45


Michael A. Homoya, Wildflowers and Ferns of Indiana Forests: A Field Guide (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2012), 78.




46


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47


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48


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49


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50


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51


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52


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53


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54


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55


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56


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57


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58


Ernest Small, Top 100 Food Plants: The Worlds Most Important Crops (Ottawa, Canada: NRC Press, 1999), 149.




59


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60


 .




61


William Cullina, Native Trees, Shrubs and Vines (New York City: Houghton Mifflin, 2002), 248.




62


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63


Daniel Power, The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 16.




64


Glyn Church, Trees and Shrubs for Fragrance (Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books (U. S.) Inc., 2002), 74.




65


Martin, The Folklore of Trees & Shrubs, 207.




66


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67


Gabriel Hemery and Sarah Simblet, The New Sylva: A Discourse of Forest and Orchard Trees for the Twenty-First Century (London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc., 2014), 226.




68


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69


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70


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71


Staub, 75 Remarkable Fruits for Your Garden, 189.




72


De Cleene and Lejeune, Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe, 583.




73


Lance Grande and Allison Augustyn, Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2009), 170.




74


De Cleene and Lejeune, Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe, 706.




75


Watts, Elseviers Dictionary of Plant Lore, 410.




76


Joan Morgan, The Book of Pears: The Definitive History and Guide to Over 500 Varieties (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2015), 12.




77


Ben Watson, Cider, Hard & Sweet: History, Traditions, and Making Your Own, 3rd ed., (Woodstock, VT: The Countryman Press, 2013), 124.




78


Staub, 75 Remarkable Fruits for Your Garden, 55.




79


Hooke, Trees in Anglo-Saxon England, 249.




80


Niall MacCoitir, Irish Trees: Myths, Legends & Folklore (Cork, Ireland: The Collins Press, 2003), 167.




81


Watts, Elseviers Dictionary of Plant Lore, 44.




82


Frederick Edward Hulme, Wild Fruits of the Country-Side (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1902), 95.




83


Hageneder, The Meaning of Trees, 224.




84


Daniel Zohary, Maria Hopf, and Ehud Weiss, Domestication of Plants in the Old World, 4th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 129.




85


David Gledhill, The Names of Plants, 4th ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 97.




86


Donald Culross Peattie, A Natural History of Trees of Eastern and Central North America (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1966), 256.




87


 .




88


Alan Dundes, ed., The Evil Eye: A Casebook (Madison. WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 97.




89


Wells, Lives of the Trees, 71.




90


E. A. Wallis Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians: Studies in Egyptian Mythology, vol. 1 (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1969), 361.




91


Barbara G. Hallowell, Mountain Year: A Southern Appalachian Nature Notebook (Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair, Publisher, 1998), 89.




92


 .




93


Wells, The Lives of Trees, 209.




94


Small, North American Cornucopia, 651.




95


Wells, The Lives of Trees, 210; Watts, Elseviers Dictionary of Plant Lore, 150.




96


Coombes, Dictionary of Plant Names, 17.




97


Robert K. Barnhart, ed., The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 298.




98


Tony Rodd and Jennifer Stackhouse, Trees: A Visual Guide (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2008), 134.




99


James F. Hancock, Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species, 3rd ed. (Cambridge, MA: CABI, 2012), 229.




100


Toby Sonneman, Lemon: A Global History (London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2012), 13.




101


Folkard, Plant Lore, Legends, & Lyrics, 403.




102


Wayne Grady, The Great Lakes: The Natural History of a Changing Region (Vancouver, Canada: Greystone Books, 2007), 97.




103


  ,       -  ,      .    ,    .




104


Frederic Rosengarten, Jr., The Book of Edible Nuts (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 2004), 4.




105


G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren, and Heinz-Josef Fabry, eds., Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, vol. 7, trans. David E. Green (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1995), 478; and Hageneder, The Meaning of Trees: Botany, History, Healing, Lore, 37.




106


De Cleene and Lejeune, Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe, 82.




107


Lorraine Harrison, Latin for Gardeners: Over 3,000 Plant Names Explained and Explored (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 145.


