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21   XXI 



Yuval Noah Harari

21 LESSONS FOR THE 21st CENTURY



Copyright  2018 by Yuval Noah Harari

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* * *


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,     (   ),                 .  ,       , ,    .  1938      ,      ,    ,              (,  ,         ).     ,     ,      ,     :    ! ߠ  ![5 -    XIX   XX  . Evgeny Dobrenko and Eric Naiman (eds.), The Landscape of Stalinism: The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003); W. L. Guttsman, Art for the Workers: Ideology and the Visual Arts in Weimar Germany (New York: Manchester University Press, 1997).   ., ,  Nicholas John Cull, Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present (Santa Barbara: ABCCLIO, 2003).]

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  ,        ,     , ,     .        ,     ,      1400  ,        ,    2500  ,   .            ,      ,               -[8 - Ayelet Shani, The Israelis Who Take Rebuilding the Tird Temple Very Seriously, Haaretz, 10 August 2017, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.805977, accessed January 2018; Israeli Minister: We Should Rebuild Jerusalem Temple, Israel Today, 7 July 2013, http://www. israeltoday.co.il/Default.aspx?tabid=178&nid=23964, accessed 7 January 2018; Yuri Yanover, Dep. Minister Hotovely: The Solution Is Greater Israel without Gaza, Jewish Press, 25 August 2013, http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/dep-minister-hotovely-the-solution-is-greater-israel-without-gaza/2013/08/25/, accessed 7 January 2018; Israeli Minister: The Bible Says West Bank Is Ours, Al Jazeera, 24 February 2017, http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/upfront/2017/02/israeli-minister-bible-west-bank-170224082827910.html, accessed 29 January 2018.].

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    :   .      ,  ,    ,          .               ,   ,    :  , ,  ,  ,   .             ,    [11 - ., ,       ,     : Nicholas Ernest et al., Genetic Fuzzy based Artifcial Intelligence for Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle Control in Simulated Air Combat Missions, Journal of Defense Management 6:1 (2016), 17;   : Kurt VanLehn, The Relative Effectiveness of Human Tutoring, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and Other Tutoring Systems, Educational Psychologist 46:4 (2011), 197221;  : Giuseppe Nuti et al., Algorithmic Trading, Computer 44:11 (2011), 6169;  ,      ..: Arash Baharammirzaee, A comparative Survey of Artifcial Intelligence Applications in Finance: Artifcial Neural Networks, Expert System and Hybrid Intelligent Systems, Neural Computing and Applications 19:8 (2010), 1165-1195;      ,     : Marjorie Glass Zauderer et al., Piloting IBM Watson Oncology within Memorial Sloan Ketterings Regional Network, Journal of Clinical Oncology 32:15 (2014), e17653;          : Jean-Sbastien Vayre et al., Communication Mediated through Natural Language Generation in Big Data Environments: The Case of Nomao, Journal of Computer and Communication 5 (2017), 125148;  : Florian Schrof, Dmitry Kalenichenko and James Philbin, FaceNet: A Unifed Embedding for Face Recognition and Clustering, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2015), 815823;  : Cristiano Premebida, A Lidar and Visionbased Approach for Pedestrian and Vehicle Detection and Tracking, 2007 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (2007).].   -    (    ),      ,  .

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                  ,     . ,        ,    ,   -   ,    ,     .        [12 - Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011); Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational (New York: Harper, 2009); Brian D. Ripley, Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Christopher M. Bishop, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (New York: Springer, 2007).].  ,           ,   .   ,    ,  ,      .  ,        .    ,     ,      ,     . ,    ,       .

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          蠖  ,   -  .           1,25   (   ,  - ,   )[15 - World Health Organization, Global status report on road safety 2015 (2016); Estimates for 20002015, Cause-Specifc Mortality, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html, accessed 6 September 2017.].  90%        : -    , -  ,    , -   , -    ,      .        ,  2012     31%    , 30%    21% [16 -       .: Daniel J. Fagnant and Kara Kockelman, Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 77 (2015), 167 181;      ., : OECD/ITF, Road Safety Annual Report 2016 (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/irtad-2016-en.].     .        ,       ,    ,  ,          90%[17 - Kristofer D. Kusano and Hampton C. Gabler, Safety Benefts of Forward Collision Warning, Brake Assist, and Autonomous Braking Systems in Rear-End Collisions, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 13:4 (2012), 15461555; James M. Anderson et al., Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2014), esp. 1315; Daniel J. Fagnant and Kara Kockelman, Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 77 (2015), 167181; Jean-Francois Bonnefon, Azim Sharif and Iyad Rahwan, Autonomous Vehicles Need Experimental Ethics: Are We Ready for Utilitarian Cars?, arXiv (2015), 115.          .: Seyed R. Azimi et al., Vehicular Networks for Collision Avoidance at Intersections, SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars Mechanical Systems 4:1 (2011), 406416; Swarun Kumar et al., CarSpeak: A Content-Centric Network for Autonomous Driving, SIGCOM Computer Communication Review 42:4 (2012), 259270; Mihail L. Sichitiu and Maria Kihl, Inter-Vehicle Communication Systems: A Survey, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 10:2 (2008); Mario Gerla et al., Internet of Vehicles: From Intelligent Grid to Autonomous Cars and Vehicular Clouds, 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Tings (WF-IoT) (2014), 241246.].  ,    ,   ,       .

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,            ,    ,        .  堖    ,  堖    .    ,   ,  ,      [20 - Stuart Dredge, A I and music: will we be slaves to the algorithm? Guardian, 6 August 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/06/artificial-intelligence-and-will-we-be-slaves-to-the-algorithm, accessed 15 October 2017.    .: Jose David Fernndez and Francisco Vico, A I Methods in Algorithmic Composition: A Comprehensive Survey, Journal of Artifcial Intelligence Research 48 (2013), 513582.].

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notes








1


., ,    ࠖ   2005 ,    :        ,    :               .           . Bush Pledges to Spread Democracy, CNN, 20 January 2005, http://edition.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/01/20/bush.speech/, accessed 7 January 2018.   , ., ,     : Katie Reilly, Read Barack Obamas Final Speech to the United Nations as President, Time, 20 September 2016, http://time.com/4501910/president-obama-united-nations-speech-transcript/, accessed 3 December 2017.




2


William Neikirk and David S. Cloud, Clinton: Abuses Put China On Wrong Side of History, Chicago Tribune, 30 October 1997, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-10-30/news/9710300304_1_ human-rights-jiang-zemin-chinese-leader, accessed 3 December 2017.




3


Eric Bradner, Hillary Clintons Email Controversy, Explained, CNN, 28 October 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/hillary-clinton-email-controversy-explained-2016/index.html, accessed 3 December 2017.




4


Chris Graham and Robert Midgley, Mexico Border Wall: What is Donald Trump Planning, How Much Will It Cost and Who Will Pay for It?, Telegraph, 23 August 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/mexico-border-wall-donald-trump-planning-much-will-cost-will/, accessed 3 December 2017; Michael Schuman, Is China Stealing Jobs? It May Be Losing Tem, Instead, New York Times, 22 July 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/business/international/china-jobs-donald-trump.html, accessed 3 December 2017.




5


   XIX   XX  . Evgeny Dobrenko and Eric Naiman (eds.), The Landscape of Stalinism: The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003); W. L. Guttsman, Art for the Workers: Ideology and the Visual Arts in Weimar Germany (New York: Manchester University Press, 1997).   ., ,  Nicholas John Cull, Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present (Santa Barbara: ABCCLIO, 2003).




6


  .: Ishaan Tharoor, Brexit: A modern-day Peasants Revolt?, Washington Post, 25 June 2016, https:// www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/25/the-brexit-a-modern-day-peasants-revolt/?utm_term=.9b8e81bd5306; John Curtice, US election 2016: The Trump Brexit voter revolt, BBC, 11 November 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/ election-us-201637943072.




7


  , ,  Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Penguin, 1992).




8


Ayelet Shani, The Israelis Who Take Rebuilding the Tird Temple Very Seriously, Haaretz, 10 August 2017, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.805977, accessed January 2018; Israeli Minister: We Should Rebuild Jerusalem Temple, Israel Today, 7 July 2013, http://www. israeltoday.co.il/Default.aspx?tabid=178&nid=23964, accessed 7 January 2018; Yuri Yanover, Dep. Minister Hotovely: The Solution Is Greater Israel without Gaza, Jewish Press, 25 August 2013, http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/dep-minister-hotovely-the-solution-is-greater-israel-without-gaza/2013/08/25/, accessed 7 January 2018; Israeli Minister: The Bible Says West Bank Is Ours, Al Jazeera, 24 February 2017, http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/upfront/2017/02/israeli-minister-bible-west-bank-170224082827910.html, accessed 29 January 2018.




9


Katie Reilly, Read Barack Obamas Final Speech to the United Nations as President, Time, 20 September 2016, http://time.com/4501910/president-obama-united-nations-speech-transcript/, accessed 3 December 2017.




10


Gregory R. Woirol, The Technological Unemployment and Structural Unemployment Debates (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1996), 18-20; Amy Sue Bix, Inventing Ourselves out of Jobs? Americas Debate over Technological Unemployment, 19291981 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 18; Joel Mokyr, Chris Vickers and Nicolas L. Ziebarth, The History of Technological Anxiety and the Future of Economic Growth: Is Tis Time Diferent?, Journal of Economic Perspectives 29:3 (2015), 3342; Joe Mokyr, The Gifs of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 255257; David H. Autor, Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and the Future of Workplace Automation, Journal of Economic Perspectives 29:3 (2015), 330; Melanie Arntz, Terry Gregory and Ulrich Zierahn, The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 89 (2016); Mariacristina Piva and Marco Vivarelli, Technological Change and Employment: Were Ricardo and Marx Right?, IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Discussion Paper No.10471 (2017).




11


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