 
 


       -  (1937-1945 ).         -      .  -        ,       ,     .

            XX .

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  a4.pdf   .





 

 



Iris Chang

The Rape of Nanking. The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II



 1997 by Iris Chang

 2011 by Brett Douglas

       , 2023

    ,    , 2023


* * *


    







   


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         .       ,   2004    .            - .  9  2004     ,    ,             -, [4 - SullivanP. Rape of Nanking Author Iris Chang Dies // The Washington Post. Nov 12, 2004. P. B06.].       36 .

 2007                 ,                .

     .      [5 - E.Staub. The roots of evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence. 1989. New York: Cambridge University Press.; E.Staub. Overcoming Evil: Genocide, Violent Conflict, and Terrorism. 2011. Oxford University Press.],          .      . , ,   ,     ,         .

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    ,           (     ,    1995 )[19 - R.C.Binstock, Tree of Heaven (New York: Soho Press,1995); Paul West, Tent of Orange Mist (New York: Scribners, 1995); James Yin and Shi Young, The Rape of Nanking: An Undeniable History in Photographs (Chicago: Innovative Publishing Group, 1996).],     ( :    ,   1996 ).                 .     ,  ,              .  ,        ,         .              ,       ,    ?


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notes








1


GeorgeF. Will. Breaking a Sinister Silence // The Washington Post. Feb. 19, 1998.




2


          1995 .




3


   . .  . . // , 04.09.2007. .: http://litcult.ru/news2/3189 ( : 21.07.2023).




4


SullivanP. Rape of Nanking Author Iris Chang Dies // The Washington Post. Nov 12, 2004. P. B06.




5


E.Staub. The roots of evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence. 1989. New York: Cambridge University Press.; E.Staub. Overcoming Evil: Genocide, Violent Conflict, and Terrorism. 2011. Oxford University Press.




6


. . 247.




7


GeorgeF. Will. Breaking a Sinister Silence // The Washington Post. Feb. 19, 1998.




8


:       ,  1702,       ,  ,         ,  134,  14,   238,  .




9


   , . : San Jose Mercury News, 3  1988 .




10


Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1990), . 76.




11


Arnold Toynbee, 1947, . 347, . : Leo Kuper, Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1981), . 12.




12


   .: R.J.Rummel, Chinas Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1991), . 138.




13


     : Louis L.Snyder, Louis Snyders Historical Guide to World War II (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982), . 198199.




14


Brigadier Peter Young, ed., The World Almanac Book of World War II (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: World Almanac Publications/PrenticeHall, 1981), . 330.         .: Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), . 734, 740.  ,    1945       140       70   .   ,            200     140   . , , ,               ,        .




15


Catherine Rosair, For One Veteran, Emperor Visit Should Be Atonement, Reuters, 15  1992.; George Fitch, Nanking Outrages, 10  1938.,        .  ,    ,        80  (The Great Nanking Massacre Committed by the Japanese Army as Related to International Law on War Crimes, Journal of Studies of Japanese Aggression Against China [ 1991], . 74).




16


     .




17


 ,    ,      ; .   ,  .




18


Robert Leckie, Delivered from Evil: The Saga of World War II (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), . 303.




19


R.C.Binstock, Tree of Heaven (New York: Soho Press,1995); Paul West, Tent of Orange Mist (New York: Scribners, 1995); James Yin and Shi Young, The Rape of Nanking: An Undeniable History in Photographs (Chicago: Innovative Publishing Group, 1996).




20


  (Gilbert Hair),    .




21


Tanaka Yuki, Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II (Boulder, Co.: Westview, 1996), . 206208. (    ,                ).   ,          .        ,    .              ,       .        ,     .




22


Meirion Harries, Susie Harries, Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army (New York: Random House, 1991), .7.




23


Samuel Eliot Morison, Old Bruin: Commodore Matthew C.Perry 17941858 (Boston: Atlantic  Little, Brown, 1967), . 319.




24


Delmer M.Brown, Nationalism in Japan: An Introductory Historical Analysis (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1955), . 75. (.  : Satow, ., Japan 18531864,  Genji Yume Monogatari, . 4).




25


Taiyo,  1905, .  , . 144.




26


 , . 152.




27


Paul Johnson, Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Nineties (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), . 189.




28


W. T. deBary, ., Sources of the Japanese Tradition (New York, 1958), . 796797, .  , . 189.




29


.  , . 189.


