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Siddhartha Mukherjee

The Emperor of All Maladies

A Biography of Cancer



    



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 Siddhartha Mukherjee, 2010

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  1947                -. ,      (   ),    ,         .         .          .       ,  ,    .            ,       .      .           ,        .   .       ,  ,          .

    ,   [10 - Craig J. Sidney Farber (19051975). Journal of Pediatrics. 1996; 128 (1): 160162.. : Looking Back: Sidney Farber and the First Remission of Acute Pediatric Leukemia. Childrens Hospital, Boston. 2010 (http://www.childrenshospital.org/ (http://www.childrenshospital.org/) gallery/index.cfm? G=49&page=2).].   20     ,               .     ,     ,      ,  .       ,         .            ,     .

       .       ,   ,        ,              .    ,     ,     .    -          .          ,        [11 - ,        ,    : Farber S., Cutler . ., Hawkins J. W. et al. The Action of Pteroylglutamic Conjugates on Man. Science. 1947; 106 (2764): 619621; Gupta S. P. K. An Indian Scientist in America: The Story of Dr. Yell-apragada SubbaRow. Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad). 1976; 6 (2): 128143      (2006).].



     ,    , ,      ,      .       ,      .     , , -    .           ,     ,            .         .      ,       ,      ,      .        ,   ,      [12 - Laszlo J. The Cure of Childhood Leukemia: Into the Age of Miracles. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995.].           ,      ,  ,     ,  ,        [13 - Medical World News. 1966; November 11.].

         .   1845        : 28-     .  ,     ,      ; ,  20       ,     .         ,   ,        [14 - Bennett J. H. Case of Hypertrophy of the Spleen and Liver in Which Death Took Place from Suppuration of the Blood. Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal. 1845; 64: 413-423-].

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 ,      .       ,     , 24-           ,      [16 - Virchow R. L. K. Cellular Pathology: As Based upon Physiological and Pathological Histology I Chance E (trans.). London: John Churchill, 1860.].       50.     ,     .       ,         .

,    ,    . ,  ,            .                 -     .  : ,     ?        ,      - ,       weifies Blut, ;              [17 - Grant . J. Weisses Blut. Radiologic Technology. 2003; 73 (4): 373376.].  1874          ,    leukos, .



                ,        .        ,  ,         . ( ,    ,   1980-,          ()       [18 -     ()                                .].)   ,     , ,    ,       .      .         ,     .

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    ,     1880-,    . ,    ,   .         ,   (  )    ,   [22 - Bainbridge W. S. The Cancer Problem. New York: Macmillan Company, 1914.].               ,           .             ,   .

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     -,       .  1860   ,   ,          [23 - Laszlo J. Cure of Childhood Leukemia.].  ,       ,      ,      ,      .         [24 -  (.)  ( ),        .      . . .] .      .                .       .     .   ,  ,       exquisite Fall von Leukamie (  ),    ,     .     ,       .                  [25 - Biermer . A. Ein Fall von Leukamie, 1861 ( );    Suchannek . A Case of Leukaemia with Noteworthy Changes of the Nasal Mucous Membrane. Archives of Otology 1890; 19: 255269.].



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  1920-                [26 - Miller D. R. A Tribute to Sidney Farber  the Father of Modern Chemotherapy.British Journal of Haematology. 2006; 134: 4, 2026.].            ,     .   1930-           .

      .  1947         :               .     ,  ,      ,    .           :   .

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        . <> ,     ,     ,       .

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: ,    [28 - Tucker J. . Ellie: A Child's Fight Against Leukemia. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1982.]

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 .
  :    [30 - Laszlo J. The Cure of Childhood Leukemia: Into the Age of Miracles.]

            .   1940-            [31 - Shimkin M. B. As Memory Serves  an Informal History of the National Can cerinstitute, 1937-57. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1977; 59 (suppl. 2): 559600.].       . ,           ( 1939-        ,      [32 - Lax . The Mold in Dr. Florey's Coat: The Story of the Penicillin Miracle. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2004.]),   1950-    .  1942    ,   Merck,  5,5    50%     [33 - Milestone Moments in Merck History (https://web.archive.0rg/web/20090412200413/http://www.merck.com/about/feature_story/o162oo3_penicillin.html).].  10     ,   ,      4   ,    200  [34 - Marshall E. K. Historical Perspectives in Chemotherapy. Advances in Chemotherapy. 1974; 13: 18. .  Science News Letter. 1942; 41.].

    :   1947-,   1948-[35 - Ehrlich J., Bartz Q. R., Smith R. M. et al. Chloromycetin, a New Antibiotic from a SoilActinomycete. Science. 1947; 106 (2757): 417; Duggar . M. Aureomy-cin: A Product of the Continuing Search for New Antibiotics. Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 1948; 51: 177181.].   1949-,     , ,      ,   Time :     .

    ,        ,                    [36 - Enders J. F., Weller T. H., Robbins F. C. Cultivation of the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus in Cultures of Various Human Embryonic Tissues. Science. 1949; 49: 8587; Rosen F. S. Isolation of Poliovirus  John Enders and the Nobel Prize. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004; 351: 14811483.].      :   ,    1950 ,     [37 - Richards A.N. The Production of Penicillin in the United States: Extracts and Editorial Comment. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1969; suppl. 8: 7173.].

,       ,    ,        -  .     ,       ,         [38 - Karnad A. Intrinsic Factors: William Bosworth Castle and the Development of Hematology and Clinical Investigation at Boston City Hospital. Boston: Harvard Medical School, 1997.].   ,    XIX : 1910  1940     ,    -  [39 - Sydenstricker E. Health in the New Deal. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 1934; 176: 131137.].         47  68   ,      [40 -  re slow L. A Life in Public Health: An Insider s Retrospective. New York: Springer, 2004.].

             .     :  1945  1960        [41 - Stevens R. In Sickness and in Wealth. New York: Basic Books, 1989.].       1935  1952        7  17  .             .    ,   ,        ,               [42 - Burling T., Lentz E., Wilson R. N. The Give and Take in Hospitals. New York: Putnum, 1956.].

                .   ,      :     , , ,   ,  ,    ,  , -[43 -       Newsweek  Time, 19461948. .  Mack R. . Trends in American Consumption. American Economic Review. 1956; 46 (2): 5568.].     ,     -,        ,     [44 - Gans . J. The Levittowners: Ways of Life and Politics in a New Suburban Community. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965.].           .   : 1957        [45 - Boyer P. S., Clark . E., Halttunen K. et al. The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning, 2008.].  ,      [46 - Galbraith J. K. The Affluent Society. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1958.],            , .



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            .   XIX , ,   ,            .   ,    ,  1899  ,     ,           ,       ,   ,      [47 - Proctor R. Cancer Wars: How Politics Shapes What We Know and Dont Know About Cancer. New York: Basic Books, 1995.].                 . ,      ,   .    ;       1949-[48 - Sepkowitz K. A. The 1947Smallpox Vaccination Campaign in New York City, Revisited. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004; 10 (5): 960961.].       ,        .  1900  1916        29,8%,      [49 - Bulkley L. D. Cancer and Its Non-Surgical Treatment. New York: W Wood & Co., 1921.].  1926         ,   - [50 - Proctor R. Cancer Wars.].

      ,  ,       Fortune.       Life       ,     [51 - U. S. Science Wars against an Unknown Enemy: Cancer. Life. 1937; March 1.].      New York Times       .    1937        Time[52 - Medicine: Millions for Cancer. Time. 1937; July 5; Medicine: After Syphilis, Cancer. Time. 1937; July 19.]          .



                XX .  1907          -,        (, AACR) ,         [53 - AACR: A Brief History (https://www.aacr.org/about-the-aacr/aacr-narrative-history/ (https://www.aacr.org/about-the-aacr/aacr-narrative-history/)).].  1910            .    ,        ,   ,   .

  1920-,  10    ,              ,    ,       .       ,                70    1911   115   1927-[54 - A Cancer Commission. Los Angeles Times. 1927; March 4.].           5     ,      [55 - 69th Cong., 2nd sess. Congressional Record. 1927; 68:  2922.].

             ,    .             ,       : , , , ,   ,   ,   ,   50      ,      1%    [56 - Rettig R. A. Cancer Crusade: The Story of the National Cancer Act of 1971. Lincoln, NE: Authors Choice Press, 1977.].

 1937   ,   ,         ,              .         .    Fortune  Time     ,      .         ,      .              23  1937 .   , 5 ,          ()[57 -  1944       ,  (National Cancer Act of 1937,https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/overview/ (https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/overview/) history/national-cancer-act-1937).         ,      .].

               .         [58 - Shimkin . . As Memory Serves].  ,   ,             -.        ,  ,    ,     3  1938      [59 - Congressional Record. 1939; appendix 84: 2991; Fromer M. J. How, After a Decade of Public & Private Wrangling, FDR Signed NCI into Law in 1937. Oncology Times. 2006; 28 (19): 6567.]. ,              .

        ,        .    1938 ,       ,       ,      .                  .           .  1939         ,    1941-      .

    .      ,       ,     [60 -  A ra s  ino . Administration of the National Cancer Institute Act, August y, 1937, to June 30, 1943. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1944; 4: 429443.].    ,     ,     . ,           ,     [61 - Shimkin M. B. As Memory Serves].          .

           .             ,     .          -.      :     .    <>        [62 -  .  19461947               .  1947-       . .: House Foreign Affairs Committee. House Report 2363. 79th Cong., 2nd sess. 1946; Could a Manhattan Project" Conquer Cancer? Washington Post. 1946; August 4.].

      .           ,   ,    .   1950-  ,  ,   ,    New York Times           . ,   ,     .     ,   .

,  ,              .  ,  ,     ,    .

    [63 - Holland J. C., Lewis S. The Human Side of Cancer. New York: Harper Collins, 2001.].

   1947     ,     ,    .          ,    .     ,     ,       ,  .

      .             .       :       ,      .    ,   ,    -  [64 - Pickstone J. V. Contested Cumulations: Configurations of Cancer Treatments through the Twentieth Century. Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 2007; 81 (1): 164196.].       ,  ,         .       .

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          ,       .           -,          -,    .       ,     1920-,      .

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[68 - Minot G. R., Murphy W. P. Treatment of Pernicious Anemia hy a Special Diet. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1926; 87 (7): 470476; Minot G. R. Nohel Lecture.].  1934             .  ,                  .   ,        .

       ,         .   13     ,    ,         ,    ,      ,         [69 - Wills L. A Biographical Sketch. Journal of Nutrition. 1978; 108: 13791383.].  1920-      ,      ,    ,      ,  . (     :      ,         .)

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Washington Post, 1946 [81 - Cancer Ignored. Washington Post. 1946; August 5.]

 11               ,         -     .   1940-        . , , ,      -       --.              ,   ,   .      -        ,      .

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 28          ,       .       ,        .

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     .       ,        .       ,    ,          .       1948-     .

    ,   ,      .   1948            New England Journal of Medicine.    16 , 10     ,  5                 [89 -  .].       .

 3  1948         , ,    .  , , - ,  , ,         . ,    ,   .              ,   ,   ,    ,       ,       .       ,   ,  ,  .

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,   ,       .     ? ?       ?

 1862       : , ,     -   (,  , )          .     :  ,   ,    .   ,     XVII   ..   , XXV   .., . , ,  ,          [96 - Breasted J. . The Edwin Smith Papyrus: Some Preliminary Observations. Paris:Librairie Ancienne Honore Champion, Edward Champion, 1922.].

 ,   1930 ,   ,        ,    2625   .. ,        ,       ,      ,      .    ,       ,     .  ,        ,   ,   ,            .

              .  ,  ,   ,         ,   ,     .    48     ,  ,        ,    ,     ,    , ,     .

           .  45- ,  :



  [-]       ,     ,        , ,       ,  ,        ,     ,      :      . <>        , ,   ,         ,        ,     [97 - Breasted J. . Edwin Smith Papyrus. .  Boulos F. S. Oncology in Egyptian Papyri // Paleo-oncology: The Antiquity of Cancer (5th ed.) I Retsas S. (ed.). London: Farrand Press, 1986.].


     , , ,   ,     ,          .          ,   :      ,    ,    .     45       :       :  .

            .          ,       .     ,        1715   ..  XII   ..   ,       V        ,   [98 - Trevisanato S. I. Didan Epidemic of Tularemia in Ancient Egypt Affect the Courseof World History? Medical Hypotheses. 2004; 63 (5): 905910; The Egyptians I Do-nadoni S. (ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997; Subba R. D. V. Tuberculosis in Ancient India. Bulletin of the Institute of Medicine (Hyderabad). 1972; 2: 156161.].            ,     ,          ,    .



                 ,  ,   .       440   ..        ,     .     II    I.                     .            ,         ,  (          ,       ).

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 1990    ,   140 ,    ,      .   -  ,    -,   .          ,   ,    .       ,     - ,            .

              140 ,       [99 - Aufderheide A. The Scientific Study of Mummies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003;     , 2009.].    30   ,       .  ,          .  ,           ,   . ,  ,         ,    . - ,        .       ,   , ,   .

    ,     .              .            .          400   ,       ,  .  -       ,    .     ,  ,            .  1914               [100 - Miller J. L. Some Diseases of Ancient Man. Annals of Medical History. 1929; 1: 394402.].  , ,      -   ,        2     ,   -    (   ,        )[101 - Greaves M. Cancer: The Evolutionary Legacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.].         ,        ,     ,    .



,      ,       ,  ,     .      ,  .   ,  ,     .     ,       ,       tsaraat,[102 - Ostrer . S. Leprosy: Medical Views of Leviticus Rabba. Early Science and Medicine. 2002; 7 (2): 138154.]             .       ,                 .         ,       .    ,         ,   .

  .   - ,     . ,     [103 - ., , Breast Cancer Risk Factors (https://www.breastcancer.org/risk/ risk-factors).]  1:400  30- ,    1:9  70-.           ,   ,   , , , ,   .      ,            :      ,     .  XIX       , ,       -       .     ,    :   ,        .

  XX    ,     ,    .                  .      1850         (,    ,  ).           ,    ( ).                   ,  ,    ,          .

 ,          ,         . ,   XIX         , -          ,   .      , ,    ,   ,      .  ,         1950- -     XX .        1950-,           .

           .  1900-,    ,        .     ( ,      ,     [104 - Osler W., McCrae . The Principles and Practice of Medicine: Designed for the Use of Practitioners and Students of Medicine (9th ed.). New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1921.]),   .        ,    1940-    ,   - [105 - Report No. 1743, International Cancer Research Act; U. S. Science Wars against an Unknown Enemy: Cancer. Life. 1937; March 1.].            26 [106 - Shrestha L. B. Life Expectancy in the United States. CRS Report for Congress. 2006.].    60  ,        ,   .

,      ,          ,    35. ,  , ,                .    ,    ,      .




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  , ,  .

, 160  ..[107 - Reedy J. Galen on Cancer and Related Diseases. Clio Medica. 1975; 10 (3): 227.]

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  , 1914 [108 - Wood F. C. Surgery Is Sole Cure for Bad Varieties of Cancer. New York Times. 1914; April 19.]

 .  .  .  .

 . .  , 2000[109 - Greaves M. Cancer: The Evolutionary Legacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.]

 -    ,         ,       .

  [110 - Rosenberg Ch. E. Disease in History: Frames and Framers. Milbank Quarterly. 1989; 67 (suppl. 1, Framing Disease: The Creation and Negotiation of Explanatory Schemes)-. 12.]

    .        ,        ,    .   ,      ,   ,    , ,   .  ,   ,      ,   .

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  ,  400   ..,          karkinos, . ,    ,         .     (     ),  .  ,  ,   ,   [111 - ., , Sigerist . . The Historical Development of the Pathology and Therapy of Cancer. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 1932; 8 (11): 642653.].  ,      .       ,     .        .

        , onkos,      .          .    ,   ,       ,  , .          ,         .

            ,  ,    karkinos,  ,    ,    .  ar kino s       ,   :   , , ,   . , ,        ,     karkinos    : , , , , , ,  .

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,      ,     160  ..,     .  ,           .   ,           .  , ,        ,         .      ,               . (           ,   , .    , ,   ,     melas, ,  khole, .               .)  ,      ,   , ,     -       .   , ,  ,     ,   XVI ,    ,   , -     [112 - Galen . Methodus Medendi, with a Brief Declaration of the Worthie Art of Medicine, the Office of a Chirgion, and an Epitome of the Third Booke of Galen, ofNatu-rall Faculties I Gale T. (trans.). London: Thomas East, 1586.].

    ,         ,     ( ). ,   ,  - ,   ,       .     ,    ,  ,   .  -   ,      ,      [113 -  38   VI          Homeopathic Recorder. 1943; 58 (10, 11,12).].               .     ,   ,   ,     :    ,   , .   ,      ,       .

      III ,         .      ,    ,     . -             , .          ,       .       ,    XIV    .   [114 - Parker G. The Early History of Surgery in Great Britain-. Its Organization and Development. London: Black, 1920.].   , ,    XV ,     : ,     ,    ,      . <>                ,   [115 - Malgaigne J.-F. Surgery and Amhroise Pare. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965.].

  ,              . ,                       ,    .  XVI              ,      [116 - ., : Harvey S. C. The History of Hemostasis. Annals of Medical History. 1929; 1 (2): 127154; Malgaigne J.-F. Surgery and Amhroise Pare.].           .       .

       XVIII         ,  :           .     ,          .              [117 - Heister L.   Olson J. S. Bathsheba's Breast: Women, Cancer, and History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.].

,                       .      :  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,   ,  ,  ,    .         .  XVII           ,        .          :  , ,  ,  ,  .   ,        [118 - ., , Bainbridge W. S. The Cancer Problem. New York: Macmillan Company, 1914.].

   ,       . ( ,       ,     .)               .   ,    ,                    ,       ,   ,  .




 


     .

 [119 - Donne J. Love's Exchange // Poems of John Donne (vol. 1) I Chambers E. K. (ecL). London: Lawrence & Bullen, 1896.]

 1533  19-         ,            .      ,        .           .     -,    ,    :     ,          .    ,       ,        ,  ,      ,   ,     [120 - Vesalius A. Ebe Fabric of the Human Body [De Fabrica Humani Corporis] / Hotchkiss WP. (trans.). ., ,  Sourcebook of Medical History. Mineola, NY: Dover, 1960.].     ,      ,  ,     ,   .

   ,      [121 - OMalley C. D. Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 15141564. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964.].           .     ,    ,     [122 -           .    ,      ,            45,     90  (   ).     ,      ,  ,      , . . .].              ,   .

             .  ,    ,  , , ,              .          .  1538              .           ,    .       ,    .       ,        ,       .

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  -    ,          isiv    -     ,    .         : ,    ,     ?        ,    ?      .    ,     ,    .

     ,         ,       .        ,    ,     ,    ,        isw,   ,            [123 - Andreas Vesalius of Brussels Sends Greetings to His Master and Patron, the Most Eminent and Illustrious Doctor Narcissus Parthenopeus, First Physician to His Imperial Majesty II The Illustrations from the Works of Andreas Vesalius of Brussels / Saunders J. B. de . M., OMalley C.D. (annot. and trans.) Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company, 1950.].

   ,  ,    .          ,            . <>     .       :    ,     ,     ,   .         ,         ,     .

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 1793   ,  ,           [124 - Baillie . The Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body (2nd American ed.). Walpole, NH: 1808.].  ,     ,    :         ,     , ,    .           .     ,         ,       .        .     (  ),  ( )   (  )      .                ,       .         ,     ,     ,       ,    .  ,         ,   .             ,      , .




 


,     ,  ,  ,     ,     ,     .

  , 1836[125 - Cooper S. A Dictionary of Practical Surgery (vol. 1). New York: Harper & Brothers, 1836.]

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