    .     , 1941-1991
 


   
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 Photo by marusya21111999 on pixabay.com

 Photo by Andrey on pxhere.com



 Mark Edele, 2008

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   ,    ,         ,       .          1994     ,    ; ,  19951996 ,        .                 ,   ,    ,   2000 ,        (),          .  2001-  2002-      .   ,            :      ,      .     ,      2004 .  ,     ,    ,        .  2006-     :            .                  .     2008     .

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  ,        -     ,    .     ,     ,                    ,          .    ,   ,   2021 ,   [1 - Edele M. Stalinism at War: The Soviet Union in World War II. London etc.: Bloomsbury Academic, 2021. 272 p. . .],       ,       - ;         ,      , ,    ,       2008 ,       .

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               , ,       -  ,    ,       .           :  ,          2000 ;     (DAAD),         20012002 ;        ,           Research Grant  Humanities Travelling Fellowship          ,   2006 . ,    ,              (Century Fellowship  Mellon Dissertation Year Fellowship)     (Research Grant  Humanities and Social Sciences Publication Grant of the Faculty of Arts),        ,      .

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     ,         .       ,         , !,     . ,     -      ,      (carriages,         ,  cattle cars),     .           ,        .       ,   ,   ;       . ,           ,    ,      .

           .   ,          ,         ;           ;        ;          2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007 ;            2005 ;      ,     ,      2006 ;            ;             (2002),   (2002)    (2000, 2006);          (2006).       8      Slavic Review  2006  (vol. 65, 1, . 111137).




I. 





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  XX   ,      ;       .         ,             .     ,        ,           ,   ;                    [2 - Urlanis B. Bilanz der Kriege: Die Menschenverluste Europas vom 17. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart. Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1965. S. 367.].            .         ,       1914-  1945     ,  -          [3 - .: Hobsbawm E. The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 19141991. New York: Vintage Books, 1996 [ .  .    (19141991). .: ; CORPUS, 2020].].

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 22  1941             .        ;  ,              ,       [11 - .: Stites R. (Ed.). Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995.].     ,       ,      ,    :     . ,     , ,         , , ,      :                 . , ,  ,             ,    .        : -,   , , -,         ,         .            ,             ,     1939 .       ,           .      -       .    ,               ,    .      ,   ,             . , ,   -      .         ,         ,           ,    .       ,    ,   ,      [12 -       : Glantz D., House J. When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 1995 [ .,  .  .     . .: , 2007].      .: Barber J., Harrison M. The Soviet Home Front, 19411945: A Social and Economic History of the USSR in World War II. London and New York: Longman, 1991.      .: Berkhoff K. C. Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule. Cambridge and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004.  ,     , . : M?ller R.-D., Uebersch?r G. R. Hitlers Krieg im Osten 19411945: Ein Forschungsbericht. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2000.].

 ,              ,   -,    .      34,5      ,    , ,   [13 -  ..,  ..         //    XX .  . . II: 19401959. /  . .. . .: , 2001. . 25.      . , ,       69705      1942-  138889   1944-. .: Slepyan K. Stalins Guerrillas: Soviet Partisans in World War II. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 2006. P. 51.].  ,  -, ,    ,  ,       ,  ,             [14 -    .: Merridale C. Ivans War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 19391945. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006.      .: Slepyan K. Stalins Guerrillas.].          .    25 ,   ,  27  ,    ;      7,8     [15 - Ellman M., Maksudov S. Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: A Note // Europe  Asia Studies. 1994. Vol. 46. 4. P. 671680.].   ,  3      ;  ,   ,       ,     ,       [16 - Krivosheev G. F. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. London: Greenhill Books, 1997. P. 92.].          ,  ,                      -  .

             .             . ,     ,      ,     ,  ,           .  ,  1935           ,      veteran    ,         vested interests  veto[17 - Friedrich A. A. Veterans // Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan Co., 1935. P. 243247.]. ,    ,      XX : ,         ,  ,  ,      ;         ;      ;      .    ,       , ,   :            .   ,   ,       ,       ,     .   60  ,       ,    42%    [18 - Weinberg G. L. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. P. 894.].

    ;        . ,          ,   ,  ,  .   , 1710   ,    70000      .              1940 .      ,   ,     [19 -  .. , , :    //    19411945. . IV:    /  . .. . .: , 1999. C. 294.].   ,   1930-      ,    .        ,      , ,      ,     ,       .        ,           .       ,     ,    .    ,     ,       ,       .  ;    [20 - Zubkova E. Russia after the War: Hopes, Illusions, and Disappointments, 19451957. Armonk, NY, and London: M. E. Sharpe, 1998. P. 238; Boterbloem K. Life and Death under Stalin: Kalinin Province. Montreal: McGill-Queens Press, 1999; Hessler J. A Postwar Perestroika? Toward a History of Private Trade Enterprise in the USSR // Slavic Review. 1998. Vol. 57. 3. P. 516542; Filtzer D. Soviet Workers and Late Stalinism: Labour and the Restoration of the Stalinist System after World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002; Edele M. More than just Stalinists: The Political Sentiments of Victors 19451953 // F?rst J. (Ed.). Late Stalinist Russia: Society between Reconstruction and Reinvention. London and New York: Routledge, 2006. P. 167191.].

,      ,     .     :    ,   ,   .    ,      [21 - Tumarkin N. The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia. New York: Basic Books, 1994; Bonwetsch B. Ich habe an einem v?llig anderen Krieg teilgenommen: Die Erinnerung an den Gro?en Vaterl?ndischen Krieg in der Sowjetunion // Berding H., Heller K., Speitkamp W. (Hrsgs.). Krieg und Erinnerung. Fallstudien zum 19 und 20. Jahrhundert. G?ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000. S. 145168; Weiner A. Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2000; Fieseler B. Die Invaliden des Grossen Vaterl?ndischen Krieges der Sowjetunion: Eine politische Sozialgeschichte 19411991, Habilitationsschrift. Bochum: Ruhr-Universit?t, 2003. S. 456468; Kirschenbaum L. The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 19411995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006; Youngblood D. J. Russian War Films: On the Cinema Front, 19142005. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 2007.].             ,        .   1953 ,       ,      .  ,         ,    19651985 ;      ,      [22 - Tumarkin N. The Living and the Dead. P. 100, 134.       . .: Youngblood D. J. Russian War Films. . 95.].

            .            .                 ( !)    ,          .     .          ,         , ,   [23 - Weiner A. The Making of a Dominant Myth: The Second World War and the Construction of Political Identities within the Soviet Polity // Russian Review. 1996. Vol. 55; Idem. Making Sense of War. P. 2021, 4970.].        ,     ,   ,    .    ,    1947     ,         ,       ,  , , [24 -  .. . .: , 1947.].

    ,       ,    1941-         ,     .      ,   1956-    ,      :    ,          .        ,      ,   ,         [25 -  .  :     . 19531985 . .:   , 2003. . 141168;  .,  . 60-:   . 3- . .:   , 2001. . 8896.].  -  ,    (19111987)      ,        [26 -    .: Kasack W. Lexikon der russischen Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts: Vom Beginn des Jahrhunderts bis zum Ende der Sowjet?ra. Munich: Sagner, 1992. S. 817819;  ..    //   20 :   / . . . .. . .:   , 2000. . 492493.].

          (  )     :  ,  ,       (1954)      (1962)[27 -  .    //  .  : , ,  . .:  , 1962. . 248470 ( :  . 1954. 10. . 365; 11. . 97178);  . . .:  , 1962 ( :  . 1962. 3. . 343; 4. . 64135; 5. . 4392).].          , ,       (1959),       ,    (1961),        [28 -   . , 1959;  . , 1961.].         . ,  ,             ,  ,     [29 - Tumarkin N. The Living and the Dead. P. 110113; Lars K. Von Helden und Menschen: Der Zweite Weltkrieg im sowjetischen Spielfilm (19411965) // Osteuropa. 2002. 1. S. 6782; Youngblood D. J. Russian War Films. P. 107141.].          ;   1953           ,           (1929)   (1936),   1956-  1961-       ,       (  )        [30 - Kasack W. Deutsche Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts in russischen ?bersetzungen: Historischer ?berblick. Bibliographie 19451990. Mainz: Liber Verlag, 1991. S. 1215, 54, 57, 58, 60, 62, 65, 67, 82, 83, 92, 94, 96, 98, 102, 105, 111, 118, 122, 123, 128, 132;     9-  /  . .. . .:  , 1971. . VI. . 247250. . 249.          .].           ,     .       .          ,      ,     ;  ,  ,        ,    .                [31 -  ..    // . 1962. 9. . 212213;  .   ? // . 1962. 9. . 209211.].

    ,      ,    ,          (19641982)[32 - Tumarkin N. The Living and the Dead. P. 110113.].        ,   .        ,        ,        ,   .    ,       ,    [33 - Beate F. Die Invaliden des Gro?en Vaterl?ndischen Krieges. S. 458459.].  ,        ,            ,   [34 - Youngblood D. Russian War Films. Chap. 7.]. ,      ,   ,   1945 ,  [35 -         . .: Youngblood D. Russian War Films. P. 231232.].             ,   ,      ,   ,   ,           .  ,          - ,  :    - ,      .  , ,  ,       ,        [36 - Weiner A. Making Sense of War.].        ,            ;  ,          .

  ,   1965 ,      ,     .     ,   ,  ,  , ,  ,     [37 - ., ,        (  ):     .    , 11  1965, 1025-. . 5. . 30. . 462. . 3843;    [ ], 12  1965. . 462. . 45;        .        , 22  1965. . 5. . 30. . 462. . 5964.].      ,      ,    1964        ,       ,              . (         .)                    .       ,     1948 .              ,       ;              -[38 -  ..  :   . .:  , 1970. . 118155;   .: . 124, 130.].

       ,    ,       ,    ,            (  ,   ),      20  25  , 1215%   [39 -  ..      // .  1994. 31 (320). . 1;     (  ). . -9541. . 1. . 1505. . 176; Edele M. Soviet Veterans as an Entitlement Group, 19451955 // Slavic Review. 2006. Vol. 65. 1. P. 120 (Table 2).         .  : Edele M. A Generation of Victors?. Soviet Second World War Veterans from Demobilization to Organization 19411956. Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 2004. P. 581 (App. 3).].        , ,     ,    ,      ,    .  ,        ,           ,   .      ,       ,     ,         [40 - Fieseler B. The Bitter Legacy of the Great Patriotic War: Red Army Disabled Soldiers under Late Stalinism // F?rst J. (Ed.). Late Stalinist Russia: Society between Reconstruction and Reinvention. London and New York: Routledge, 2006. . 4661.].     ,           ,    ,    [41 - Edele M. More than just Stalinists: The Political Sentiments of Victors, 19451953. P. 167191.].         ,           . ,            ,      1940-   1950-.       ,    ,     ,        [42 -       : Polian P. Deportiert nach Hause: Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene im Dritten Reich und ihre Repatriierung. Munich und Vienna: Oldenburg, 2001 [ .   :          . ., 1996].  ,  , .    5.].

     1953 ,          ,   -           .     1956      ()       ,       .          (19651975)       .       ,      1978 [43 -  .  7  8.].

 ,       ,   1980-                .   , ,      ,     ,     ,       .   ,    ,          [44 - Cohen D. The War Come Home: Disabled Veterans in Britain and Germany, 19141939. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2001.]. ,   ,        ,            ,  [45 - Skocpol T. The G. I. Bill and U. S. Social Policy, Past and Future // Paul E., Miller F., Paul J. (Eds.). The Welfare State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. P. 95115; Bennett M. J. When Dreams Came True: The G. I. Bill and the Making of Modern America. Washington, DC: Brasseys, 2000.].   ,  ,           ,   -      .            .       ,     ,  , ,         -     .  ,    ,          ,  [46 - Zubkova E. Russia after the War: Hopes, Illusions, and Disappointments, 19451957. P. 2425.].

     .     ,            .      7  8,         :               ,       .   1980-         :          ,        .     anciens combattants   [47 - .: Geyer M. Ein Vorbote des Wohlfahrtsstaates: Die Kriegsopferversorgung in Frankreich Deutschland und Gro?britannien nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg // Geschichte und Gesellschaft. 1983. 9. S. 230277.].

 ,           ,   .    ,       ,               .   ,  ,         ,       [48 - Prost A. Les Anciens combattants et la socit fran?aise: 19141939. 3vols. Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1977.].   ,      ,  , ,  ,      ,       .            ,   ,             .        , ,   ,    (un groupe vritable),      . , ,     .       ,   .            ,    ,       . ,          ,     [49 - Prost A. Les Anciens combattants. Vol. 1. P. 2.].    ,        ,  ,  :       ,   [50 -    , ,  . .: Anderson B. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London and New York: Verso. 1991 [ .  :      . .: --:  , 2001].].

             ,      ,   ,         .          ;  ,   ,  ,     ,      ,      ;   ,      ,  ,  .      ,       ,         :     ,   .                  .         ,     ,    .    ,      [51 - Edele M. Soviet Veterans as an Entitlement Group. P. 111137.].

-  ,      ,      ,    ,  ,   ,    . ,            ,          .       ,        ,       ,     ;    ,       ,       ; ,     ,              [52 - Mannheim K. The Problem of Generations // Idem. Essays in the Sociology of Knowledge. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1964. P. 276320 [ .   :       . .:  , 2000].].   ,    ,      ,      ,    ,            [53 -         .: Wohl R. The Generation of 1914. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979. . 203237.]. ,  ,     ,            [54 -  .. 19411945:  . - . .:    , 1995; Merridale C. Ivans War.].          ;   ,  40%  ,    ,      25 [55 -  ..     //         /  . . . .: , 1995. . 78.].    ,  ,   1921 ,  90% [56 - Merridale C. Ivans War. . 338.]. -         ,    ,       .

          [57 -     ,   . .:  ..      19411945 . .:    , 2000. . 22.].          (,    ,  ),          .   ,   1923-  1927 [58 - Zubkova E. Russia after the War: Hopes, Illusions, and Disappointments, 19451957. P.23.],             1945    ,     -,   -  [59 -  ..   . . 284285.].         ; , ,   ,       .            ,                ,      .       [60 - Zubkova E. Russia after the War: Hopes, Illusions, and Disappointments, 19451957. P.23;  .. 19411945:  . . 32 passim.].          ,          .      ,   ,          , ,      .      ,         ,     [61 - ., ,    ,         19451946 :    -  (  ). . 17. . 122. . 102 (1945, 274 ); . 145 (   1946, 196 ); . 146 (   1946, 208 ).].          ,   ,   [62 - .  6.]. ,      ,     .    ,   1904   ,      ,    ,       [63 -    ,   1890-  1904 ,     1941 . .:  .. 19411945:  . . 77.].      , , ,       :   (. 1895),   (. 1897)    (. 1895).    ; ,  ,     (. 1900), ,    ,       [64 -   :  / . .. . .: , 1981. . 1314, 1921;  . :     -  . .: , 2000. . 25 passim.].

        .    ,     1950-  1960-      :           [65 -    .:  .,  . 60-.   . . 9192, 9496;      ,  ,      ; , ,      (. , 1943),     ( , 1945), -    (. , 1944),    ! (. , 1946). .:    /  . .   . .: ,1962. . 371, 372, 374, 382.].         ,          ,     .           ,   ,    [66 -        :  .. .   : 19221991. .: , 1993;  ..    50  (19411990):  . :   , 1992.      . -,        ,      1937  1939 ,   1959 ,           . -,  ,    ,   ,    ,     :  ,     -,    ,    ,      . ,    ,        ,     .].

 I.1    ,            ,     ,            . (   2  3%   ,               ,    , , ,  [67 - .: Edele M. Soviet Veterans as an Entitlement Group. P. 117.      ,    .].   ,   1945 ,        ,   [68 -       25  1945          //    . 1945. 3. 69. C. 1.].) ,         ,     .       ,   1893-  1905 [69 - .  1.].     1945 ,     ,      40%  [70 - .:  ..            //  . 1970. 3. . 96106.   . 98.].  , ,    ,         1948   ,       40 .  ,        ,    .



 I.1.          1946  ( .)




: ..    50  (19411990):  , 1992; . : EdeleM. A Generation of Victors?. App. 1. P. 6971.



         [71 -      . .  :   :   , 19451953. .: , 2000. . 2836.].         .          ,   , , ,      . ,             : ,        ,      ,        ,    -  1960-             .      ,     ,            .          ,                       .

     ,       .      ,      .           ,        .                  .    ,  ,    ,       ,       ,         .        ,   -  ,   . ,   -         ,  ,      :           ,        2. ,   3     ,  -       :   , , .

      ,    ,   ,    .  ,    4,     ,           ,     .       ,                    .   5     ,   :   ,       .  6   ,        ,             :      , -   ,  - .

   ,  ,  ,   ,                      ,      ,    .          .     ,         ,      ,           ,         ,  [72 -  ,         , . : Edele M. Soviet Society, Social Structure, and Everyday Life: Major Frameworks Reconsidered // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2007. Vol. 8. 2. P. 349373.].

        .     ,   ,      .        :        ,       .       ,       ,     ;          ,      ,          .            ,    ,     .     ,          ,        ,      ,      1945 ,    .    ,      -,       .   1985     ,          ,      .        ,     ,      .   ,   ,     ,         .   1945      ,        .      ,         ,      ,        .        ,     .    1970-                ,    .   ,     [73 - Lovell S. Soviet Russias Older Generations // Idem. (Ed.). Generations in Twentieth-Century Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. P. 205226;   . 221.],    ,             ,    ,   .  ,    ,      .

,   ,     ,         ,   .                          [74 - Ibid. P. 214223.].             ;  ,  ,    .        : ,                 , ,  ,     (  , ,     -)[75 - Fitzpatrick S. Ascribing Class: The Construction of Social Identity in Soviet Russia // Journal of Modern History, 1993. Vol. 65. P. 745770; Martin T. Modernization or Neo-Traditionalism? Ascribed Nationality and Soviet Primordialism // Fitzpatrick S. (Ed.). Stalinism: New Directions. P. 348367.].             ,    , ,       [76 -           .:  ..  :     3- . --: , 2000; Hellie R. The Structure of Modern Russian History: Toward a Dynamic Model // Russian History. 1977. Vol. 4. 1. P. 122.].           :   ,   .                .  ,   ,   ,          ,          .          :   1917     ,     ,            ,      .            ,  ,        .  1978       :                .

                  .     ,       ,         (   )   ,       .    ,       -  ,     [77 - .: Brooks J. Thank You, Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.].   1960-       , ,      ,       -     .          :    ,         ,    ,   ,    [78 - Dunham V. S. In Stalins Time: Middleclass Values in Soviet Fiction. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press, 1990.].   1970-        .   1979      ,         ,      ,     .       ,    ,  1956 ,   :     ,       :    [   ]            ,           ,    .       ,    -     ,    .     10  1978       -     ,  :         [79 -  .        // - . 1979. 6. . 7175.   . 75.].     ,   ,       .

 ,              -  XX  (, ,     XXI ):      .           ,    .      ,  ,       ; ,          .       ,  ,     ,       [80 -          .: Fitzpatrick S. Ascribing Class: The Construction of Social Identity in Soviet Russia. .     : Idem. Tear Off the Masks! Identity and Imposture in Twentieth-Century Russia (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005). Chaps. 24 [ .  !:     . , 2011. . 24].].  :         -    - ,      ,             .  ,      ,      ;  , ,    -          .  ,           , -  ,   .

     .          .    XIX ,         ,   XX      ,           [81 - .: Pethybridge R. The Social Prelude to Stalinism. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1974. P. 73131; Fitzpatrick S. The Civil War as a Formative Experience // Gleason A., Kenez P., Stites R. (Eds.). Bolshevik Culture: Experience and Order in the Russian Revolution. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985; Holquist P. Making War, Forging Revolution: Russias Continuum of Crisis, 19141921. Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 2002.].

      1874  ,   1912    ,   ,      . ,        ,         [82 - Sanborn J. A. Drafting the Russian Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 19051925. DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003.].       ,       ,     ,            [83 - Stockdale M. K. United in Gratitude: Honoring Soldiers and Defining the Nation in Russias Great War // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2006. Vol. 7. 3. . 459485.].       19201930- [84 - Hagen M. von. Soldiers in the Proletarian Dictatorship: The Red Army and the Soviet Socialist State, 19171930. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1990.]. ,  ,         :          ,    ,    .              19231931 , -  1929-,       (19361939)      (19371939),        1938-   -  1939-,         1939-,     19391940-[85 -  ..    XX :   . .: , 1999. . 382.].   ,   1941-  1945 ,      ,       .     ,      ,               ,     ,               .

   ,   ,    ,  ,         ,    ,      .         ,            ,    9 .     ,      1978 ,     ,       ,   .




 1.  


       ,     .           .

        , ,    .      ,  ,  .         .               .            .         ,    .

  , ,          . <>       .     ,         .

 , 1945[86 -       //  . 1945. 6. . 3.]

   ,      ,         ,         ,          . , ,   ,      . ,       ,         , ,      ,            , ,    1940-   .       ,  -    :  ,         .  , ,    ,         ,     .  , ,     .      ,    ,       ,     [87 -       . :  ..            //  . 1970. 3. . 96106.  ,       , .: Fitzpatrick S. Postwar Soviet Society: The Return to Normalcy, 19451953 // Linz S. J. (Ed.). The Impact of World War II on the Soviet Union. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanhead, 1985. P. 129156,   P. 135136. ,   , .: Merridale C. Ivans War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 19391945. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006. P. 336371.].

      .    ,         ,        .    ,       ,       ,        .       ,  ,   ,     ,     ,    .     ,   :      ,      ⻠      ,     () . ,               ,       ,        .      ,   ,     ,      ,            ,         : ,   ,    -  , ,      .



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*      :    ( ) ; ,    ; ; .

:     (  )     л (30   3  1945, 28   31  1946, 12  1947).   12  1948 ,   ,   ;            л 21  1948.          (  ): . -7523. . 40. . 45. . 12.       :         .   .  : EdeleM.A. A Generation of Victors?. . 6268.



-     ,    .    3,8         ,  2,6     [88 -  ..,  ..         //    XX .  . . II: 19401959 /  . .. . .: , 2001. . 26; Krivosheev G. F. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. London: Greenhill Books, 1997. P. 92.].  ,  200000      ,        ,  3,6      ,          [89 - Krivosheev G. F. Soviet Casualties. . 91.].  ,        ,      ,    18901892  ,       1941 [90 - Edele M. A. A Generation of Victors?: Soviet Second World War Veterans from Demobilization to Organization 19411956. Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 2004. . 6971.].            8,5     ,       19451948  (.  1.1).  1,8         [91 -  .  5.].

           .  1943          ()    ,            ,   ,   .   ,        ,     73   , ,     ,      ,       ,    .        ,     ,     .  -         .

             .      :         ,  ,   ,       .            ,    . ,             ,          .  ,         ,    ,     ,    .          . ,      .           ,         ,    . ,   , ,   ,   ,    ,  -  [92 - .  .  //    -  (  ). . 17. . 122. . 44. . 45.].

       ,    :      ,    ,       ,        (, ,        )[93 -       ;          (  )  13  1945  2346605. .: .. -5446. . 47. . 3705. . 8381.    ., : .   . , 12  1945 // .. -9517. . 1. . 52. . 38. .   : .. 17. . 125. . 397.]   ,  ,         ,    .  ,         1945 , ,            ,   .         ,   . ,     ,     ,    .  ,     [94 -  ..  . .: , 2001. . 296297.].

        ,  ,       1945 .  ,    [ -]      ,  .    ,   ,       ,   .        ,     . ,  ,     .               ,       - :     . -          .        ,     :           .   .     ,  , .        ,   ,      .  ,  , ,         .      [95 - .   . , 11  1945 // .. 17. . 125. . 310. . 3639.].

  205       ,     (  , ),       .          ,    .  ,  ,     ,     [96 - .   . ,         , 22  1945 // .. 17. . 122. . 102. . 138142.   . 140.]. , ,  ,    1946 :        ,  ,    ,   ,   .    ,           .      ,   .     .      , , ,     .        [97 - Pirogov P. Why I Escaped: The Story of Peter Pirogov. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1950. P. 235.].

     .  ,  1945         ,   :             .    ,   .    :        ,  ,  , -  . <>      ,    ,     :  ,        . ,  ,   ,   ,    , , -       ,      [98 -  .. . .:  , 1970. . 245246.     ,        .].

          . ,         ,    1945      .     ,    ,      [99 -      //  . 1945. 10 . . 1.].     ,       ,  ,   ,   ,    ,       [100 - .     ,   1945 : 18 . . 3; 6. . 3; 20 . . 1; 8. . 1; 20 . . 2; 22 . . 3; 27 . . 1. .     : 21 ( 1945). . 2730.]. ,       ,     . , 10  1945    45117,   ,      .            .    ,      .    - ,   ,    ,     . 15  1945    45702-         ;       , ,  ,      ,      .       .    ,   ,      . ,       ,            .       . ,      ,         [101 -     (  )    . ,      , 24  1945 // .. 17. . 122. . 102. . 96104.   . 9697.].

,    [102 - ., ,    : 1945. 25 . . 1; . : Merridale K. Ivans War. . 356.];          ,        :     ,    ,     ,     , -     .  , ,       .      -  (  )  ,         , ,  ,    ,                  . <>  -              ,                  ,  [103 -  ..     .: , 2000. . 267.].

  ,       ,    -.      ,          . 21  1945              45481.     ,        , ,    ,      .   ,     ,           .             (  ),     .       :   ,               .             .   ,       ,           [104 - .   . , . , . , . , 27  1945 // .. -9401. . 2. . 104. . 283284.]




  .


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notes








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     .: Tucker R. Stalinism as Revolution from Above // Idem. (Ed.). Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation. New York: W. W. Norton & Co, 1977. P. 77108; Fitzpatrick S. (Ed.). Cultural Revolution in Russia, 19281931. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1978; Service R. Stalin: A Biography. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005.      .: Hagenloh P. Socially Harmful Elements and the Great Terror // Fitzpatrick S. (Ed.). Stalinism: New Directions. London and New York: Routledge, 2000. . 286308.




6


Lewin M. The Social Background of Stalinism // Idem. The Making of the Soviet System: Essays in the Social History of Interwar Russia. 2


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        .: Davies S. Popular Opinion in Stalins Russia: Terror, Propaganda, and Dissent, 19341941. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997 [ .     : ,   , 19341941. .: , 2011].      .: Fitzpatrick S. Stalins Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994 [ .  :      30- : . .: , 2008]; Lynne V. Peasant Rebels under Stalin: Collectivization and the Culture of Peasant Resistance. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996 [ .     :     . .: , 2010].        .: Filtzer D. Soviet Workers and Stalinist Industrialization: The Formation of Modern Soviet Production Relations 19281941. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1986 [ .     :           . .: , 2011]; Rossman J. J. Worker Resistance under Stalin: Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor. Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 2005.      .: Alexopoulos G. Stalins Outcasts: Aliens, Citizens, and the Soviet State, 19261936. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003.




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Tumarkin N. The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia. New York: Basic Books, 1994; Bonwetsch B. Ich habe an einem v?llig anderen Krieg teilgenommen: Die Erinnerung an den Gro?en Vaterl?ndischen Krieg in der Sowjetunion // Berding H., Heller K., Speitkamp W. (Hrsgs.). Krieg und Erinnerung. Fallstudien zum 19 und 20. Jahrhundert. G?ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000. S. 145168; Weiner A. Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2000; Fieseler B. Die Invaliden des Grossen Vaterl?ndischen Krieges der Sowjetunion: Eine politische Sozialgeschichte 19411991, Habilitationsschrift. Bochum: Ruhr-Universit?t, 2003. S. 456468; Kirschenbaum L. The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 19411995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006; Youngblood D. J. Russian War Films: On the Cinema Front, 19142005. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 2007.




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Tumarkin N. The Living and the Dead. P. 100, 134.       . .: Youngblood D. J. Russian War Films. . 95.




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Weiner A. The Making of a Dominant Myth: The Second World War and the Construction of Political Identities within the Soviet Polity // Russian Review. 1996. Vol. 55; Idem. Making Sense of War. P. 2021, 4970.




24


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25


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27


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28


  . , 1959;  . , 1961.




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Tumarkin N. The Living and the Dead. P. 110113; Lars K. Von Helden und Menschen: Der Zweite Weltkrieg im sowjetischen Spielfilm (19411965) // Osteuropa. 2002. 1. S. 6782; Youngblood D. J. Russian War Films. P. 107141.




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Kasack W. Deutsche Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts in russischen ?bersetzungen: Historischer ?berblick. Bibliographie 19451990. Mainz: Liber Verlag, 1991. S. 1215, 54, 57, 58, 60, 62, 65, 67, 82, 83, 92, 94, 96, 98, 102, 105, 111, 118, 122, 123, 128, 132;     9-  /  . .. . .:  , 1971. . VI. . 247250. . 249.          .




31


 ..    // . 1962. 9. . 212213;  .   ? // . 1962. 9. . 209211.




32


Tumarkin N. The Living and the Dead. P. 110113.




33


Beate F. Die Invaliden des Gro?en Vaterl?ndischen Krieges. S. 458459.




34


Youngblood D. Russian War Films. Chap. 7.




35


        . .: Youngblood D. Russian War Films. P. 231232.




36


Weiner A. Making Sense of War.




37


., ,        (  ):     .    , 11  1965, 1025-. . 5. . 30. . 462. . 3843;    [ ], 12  1965. . 462. . 45;        .        , 22  1965. . 5. . 30. . 462. . 5964.




38


 ..  :   . .:  , 1970. . 118155;   .: . 124, 130.




39


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Fieseler B. The Bitter Legacy of the Great Patriotic War: Red Army Disabled Soldiers under Late Stalinism // F?rst J. (Ed.). Late Stalinist Russia: Society between Reconstruction and Reinvention. London and New York: Routledge, 2006. . 4661.




41


Edele M. More than just Stalinists: The Political Sentiments of Victors, 19451953. P. 167191.




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      : Polian P. Deportiert nach Hause: Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene im Dritten Reich und ihre Repatriierung. Munich und Vienna: Oldenburg, 2001 [ .   :          . ., 1996].  ,  , .    5.




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 .  7  8.




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Zubkova E. Russia after the War: Hopes, Illusions, and Disappointments, 19451957. P. 2425.




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.: Geyer M. Ein Vorbote des Wohlfahrtsstaates: Die Kriegsopferversorgung in Frankreich Deutschland und Gro?britannien nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg // Geschichte und Gesellschaft. 1983. 9. S. 230277.




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Prost A. Les Anciens combattants. Vol. 1. P. 2.




50


   , ,  . .: Anderson B. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London and New York: Verso. 1991 [ .  :      . .: --:  , 2001].




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Edele M. Soviet Veterans as an Entitlement Group. P. 111137.




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53


        .: Wohl R. The Generation of 1914. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979. . 203237.




54


 .. 19411945:  . - . .:    , 1995; Merridale C. Ivans War.




55


 ..     //         /  . . . .: , 1995. . 78.




56


Merridale C. Ivans War. . 338.




57


    ,   . .:  ..      19411945 . .:    , 2000. . 22.




58


Zubkova E. Russia after the War: Hopes, Illusions, and Disappointments, 19451957. P.23.




59


 ..   . . 284285.




60


Zubkova E. Russia after the War: Hopes, Illusions, and Disappointments, 19451957. P.23;  .. 19411945:  . . 32 passim.




61


., ,    ,         19451946 :    -  (  ). . 17. . 122. . 102 (1945, 274 ); . 145 (   1946, 196 ); . 146 (   1946, 208 ).




62


.  6.




63


   ,   1890-  1904 ,     1941 . .:  .. 19411945:  . . 77.




64


  :  / . .. . .: , 1981. . 1314, 1921;  . :     -  . .: , 2000. . 25 passim.




65


   .:  .,  . 60-.   . . 9192, 9496;      ,  ,      ; , ,      (. , 1943),     ( , 1945), -    (. , 1944),    ! (. , 1946). .:    /  . .   . .: ,1962. . 371, 372, 374, 382.




66


       :  .. .   : 19221991. .: , 1993;  ..    50  (19411990):  . :   , 1992.      . -,        ,      1937  1939 ,   1959 ,           . -,  ,    ,   ,    ,     :  ,     -,    ,    ,      . ,    ,        ,     .




67


.: Edele M. Soviet Veterans as an Entitlement Group. P. 117.      ,    .




68


      25  1945          //    . 1945. 3. 69. C. 1.




69


.  1.




70


.:  ..            //  . 1970. 3. . 96106.   . 98.




71


     . .  :   :   , 19451953. .: , 2000. . 2836.




72


 ,         , . : Edele M. Soviet Society, Social Structure, and Everyday Life: Major Frameworks Reconsidered // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2007. Vol. 8. 2. P. 349373.




73


Lovell S. Soviet Russias Older Generations // Idem. (Ed.). Generations in Twentieth-Century Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. P. 205226;   . 221.




74


Ibid. P. 214223.




75


Fitzpatrick S. Ascribing Class: The Construction of Social Identity in Soviet Russia // Journal of Modern History, 1993. Vol. 65. P. 745770; Martin T. Modernization or Neo-Traditionalism? Ascribed Nationality and Soviet Primordialism // Fitzpatrick S. (Ed.). Stalinism: New Directions. P. 348367.




76


          .:  ..  :     3- . --: , 2000; Hellie R. The Structure of Modern Russian History: Toward a Dynamic Model // Russian History. 1977. Vol. 4. 1. P. 122.




77


.: Brooks J. Thank You, Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.




78


Dunham V. S. In Stalins Time: Middleclass Values in Soviet Fiction. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press, 1990.




79


 .        // - . 1979. 6. . 7175.   . 75.




80


         .: Fitzpatrick S. Ascribing Class: The Construction of Social Identity in Soviet Russia. .     : Idem. Tear Off the Masks! Identity and Imposture in Twentieth-Century Russia (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005). Chaps. 24 [ .  !:     . , 2011. . 24].




81


.: Pethybridge R. The Social Prelude to Stalinism. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1974. P. 73131; Fitzpatrick S. The Civil War as a Formative Experience // Gleason A., Kenez P., Stites R. (Eds.). Bolshevik Culture: Experience and Order in the Russian Revolution. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985; Holquist P. Making War, Forging Revolution: Russias Continuum of Crisis, 19141921. Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 2002.




82


Sanborn J. A. Drafting the Russian Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 19051925. DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003.




83


Stockdale M. K. United in Gratitude: Honoring Soldiers and Defining the Nation in Russias Great War // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2006. Vol. 7. 3. . 459485.




84


Hagen M. von. Soldiers in the Proletarian Dictatorship: The Red Army and the Soviet Socialist State, 19171930. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1990.




85


 ..    XX :   . .: , 1999. . 382.




86


      //  . 1945. 6. . 3.




87


      . :  ..            //  . 1970. 3. . 96106.  ,       , .: Fitzpatrick S. Postwar Soviet Society: The Return to Normalcy, 19451953 // Linz S. J. (Ed.). The Impact of World War II on the Soviet Union. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanhead, 1985. P. 129156,   P. 135136. ,   , .: Merridale C. Ivans War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 19391945. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006. P. 336371.




88


 ..,  ..         //    XX .  . . II: 19401959 /  . .. . .: , 2001. . 26; Krivosheev G. F. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. London: Greenhill Books, 1997. P. 92.




89


Krivosheev G. F. Soviet Casualties. . 91.




90


Edele M. A. A Generation of Victors?: Soviet Second World War Veterans from Demobilization to Organization 19411956. Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 2004. . 6971.




91


 .  5.




92


.  .  //    -  (  ). . 17. . 122. . 44. . 45.




93


      ;          (  )  13  1945  2346605. .: .. -5446. . 47. . 3705. . 8381.    ., : .   . , 12  1945 // .. -9517. . 1. . 52. . 38. .   : .. 17. . 125. . 397.




94


 ..  . .: , 2001. . 296297.




95


.   . , 11  1945 // .. 17. . 125. . 310. . 3639.




96


.   . ,         , 22  1945 // .. 17. . 122. . 102. . 138142.   . 140.




97


Pirogov P. Why I Escaped: The Story of Peter Pirogov. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1950. P. 235.




98


 .. . .:  , 1970. . 245246.     ,        .




99


     //  . 1945. 10 . . 1.




100


.     ,   1945 : 18 . . 3; 6. . 3; 20 . . 1; 8. . 1; 20 . . 2; 22 . . 3; 27 . . 1. .     : 21 ( 1945). . 2730.




101


    (  )    . ,      , 24  1945 // .. 17. . 122. . 102. . 96104.   . 9697.




102


., ,    : 1945. 25 . . 1; . : Merridale K. Ivans War. . 356.




103


 ..     .: , 2000. . 267.




104


.   . , . , . , . , 27  1945 // .. -9401. . 2. . 104. . 283284.


