.      
 . 


           ,      ,     .         ?         ?  ,     ?  ,   ,   ,    ,  ?

      .            .  ,  ,       .    ,    ,      .      ,    ?  ,     ,    ?         ,       ?          ,      ,    .

  PDF A4    .





 . 



     



 2021 by Stephen M. Fleming

 Bakhtiar Alfan / Shutterstock.com,   

 2021 by Hachette Book Group, Inc,  

 . , , 2023

   , 2023


  










,       ,       .    ,        ,      .   ,        .   ,       ,       ,     ,  , , ,   ,      ,       .    ?

 ,   ,    ,        ,    ,    ,       .     ,    ,     .   ,     . ,    ,          ,     ,          .       ?

,      :           ,  ,     .   , ,    .     , ,        ,   ,       ,        .     ,       ,          .             .   ,           .    ,   ,     ,      ,     ,       ,   , , ,   .

        :     ,       .        .    ,  ,  ,    ,        .      (1735)        .     Homo,       ,          : nosce te ipsum  ,   [1 -  .  . -:    , 18041805; Flavell J. H. Metacognition and Cognitive Monitoring: A New Area of Cognitive-Developmental Inquiry // American Psychologist. 1979. 34; Nelson T. O. . Cognition and Metacognition at Extreme Altitudes on Mount Everest // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 1990.].

     .   ,      .      ? ,       ,      .  ,    ,   , ,     .     :     ?        ?       ?  ,          ?

 , ,     .      , ,     ,    ,     .       .      .

              .     ,   .     (Deep)  ,          ,       .        :     ,   .   ,     ,          .      ,   .   ,          ,     .        ,            . ,                   [2 - Nestor J. Deep: Freediving, Renegade Science, and What the Ocean Tells Us About Ourselves. Boston: Eamon Dolan, 2014.].

     ,          ?     ,     ,    ,             ,      .  .     ,   .    ,     500 000  .

     :       ?             II.     ,     :    ?      .   ,      ,     .            .

 ,     ,          .    , ,     ,     .     ,              .   ,     ,       .         ,         .            :     ,           .       ,      .           .    ,      ,     , ,   ,        ,       .

    ,          ,     .      ,       ,     .         :            ( ) ,        .       ,       ,        ,         ,       .        ,        ,  ,         ,     .

 ,    ,   ,           .    .            .        ,               .     ,             [3 - Shimamura A. . Toward a Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition // Consciousness and Cognition. 2000. . 9. 2. . 313323; Fleming S. M. . Domain-Specific Impairment in Metacognitive Accuracy Following Anterior Prefrontal Lesions // Brain. 2014. 10. . 28112822.].


   

       ,        . ,     ,   ,           :                 ,    ?    :      ,     ,       ?     ,   ,   ,     .   .    .

          .      ,      Wellcome,      -  [4 - The MetaLab, https://metacoglab.org.].           ,                  , , ,    .           .  ,  -             ,   .

       .        ,           ,   .        ,     - ?[5 -  .   . , 2019.].  ,             ?

       .                     .         ,           .   ,         , ,  ,   ,            ,   .  ,              .          .         ,   [6 -  .   . .: , 2014.].

   ,        .     ,  . ,      ,          .           :   ,   ,   ,  .

          , ,    ,     ,      .        ,     .  ,               ,    .            (, ),        . , -      ( ,     ),     ( ),        (, ).

   1865 ,         ,       ,     , ,  ,     .     ,    -  (),   ,        ,     (    )      [7 - Mill J. S. Auguste Comte and Positivism: Reprinted from the Westminster Review. London: N. Tr?bner, 1865.].


  

  ,             ,     ,       .   ,    ,        .      ,       .          !   ,      ,   ,    .   , ,      -  ,    , , , ,    ,     ,    [8 - Dennett D. C. Kinds of Minds: Toward an Understanding of Consciousness. New York: Basic Books, 1996.].

        ,       (    )     .        .       ,      ,       ,         .       ,        ,     ,      .         ,      .

 ,    ,       ,  .  ,    :    ? ,    ,    ?     ,                 .        .    ,         .   ,      ,    :



[   ] ,   ,   -  .  ,      ,   ,   ,   , ,     .      :  , , .          ,     [9 -      ,     .].


     ,         .         .       , ,   ,      ,    ,      .        ,       .     : ,          ,              [10 - Hamilton E. . The Collected Dialogues of Plato. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961].

       ,      .      ;    .        : ,        ,     ,     ,    ,    .           .  , ,     ,    [11 - Self-Knowledge: A History / . . U. Renz. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.].

          ,   .       ,              .    -    ,        ,  : ,      .  ,  ,  ,  [12 - Baggini J. How the World Thinks: A Global History of Philosophy. 2018. Reprint, London: Granta, 2019.].

   ,     ,        .     . ,       ,     ,    .    .       ,    ,   ,    ,    ,    .      .         .    ,       ,   ,      ,    . ,   ,               .

 ,       ,     ,   , , ,    .         ,    ,               .   ,            ,          .           ,            .   ,        :    ,   ,         ,          .       :  ,   ,    ,           ,   ,        ,    ,      [13 - Dennett D. C. From Bacteria to Bach and Back: The Evolution of Minds. London: Penguin, 2018.].  ,         , ,            ,     .


  

   .      ,        .          .  ,   ,   ,      .      ,  .  ,            ,        .     ,    ,          .   ,   ,       ,       ,        [14 - ,    ,     ,   .         ,     ,     ,  ,        .       .          ,      .      ,             .    ,      .].

     ,         .   ,       ,           .        ,      ,            . ,      ,     ,   ,    ,      .  ,     ,    ,          ,        ,         ,      .  ,                   .  ,     ,  ,          ,   ,     .

  ,   , ,    ,               .        . ,        ,       .  ,              .  ,                     .  ,         ,   ,             .  ,                        ,         .      ,          .

,       ,                     Amazon.    .   ? ,        :  ?          ??.      ,      .




 I

   





 1

  



        , <>      ,        ,                .

 .    . . 2

  -   ?           1983 .              .          ,             .          , ,         .     ,         ,     .             [15 - Steele J. Stanislav Petrov Obituary // The Guardian. 2017. 11 . URL: theguard-ian.com/world/2017/oct/11/stanislav-petrov-obituary.].

  ,        ,     .           ,       ,        .       .      ,        ,     .

           ,        .           .     ,            .         ,       ,        ,    .            . ,   ,       ,     .




     


     ,         .            ,    .    ,    , .             -           .        ,  ,      .

  ,                ,   . ,  , ,   ,   ,         .     ,    ,   ,       .      ,              . ,     ,        ,            .    ,        , ,      ,  ,   [16 - Green D. M. Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics. New York: Wiley, 1966.].

       , , ,         ,   ,    ,      ,      .         . ,     , , ,  ,    ; ,   , ,     ; ,   , ,      ; ,    , ,    ; ,    ,    ; ,   ,      .        ,              .      ,  ,   .

 ,    ,       .

 ,       ,     .      ,            ,      ,      .             .           ,     ,  ,     . ,       ,    (  ),     .  :     ,     ,              [17 -         XI   -,         1763           XVIII  - . McGrayne S. B. The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, and Emerged Triumphant from Two Centuries of Controversy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.].

             :             .                 ,    .

  .   ,      ,   , ,    ,       .     12 (     ),    ,      .       ?       ?  .

          .      ,         :           .         :








  ,   .   :      , ,       (, )        (  ).       :              .

       .








  ,      ,     .       .








      .








,     ,    .      ,       .  .          ,  ,           , ,  ,    . ,     , :  ,               ,   13         .

,   ,     .      ,  ,         ,    ?    ,  ,       .     ,        ( ,       ) ,                 .  ,            ,   ,      ,       .

           .               .      ,    .               .       ,       ,   ,   .

          :    ,   .  ,         :       ,   .           ,          .      20  ,         .        ,         ()  .     ,            ,    .           40 ,     ,        40 .        ,  ,   .

      ,     ,        .  ,     ,     ,    ,   ,   ,        .

    ,   ,     .








        ,    .  , ,       .    ?

  - ,      .             ,   180  (    !).   ,     ,       ,   ,   -    .   ,     ,        ,    ,   .       ,         ,    ,        ,  ,              .

    ,    .






  



,      A  B,        ;    .  B  ,    ,     :        ,     A,     ,     .   A  B   ,       . ,     ,        ( ,      ,       ).

,           .        ,      .     ,    ,     ,   .         .   ,   ,   ,     .         ,      [18 - ,     . . .].  ,      ,       ,         .




  


           .          .     ,        .  V1  V2       , V4   ,  V5    .     V       ,            ,   , ,   .   ,     , ,      [19 - Felleman D. J.  Distributed Hierarchical Processing in the Primate Cerebral Cortex // Cerebral Cortex. 1991. . 1. 1. . 147.; Zeki, S. . The Autonomy of the Visual Systems and the Modularity of Conscious Vision // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 353. 1998. 1377. . 19111914.].








   .      ,     



               ,        .         ,   ,    .       ,      ,   .    ,   : , , ,    .   ,          .

  ,          .    ,          :      ,   ,  ,    ,     .    (  )   ,     .   , ,   ,   , ,    .       ,   .    ,   ;             ,     .         .      ,       ,       [20 - Oxford University Press, 2016; Clark A. Whatever Next? Predictive Brains, Situated Agents, and the Future of Cognitive Science // Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36. 2013. 3. . 181204.; Craik K. The Nature of Explanation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963; Friston K. The Free-Energy Principle: A Unified Brain Theory? // Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11. 2010. 2. . 127138; Helmholtz H. L. F. Treatise on Physiological Optics. London: Thoemmes Continuum, 1856; Gregory R. The Intelligent Eye. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970; Hohwy J. The Predictive Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.].

         .          ,             ,   , ,   .        ,          ,     ,    . ,  ,      ,     ,     ,   ,        .      -  ໠        ,         ,   ,    .

,          ,   ,   ,     ,     .   .            ,          ,    .          ,   ,      .

         ,       (    ,    )      .              .        .           ,    .      ,                .  , ,   ,           .

 ,        ,  .  ,       ,     .    ,     ,       .       ,   .   ,     ,           [21 - Kersten D. . Object Perception as Bayesian Inference // Annual Review of Psychology. 2004. 55. . 271304; Ernst M. O. Humans Integrate Visual and Haptic Information in a Statistically Optimal Fashion // Nature 415. 2009. 6870. . 429433; Pick H. L. . Sensory Conflict in Judgments of Spatial Direction // Perception & Psychophysics. 1969. . 6. 4. . 203205; Bertelson . Ventriloquism: A Case of Crossmodal Perceptual Grouping // Advances in Psychology. 1999. 129. . 347362; McGurk H. Hearing Lips and Seeing Voices // Nature 264. 1978. 5588. . 746748.].

 ,  ,       ,     .        ,    .  ,   ,       ,      ,   MT (  V5).    MT      .       ,  ,   ,      .             ,  ,  ,       .                    ,  ,             [22 - Born R. T. . Structure and Function of Visual Area MT // Annual Review of Neuroscience. 2005. 28. . 157189; Ma W. J. . Bayesian Inference with Probabilistic Population Codes // Nature Neuroscience 9. 2006. 11. . 14321438.].

         .   ,     ,         ,     .        ,    ,   ,   , ,   ,  .    ,   ,      ,       .           ()    ,      .

  ,          ,    .       ,              [23 - Apps M. A. J. . The Free-Energy Self: A Predictive Coding Account of Self-Recognition // Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2014. 41. . 8597; Blanke O. . Behavioral, Neural, and Computational Principles of Bodily Self-Consciousness // Neuron 88. 2015. 1. . 145166; Botvinick M. M. . Rubber Hands Feel Touch That Eyes See // Nature 391. 1998. 6669. . 756; Della G. . Decreased Motor Cortex Excitability Mirrors Own Hand Disembodiment During the Rubber Hand Illusion // eLife. 2016. 5. e14972; Seth A. K. Interoceptive Inference, Emotion, and the Embodied Self // Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17. 2013. 11. . 565573.].




 ,  


,   ,   ,   ,      . , ,      ,               .  ,         ,    ,       .

      ,       ,        ;       .         黠    ,     .

,   ,      ,    .         .    ,   ,      ,  .  ,       ,       .      15   ,    ,          .     ,         (     ),      .    ,      ,  ,   ,        ,          .  ,  , ,  ,  ,   ,  , ,  ,   ,   .

          ,      ,             ,    .   ,    ,    ,    ,              .  ,          .  ,    ,                 [24 - Kiani R. . Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex // Science. 2009. 5928. . 759764; Carruthers P. How We Know Our Own Minds: The Relationship Between Mindreading and Metacognition // Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32. 2009. 2. . 121138; Insabato A. . Neural Correlates of Metacognition: A Critical Perspective on Current Tasks // Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2016. 71. . 167175; Meyniel F. . The Sense of Confidence During Probabilistic Learning: A Normative Account // PLOS Computational Biology 11. 2015. 6. e1004305.].

       ,    , ,       .                   ,       .                .         ,  .  ,       ,   ,    ,    [25 - Smith J. . The Uncertain Response in the Bottlenosed Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus) // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 124. 1995. 4. . 391408.].

      ,     ,                    .  ,   ,     ,   ,    ,       .     .  ,        ,    .   ,            ,    ,      ,       [26 - ,   ,     ,       . ,     ,     :  ,      (  ).      ,      ,    ,      .      ,        ,       . ,     , -  ,      ,    ,      ,      . Carruthers . Meta-Cognition in Animals: A Skeptical Look // Mind & Language. 2008. 1. . 5889.].

  ,      (         ),         .            .        .      (      ,    ),     ,              ?.     ,   ,     .    ,   ,   ,            ,  ,            .         ,   --  -, ,         ,        .    ,  ,   ,           [27 - Kornell N. . Transfer of Metacognitive Skills and Hint Seeking in Monkeys // Psychological Science 18. 2007. 1. . 6471; Shields W. E. . Uncertain Responses by Humans and Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in a PsychophysicalSame-Different Task // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 126. 1997. 2. . 147; Kepecs A. . Neural Correlates, Computation and Behavioural Impact of Decision Confidence // Nature 455. 2008. 7210. . 227231; Fujita K. . Are Birds Metacognitive? // Foundations of Metacognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. . 5061.             ,       .             .].

         ,   ,             .   ,             ,      18? . ,     ,        ,  .   ,        .           ,   .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/stiven-m-fleming/metamyshlenie-kak-neyronauki-pomogaut-nam-ponyat-sebya/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 .  . -:    , 18041805; Flavell J. H. Metacognition and Cognitive Monitoring: A New Area of Cognitive-Developmental Inquiry // American Psychologist. 1979. 34; Nelson T. O. . Cognition and Metacognition at Extreme Altitudes on Mount Everest // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 1990.




2


Nestor J. Deep: Freediving, Renegade Science, and What the Ocean Tells Us About Ourselves. Boston: Eamon Dolan, 2014.




3


Shimamura A. . Toward a Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition // Consciousness and Cognition. 2000. . 9. 2. . 313323; Fleming S. M. . Domain-Specific Impairment in Metacognitive Accuracy Following Anterior Prefrontal Lesions // Brain. 2014. 10. . 28112822.




4


The MetaLab, https://metacoglab.org.




5


 .   . , 2019.




6


 .   . .: , 2014.




7


Mill J. S. Auguste Comte and Positivism: Reprinted from the Westminster Review. London: N. Tr?bner, 1865.




8


Dennett D. C. Kinds of Minds: Toward an Understanding of Consciousness. New York: Basic Books, 1996.




9


     ,     .




10


Hamilton E. . The Collected Dialogues of Plato. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961




11


Self-Knowledge: A History / . . U. Renz. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.




12


Baggini J. How the World Thinks: A Global History of Philosophy. 2018. Reprint, London: Granta, 2019.




13


Dennett D. C. From Bacteria to Bach and Back: The Evolution of Minds. London: Penguin, 2018.




14


,    ,     ,   .         ,     ,     ,  ,        .       .          ,      .      ,             .    ,      .




15


Steele J. Stanislav Petrov Obituary // The Guardian. 2017. 11 . URL: theguard-ian.com/world/2017/oct/11/stanislav-petrov-obituary.




16


Green D. M. Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics. New York: Wiley, 1966.




17


        XI   -,         1763           XVIII  - . McGrayne S. B. The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, and Emerged Triumphant from Two Centuries of Controversy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.




18


,     . . .




19


Felleman D. J.  Distributed Hierarchical Processing in the Primate Cerebral Cortex // Cerebral Cortex. 1991. . 1. 1. . 147.; Zeki, S. . The Autonomy of the Visual Systems and the Modularity of Conscious Vision // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 353. 1998. 1377. . 19111914.




20


Oxford University Press, 2016; Clark A. Whatever Next? Predictive Brains, Situated Agents, and the Future of Cognitive Science // Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36. 2013. 3. . 181204.; Craik K. The Nature of Explanation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963; Friston K. The Free-Energy Principle: A Unified Brain Theory? // Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11. 2010. 2. . 127138; Helmholtz H. L. F. Treatise on Physiological Optics. London: Thoemmes Continuum, 1856; Gregory R. The Intelligent Eye. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970; Hohwy J. The Predictive Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.




21


Kersten D. . Object Perception as Bayesian Inference // Annual Review of Psychology. 2004. 55. . 271304; Ernst M. O. Humans Integrate Visual and Haptic Information in a Statistically Optimal Fashion // Nature 415. 2009. 6870. . 429433; Pick H. L. . Sensory Conflict in Judgments of Spatial Direction // Perception & Psychophysics. 1969. . 6. 4. . 203205; Bertelson . Ventriloquism: A Case of Crossmodal Perceptual Grouping // Advances in Psychology. 1999. 129. . 347362; McGurk H. Hearing Lips and Seeing Voices // Nature 264. 1978. 5588. . 746748.




22


Born R. T. . Structure and Function of Visual Area MT // Annual Review of Neuroscience. 2005. 28. . 157189; Ma W. J. . Bayesian Inference with Probabilistic Population Codes // Nature Neuroscience 9. 2006. 11. . 14321438.




23


Apps M. A. J. . The Free-Energy Self: A Predictive Coding Account of Self-Recognition // Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2014. 41. . 8597; Blanke O. . Behavioral, Neural, and Computational Principles of Bodily Self-Consciousness // Neuron 88. 2015. 1. . 145166; Botvinick M. M. . Rubber Hands Feel Touch That Eyes See // Nature 391. 1998. 6669. . 756; Della G. . Decreased Motor Cortex Excitability Mirrors Own Hand Disembodiment During the Rubber Hand Illusion // eLife. 2016. 5. e14972; Seth A. K. Interoceptive Inference, Emotion, and the Embodied Self // Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17. 2013. 11. . 565573.




24


Kiani R. . Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex // Science. 2009. 5928. . 759764; Carruthers P. How We Know Our Own Minds: The Relationship Between Mindreading and Metacognition // Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32. 2009. 2. . 121138; Insabato A. . Neural Correlates of Metacognition: A Critical Perspective on Current Tasks // Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2016. 71. . 167175; Meyniel F. . The Sense of Confidence During Probabilistic Learning: A Normative Account // PLOS Computational Biology 11. 2015. 6. e1004305.




25


Smith J. . The Uncertain Response in the Bottlenosed Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus) // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 124. 1995. 4. . 391408.




26


,   ,     ,       . ,     ,     :  ,      (  ).      ,      ,    ,      .      ,        ,       . ,     , -  ,      ,    ,      ,      . Carruthers . Meta-Cognition in Animals: A Skeptical Look // Mind & Language. 2008. 1. . 5889.




27


Kornell N. . Transfer of Metacognitive Skills and Hint Seeking in Monkeys // Psychological Science 18. 2007. 1. . 6471; Shields W. E. . Uncertain Responses by Humans and Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in a PsychophysicalSame-Different Task // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 126. 1997. 2. . 147; Kepecs A. . Neural Correlates, Computation and Behavioural Impact of Decision Confidence // Nature 455. 2008. 7210. . 227231; Fujita K. . Are Birds Metacognitive? // Foundations of Metacognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. . 5061.             ,       .             .


