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Historia Rossica
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HISTORIA ROSSICA

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     ,            , 19451946.    .  . :  .



SOVIET JUDGMENT AT NUREMBERG: A NEW HISTORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL, FIRST EDITION by Francine Hirsch

 Francine Hirsch, 2020

 ., . , 2023

 .,  , 2023

    , 2023


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HISTORIA ROSSICA

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  Geheime Staatspolizei (  )

  Sicherheitspolizei ( )

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  Reichssicherheitshauptamt (   )

  Sturmabteilung ( , )

  Sicherheitsdienst ( )

  Schutzstaffel ( )


    

       

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 1. , 1946 








 


  1945                ,       ,        ().           , ,    ,                ,            .

    .      ,             ,       1935               .            1945 ,       .  ,      .

 ,      ,          ,     .   ,     ,    .        ,  .   .             ,      .  ,    .      .           .             .           ,          .   ,    ,        ,   .   ,       [1 -       (). . 2989. . 1. . 190. . 46.       ,     .      ,      1946 .].






. 1.    ,     . 19451946 . :    .    .. :  



   -,   -  ,     .  . -       .   22 :            .     ,    ,   .        .    XX      .               .         ,       , ,   [2 - .. 2989. . 1. . 190. . 56, 36.].

        .       ,    ,   ,        ,      .        ;     .     .       ,   ,     .         .      ;          . ,   ,  ,         ,          [3 - .. 2989. . 1. . 190. . 56, 36.  : Poltorak A. The Nuremberg Epilogue. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1971. P. 2228; Polevoi B. The Final Reckoning: Nuremberg Diaries. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1978. P. 73, 8182. (.  .:  ..  . .: , 1965;  ..   .  . .:  , 1969. . .)].       ,      .

   ,    .        .    ,       .            .  1944           .  ,       - ,         ,            .     ,   ,     ,       [4 - Karmen R. Lublin Extermination Camp Called Worst Yet by Writer // Daily Worker. 1944. August 14. P. 8; Karmen R. Writer Describes Nazi Murder Plant in Poland // Los Angeles Times. 1944. August 13. P. 5.    .: Shneer D. Through Soviet Jewish Eyes: Photography, War, and the Holocaust. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2012. P. 164165.].          ,      .

       ,     ,       .     ,    ,       .     ,    ,        ,    ,       [5 - .. 2989. . 1. . 190. . 44.].        ,        ,     .              , ,                .

         ;       .          ,     ,                   ,   ,       :   ,           .    ,       .          19361938         .             .

,     .    ,            ,     ,   . -              .

   -  .             .        ;        ,       ,   . ,        ,           .      ,     ,        , ,      .      ,       ;           ,        .         :     .      ,     ,   ,        .

      ,             .  ,               ,    .                     ,  ,    .

   ?   ,       ,          ;       .      ,                -          . ,    ,         .

     , ,   ,   .       ,        .        ,       .     ,          .            .                 ,    .     ,           [6 -  ,      : .. 2989. . 1. . 190. . 3152.   :  .,  .,  .  . .: , 1959; Hicks J. First Films of the Holocaust: Soviet Cinema and the Genocide of the Jews, 19381946. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012.].

            ,    1946     .              .        ,         ,      .                 .        ;    -  1947 .  -                [7 - Crowther B. Goering, with Swagger Lacking, in Nuremberg Trials, at Stanley // New York Times. 1947. May 26. P. 24.].   ,  -       ,   ,     ,       ,  ,         .           ,      ,        .                     .                 [8 - J.P. The Nuremberg Trials Stanley // New York Herald Tribune. 1947. May 26. P. 16; Hicks J. First Films of the Holocaust. P. 209210       .].


* * *

      XX        ,  ,    . ,         ,       .         ,     :   .              .

       ?          ?      .         -.       ,        ,                  ,     .             廠 ,        .           ,     ,    -   ,       ,        [9 - ., : Douglas L. The Memory of Judgment: Making Law and History in the Trials of the Holocaust. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.       .: Dodd C.J., Bloom L. Letters from Nuremberg: My Fathers Narrative of a Quest for Justice. New York: Crown, 2007. P. 341. . : Bass G.J. Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. P. 147205.  ,           (p. 196).               : Borgwardt E. Commerce and Complicity: Human Rights and the Legacy of Nuremberg / Ed. B.J. Schulman. Making the American Century: Essays in the Political Culture of Twentieth Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. P. 92108.].

  ,    .            ,       .       1961     2000     .         .    (     )   ,         .     ,   .          ,        ,       .        ,   [10 -  1961       ,    (     .),     .  2000       19451946  (   . . .).            PBS,    2006        -.].

       . :   ,          [11 - Persico J.E. Nuremberg: Infamy on Trial. New York: Penguin Books, 1994.     : Biddle F. In Brief Authority. New York: Doubleday, 1962; Gilbert G.M. Nuremberg Diary. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1947; Harris W.R. Tyranny on Trial. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1954; Andrus B.C. I was the Nuremberg Jailer. New York: Coward-McCann, 1969; Neave A. On Trial at Nuremberg. Boston: Little, Brown, 1979; Taylor T. The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials. Boston: Knopf, 1992.      -  ,       : Tusa A., Tusa J. The Nuremberg Trial. London: Atheneum, 1983.].    ,          ,            .       .          1939 ;  ,   ,               ;                ,              ,      [12 - ., : Naimark N.M. The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 19451949. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997; Snyder T. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books, 2010; Applebaum A. Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 19451956. New York: Doubleday, 2012; Beevor A. The Fall of Berlin 1945. New York: Penguin Books, 2003. (.  .:  .  .     . : i, 2015;  .  . 1945. .: ACT; , 2004. . .)].          -,       .

         ,   ,     ,                    .     -- (2016)   -     -         ,       ,        ,   , ,  .                 ,         [13 - Sands P. East West Street: On the Origins of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity. New York: Knopf, 2016.          .     ( ),    ,     (-),     (   ).].        .    .      ,          .     [14 -  ,    .: Penn M.J. The Extermination of Peaceful Soviet Citizens: Aron Trainin and International Law. PhD diss., University of Colorado at Boulder, 2017.                   .].

       .                .             ,    ,         ,          [15 -    ., : Ehrenfreund N. The Nuremberg Legacy: How the Nazi War Crimes Trials Changed the Course of History. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.]. ,     ,          ,   , ,  .         :         ,         [16 -       ,          . ., : Hathaway O.A., Shapiro S.J. The Internationalists: How a Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2017.       .   ,               .       . : Exeler F. Nazi Atrocities, International Criminal Law, and Soviet War Crimes Trials: The Soviet Union and the Global Movement of Post-Second World War Justice / Eds I. Tallgren, Th. Skouteris. The New Histories of International Criminal Law: Retrials. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. P. 189219.].

             ,    ,       ,   ,     .       ,    ,       ,   .   ,   ,      ,          .         ,       [17 -           .  : Ginsburgs G. Moscows Road to Nuremberg: The Soviet Background to the Trial. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1996.     . . : Sellars K. Crimes against Peace and International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015; Penn M.J. The Extermination of Peaceful Soviet Citizens.].                    .        (        )            ,       . ,      ,      .

       ,   .    ,      .     ,     ,        .        ,                    .   ,         ,           .     ,          ,    ,   ,           .

    ,                .                ,  [18 -          .       .: Shklar J.N. Legalism: Law, Moralism, and Political Trials. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964.].    ,      ,    ,          [19 -                    .].                .          ;           1930-   ,            [20 -      軠             .          821  1945 . . .].      .

            .     ,  ,    .                      ,    .           ,         .     ,          ,   ,  .          ,     ,  ,     .     ,                .              . -          .

         ,    .            ,   .    -  ,               ,          .                                  .

  ;   .  ,       ,          ,           .            -      1939 ,              ,    ,     .               ,      .        .     ,        ,      ,    .


* * *

       .  ,     -        .    ,    .                  ,   (  ),       ,   [21 - .. 2989. . 1. . 190. . 33.]. ,  ,      ,           ,     ,    ,            ,       .       ,  ,        .                   .

         ,     .  ,  ,    -,     :      ,        ;          -     [22 - West R. A Train of Powder. New York: Viking Press, 1955. P. 8.].      , ,              .           ,     -   ,     [23 - . : Tusa and Tusa. Nuremberg Trial. P. 230.       300400 .         .].     ,     -        -.            ,       ,           ,   .       .

 -       ,         .       [24 -      ,   .].      ,    (        ),   ,   ,          .         . ,    ,  ;  ,  ,            ,             .         .          1930-,                .

   ,  ,           .                .  :    ,   ,  ,     [25 - .. 2989. . 1. . 190. . 33.].      ,  ,       -  ,       .   ,  ,  ,       ,            [26 -    -  (). . 629. . 1. . 109. . 8485 .].

       . ,           :              .   ,      ,         ,    ,     .            ;             .            .     ,              .            ,          (    - )     .    ,           .






. 2.   ( ),   ( )          . 19451946 . : .. 2989. . 1. . 870. . 2



        , , ,   , ,  ,     ,   ,     (),   ,   ( )[27 -     .: Birstein V.J. SMERSH: Stalins Secret Weapon. London: Biteback, 2011.].     ,           .             .                  ,        .         .        .


* * *

        ,  ,    .          .    ,   ,     , ,       ,        ,          ,   ,   ,       [28 - Polevoi B. Final Reckoning. P. 73 (.    . . .).].              , ,       .,   ,     ,       ,      [29 - Jackson R.H. Opening Speech for the United States of America, November 21, 1945 // International Military Tribunal  Major War Criminals. https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/imt/11 (  10  2023 ).].     .        ,       ,        ,        ,       , ?   [30 - .. 2989. . 1. . 253. . 3940.].

      ,      ,         .         .      .    .   ,       ,          ,           .

          . ,        ,      ,   ,    .    ,                  .       ,      .

      ,        .     ,          .  ,      ,     .     ,    ,           .          ,      ,     .      :          .  ,   ,             ,       .         ,                 ,    (          -)        .

   ;    .         ,    .     ,     ,    ,             (          )     .         ,   ,             .             .




I.   





 1

   


              .          1942 .       ,   ,       ,       [31 -  ..     23  1942  55  . :   , 1942. . 10.     : https://www.prlib.ru/item/360840 (  10  2023 ).].   ,    .       1941            ,        .    ,           .        .      ,       ,  .               ,      .          [32 - Overy R. Russias War: A History of the Soviet War Effort, 19411945. New York: Penguin Books, 1997. P. 117; Merridale C. Ivans War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 19391943. New York: Picador, 2006. P. 146147; Braithwaite R. Moscow 1941: A City and Its People at War. New York: Knopf, 2006. P. 273274.].

   1942             ,      ,  .         ,  ,       1941     ,         .         ,   .      ,      .       1942 :        ,      .       , ,    [33 - Merridale C. Ivans War. P. 127129.].

          ,          .        ( 1942 )    ,      .   ,                  ,   .  ,          [34 - Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Robert H. Jackson Collection (LOC-RHJ). B. 95. F. 3. Note Sent by M. Molotov on April 17, 1942.     .:      (). . 06. . 4. . 8. . 75. . 2  14 .    : https://victims.rusarchives.ru/nota-narkoma-inostrannykh-del-sssr-molotova-27-aprelya-1942 (  10  2023 ).         1942    Molotovs Notes on German Atrocities.        : .. 06. . 4. . 7. . 73. . 1739.].          ,        .      [35 -  . . 69. . 19; Sorokina M. People and Procedures: Toward a History of the Investigation of Nazi Crimes in the USSR // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2005. Vol. 6. 4. P. 797831.].

 1942    ,         .        ,    ,     .        ,        19361938 ,       [36 -       ,   1936  1938 .].           .  1942        ,          -  .          ,         ,         [37 -     (). . 586. . 4. . 6. . 13.          ,       .].    .    ,         .


* * *

         .  1942      .    1883      ,      .     ,    .        .           -.     1930- .

            .                 .                 .  1908                  ,         ,  .        1913      .       1917 ,   ;           .     ,   ,       .  1921       ,  1925-               [38 - Vaksberg A. Stalins Prosecutor: The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991. P. 1331 ( .:  ..  :    . .:   , 1992. . .); Rayfield D. Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him. New York: Random House, 2004. P. 162.].






. 3. .. ()  .. ()    ..    . 8 1945 . : Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-R83900/Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA 3.0



      1928          .                ,            .          .         .  ,  ,  ;  [39 - Kotkin S. Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 18781928. New York: Penguin, 2014. P. 702705.].         .                ;   .            [40 - Vaksberg. Stalins Prosecutor. P. 5154, 62.].

               .       1933     .   1930-       :        .        ,     (   ),            [41 - .. 360. . 4. . 400. . 114; Pashukanis E. Selections from the Encyclopedia of State and Law: International Law / Ed. P. Beirne, R. Sharlet. Selected Writings on Marxism and Law. London: Academic Press, 1980. P. 171172.].     :       ,    ;            [42 -  ..      . .:   , 1937. . : Solomon P.H. Jr. Soviet Criminology  Its Demise and Rebirth, 19281963 / Ed. R. Hood. Crime, Criminology and Public Policy: Essays in Honour of Sir Leon Radzinowicz. New York: Free Press, 1975. P. 571593.].


* * *

                .        .            .        1909 ,           ,       .  1910  1913     ,    [43 -  ..     //  . 1937. . 93. 8. . 4244;  .     //   .  11. . 1991. 2. . 5663; 3. . 4048; 4. . 3239; 5. . 3946. . : Traynina M.A. N. Traynin: A Legal Scholar under Tsar and Soviets // Soviet Jewish Affairs. 1983. Vol. 13. 3. P. 4554.     .: Neuberger J. Hooliganism: Crime, Culture, and Power in St. Petersburg, 19001914. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993; Engelstein L. The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-Siecle Russia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992 ( .:  .  .         XIXXX . .: , 1996. . .).].  1917     ,       .        ,      .  1919      ,     .         .  1921    ,   1925                [44 -   .  . .:   , 1925;  ..    . .:   , 1926.].               .      ,           .   1930-                .

          .        1934            .    - ,     .   1935         .  ,        1920-   1930-   ,                ,   , :    .       ,             .     ,    ,      ,  ,          [45 -  ..  .       . .:  , 1935. . 1821, 4446. . : Ginsburgs G. Moscows Road to Nuremberg: The Soviet Background to the Trial. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1996. P. 19.].

            ,   1937  (    ).       ,       .  ,       1928 ,    ,       ,    .    .       ,     ,      .  ,            ,     .          ,  [46 -  ..     . .:   , 1937. . 2132; Ginsburgs. Moscows Road to Nuremberg. 2023; Avalon Project at Yale University Law School (APYULS). Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kbpact.asp (  10  2023 ).      . : Hathaway O.A., Shapiro S.J. The Internationalists: How a Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2017. P. 121130.].

             ,             - [47 -  ..  / .     . . 4.].            ,      ,    .

       ,        .  1935                  .        (  1936-,  1937-   1938 )            .         ,        ,           .       ,           .       .

  1937        ,      (     )    [48 -    컠        ,           . .      . . 5; Vaksberg. Stalins Prosecutor. P. 70, 79; Solomon P.H. Jr. Soviet Criminal Justice under Stalin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.].           ,      .  1940        .        ,       ,     [49 -  ..      (1941) //  ..   /  . .. . .:   , 2004. . 247368.       ,          .].

 ,   1942 ,       ,    ,    .   , ,        ,              .                ,    ,            [50 - .. 499. . 1. . 24. . 19, 2039 (  .  . 3739).].       ,       .   ,            ,      .             ?           ?        ,            ,    ,    ?[51 - .. 499. . 1. . 42. . 1940;  ..    :   . .:  , 1943. . 3.       10  1943     . .: .. 1711. . 1. . 1. . 1.]                .            .


* * *

    1942     ,     .             ,             .          , , , , , , ,       (   ).                      .            [52 - Inter-Allied Information Committee, The Inter-Allied Declaration Signed at St. James Palace, London, on 13th January, 1942, and Relative Documents. London: HMSO, 1942; Ginsburgs G. Moscows Road to Nuremberg. P. 34; Kochavi A.J. Prelude to Nuremberg: Allied War Crimes Policy and the Question of Punishment. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. P. 1720.].              ,      .         ?

  1942                     -                    .    ,    ,       .  ,    ,     (  1940       ),     ,              .          ,             .           ,               .              [53 - Kochavi A. Prelude to Nuremberg. P. 2128; Memorandum Prepared by Mr. Harry L. Hopkins for President Roosevelt, September 24, 1942 // Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS). 1942. Vol. 1. P. 5657.].






. 4.  . 1945 . :    .   



             ,        ,         ,    .       ,        ,     .   ,   ,                       .       ,    [54 - Kochavi A. Prelude to Nuremberg. P. 2831.].

                 .            . ,     .   1942                      .         . 21    ,           ,      .  ,                 ,     [55 - Ibid. P. 3334; Roosevelt F.D. Statement Warning against Axis Crimes in Occupied Countries // The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt. 1942 Volume: Humanity on the Defensive. New York: Harper, 1950. P. 329330.].

     . 8  ,           .    ,  ,        ,   ,     . 3          ,            ,    .  ,   ,    . 7    -       -      [56 - .. 06. . 4. . 14. . 137. . 12; Kochavi A. Prelude to Nuremberg. P. 3334; Sorokina M. People and Procedures. P. 814815.].

     ,    .          ( ),          1941 ,       6 .       ,      .    ,   ,         [57 - .. 06. . 4. . 14. . 137. . 58, 1317, 2123.].       .      ,            ,  ,         .              ;          ,       ,   ,       [58 -       .: .. 06. . 4. . 1. . 14. . 5761.              : Overy R. Russias War. P. 70, 167169.].

          ,  ,                    .              ,     . 14  1942                              ()     .   ,  , , ,                     .          ,        ,  ,       (  ),      [59 - .. 06. . 4. . 4. . 35. . 4249; . 6. . 65. . 4257; .. 17. . 3. . 1045. . 2, 60, 82.].        [60 -            ,       // . 1942. 15 . . 1.]. 19                  [61 -      // . 1942. 19 . . 1.        (  ).  . : .. 06. . 4. . 14. . 137. . 19.].

                    1942 ,          .     -   ,           . -     .  17  20  ,                -   .       ,  2        [62 - .. 06. . 4. . 7. . 69. . 1214, 1730.       2  1942 .   :         -         , ,  ,     л.].

      .         ;              ,   .         ,   ,           (   ).         ,              .           .     ,    ;      , ,     (    )    [63 -  . . :     (). . 7523. . 4. . 113. . 56; .. 17. . 125. . 79. . 914; Sorokina M. People and Procedures. P. 804805, 815824.      .  ,       .        -    .:   / . .. , .. , .. , .. , . . : , 1994. (   -        1942  11-       ,          ,                   . . .)].    ,           .

   - ,     . 21        ,                [64 - Kochavi A. Prelude to Nuremberg. P. 39.].      : 3,        ,          .     .       ,       ,          ,     .  ,           .          [65 - .. 06. . 4. . 14. . 137. . 517.].

  , 5 ,       .      :      ,     .  ,     ,  ,        .   ,         ,  ,                   .   ,  ,         .     :    ,  ,      [66 - .. 558. . 11. . 284. . 1121, 3436; .. 06. . 4. . 1. . 14. . 5761.].          .

        :        .    ,          ,     .       ,                      [67 - Vyshinsky A.Y. Traitors Accused: Indictment of the Piatakov-Radek Trotskyite Group. New York: Workers Library, 1937. P. 6.].          ,    ,       .

       .      ;      ,        (   ),      .              ,         .            ,         [68 - .. 558. . 11. . 284. . 3436.].      ,     ,    12     :  ,     ,    ;    .         ,              ( , )         .    :           [69 - .. 06. . 4. . 1. . 14. . 6061.].

          ,   . 17  1942  , ,         ,            ,   ,     . (         .)  ,      [70 - 11Allies Condemn Nazi War on Jews: United Nations Issue Joint Declaration of Protest on Cold Blooded Extermination // New York Times. 1942. December 18. P. 1.].                 .             .                  , , , ,      [71 -          // . 1942. 19 . . 1; Russia Issues Statement // New York Times. 1942. December 20. P. 23. . : .. 06. . 4. . 7. . 67. . 5367.               ,      ,    .].                   .      ,     [72 - Berkhoff K.C. Total Annihilation of the Jewish Population: The Holocaust in the Soviet Media, 194145 / Ed. . David-Fox, P. Holquist, .. Martin. The Holocaust in the East: Local Perpetrators and Soviet Responses. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2014. P. 83117.      ,  ,          .].

  1943 ,             ,           .      ,   -    .          ,         .              ,    :        ,               .     ,        , , ,    ,      , ,     [73 - .. 06. . 5. . 20. . 221. . 1415 (   :    :  3. ., 1996. . 1. . 657658. . .).].        ,        .

         ,      .   1943    ,   .        ;     ,        .     ,     ;      .       .       .       ,            [74 - Feferman K. Soviet Investigation of Nazi Crimes in the USSR: Documenting the Holocaust // Journal of Genocide Research. 2003. Vol. 5. 4. P. 587602; Shneer D. Through Soviet Jewish Eyes: Photography, War, and the Holocaust. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2012. P. 140143; Werth A. Russia at War, 19411945. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1964. P. 609618.].

             .       ,    -  ,    ,   [75 - .. 06. . 5. . 17. . 166. . 17.].         ,    :   ,          .

              .   1943     ,      10   ,         .      .        ,    -   ,       1941     .           .              ,    [76 - Radio Communiqu on the Discovery of Graves of Polish Officers in the Smolensk Area, April 13, 1943, Berlin, 9:15 a. m.; Communiqu Issued by the Sovinformburo Attacking the German Fabrications about the Graves of Polish Officers in Katyn Forest, April 15, 1943, Moscow; Statement of the Polish Government Concerning the Discovery of the Graves of Polish Officers Near Smolensk, April 17, 1943, London // Katyn: A Crime without Punishment / Eds A.M. Cienciala, N.S. Lebedeva, W. Materski. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. P. 305309. . : .. 8581. . 2. . 132. . 5661.].       ,            ,         [77 - Records Relating to the Katyn Forest Massacre at the National Archives // National Archives and Records Administration. https://www.archives.gov/research/foreign-policy/katyn-massacre (  10  2023 ).].

         .           ,         ,      ,        .    ,   ,        [78 - Lowe C. Wartime Allies Hushed Up Katyn Massacre of Poles: Documents // Reuters. 2012. September 11. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-poland-katyn/war-time-allies-hushed-up-katyn-massacre-of-poles-documents-idUSBRE88A0O020120911 (  10  2023 ).].  , ,   .  1940    ,  ,        22       [79 -             5  1940 . .: Beria Memorandum to Joseph Stalin Proposing the Execution of the Polish Officers, Gendarmes, Police, Military Settlers, and Others in the Three Special POW Camps, Along with Those Held in the Prisons of the Western Regions of Ukraine and Belorussia, Accepted by the Politburo March 5, 1940, Moscow // Katyn: A Crime without Punishment. P. 118120.        : Ibid. P. 121148, 318319. . : Paul A. Katyn: Stalins Massacre and the Triumph of Truth. De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991.].      ,     ,      [80 - Sorokina M. People and Procedures. P. 826830; Wasilewski W. The Birth and Persistence of the Katyn Lie // Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 2012. Vol. 45. 3. P. 671693.].

             ,          ,  ,    .   1943     ,   ,              .            D,   7   ,   .           .             ,    .     .    ,        30  .    ,       .     [81 - Sorokina M. People and Procedures. P. 826830; Bourtman I. Blood for Blood, Death for Death: The Soviet Military Tribunal in Krasnodar, 1943 // Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 2008. Vol. 22. 2. P. 246265; Penter T. Local Collaborators on Trial: Soviet War Crimes Trials under Stalin (19431953) // Cahiers du monde russe. 2008. Vol. 9. 23. P. 341364; Kudryashov S., Voisin V. The Early Stages of Legal Purges in Soviet Russia (19411945) // Cahiers du monde russe. 2008. Vol. 49. 23. P. 263296; Prusin A.V. Fascist Criminals to the Gallows!: The Holocaust and Soviet War Crimes Trials, December 1945  February 1946 // Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 2003. Vol. 17. 1. P. 130.   (7000 )    .].

             .            ,          .   ,               .            ,           :  ,       ,     ,        ,        .           ,            .         [82 - Hicks J. Soul Destroyers: Soviet Reporting of Nazi Genocide and Its Perpetrators at the Krasnodar and Kharkov Trials // History. 2013. Vol. 98. 4. P. 530547; Shneer D. Through Soviet Jewish Eyes. P. 142.].

              .   ,   .    1943    ,  -   ,  , ,         .          ,    ,     ,                .       ,   .         ,   ,      , , , , ,   - [83 - .. 06. . 5. . 17. . 166. . 1415.].        ,     [84 -  . . 7. . 20. . 208. . 13 (   : http://nurnberg.rusarchives.ru/documents/spravka-nkid-sssr-o-londonskoy-komissii-po-rassledovaniyu-voennyh-prestupleniy (  10  2023 ). . .).].     ,      -   ;          [85 -      1940 .].  ,  ,  -              ,          [86 - .. 06. . 5. . 17. . 166. . 3435, 3944.].      .


* * *

,       ()    26  1943    .       .     ո,  ,   ,       .         ,     ,         [87 -     1864     1899  1907 .].           .    ,    , ,     ,     ,      .        ,      .      (   )     ,         ,            ,  ,      .       ,         .     ,           ,  ո ,          [88 - National Archives and Records Administration  College Park (NARA). Record Group (RG) 238. Entry 52. B. 7, United Nations Commission for the Investigation of War Crimes, Notes of Unofficial Preliminary Meeting, October 26, 1943; LOC-RHJ.B. 118. F. 8. Dr. B. Ecer, Contribution to the History of the UNWCC, January 19, 1948.   . : Lewis M. The Birth of the New Justice: The Internationalization of Crime and Punishment, 19191950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. P. 161162.].

               .                 .         ,     . ո ,       .  ,         ,   ,     ,             [89 - LOC-RHJ.B. 118. F. 8. Dr. B. Ecer, Contribution to the History of the UNWCC.].

         ,   ,      . ,          ,      .        ,        [90 - .. 499. . 1. . 32. . 20, 2750.     23  1943 .          . . : .. 499. . 1. . 39. . 11, 20; . 50. . 28.].            .     ,  ,   ,                 .   ,    : ,           ,     [91 - Farrin A. [Trainin] The Responsibility for Nazi Crimes // Central European Observer. 1943. September 17. P. 281282; Idem. The Responsibility for Nazi Crimes // Information Bulletin (Embassy of the USSR). 1943. October 2. P. 57; .    . . : Sellars K. Crimes against Peace and International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.].

                .    ,         .  :    ,   .       II          .    , ,   ,    .       ,  ,       .        ,           ,  ,   ,       ,   ,  ,       .          .        ,   ,     ,         ,          [92 - Farrin [Trainin]. The Responsibility for Nazi Crimes; .    .].

       1943 ,                   .        ,  , ,                      .         ,   ,      ,             .   ,   ,     ,         [93 - .. 3. . 1. . 19. . 227. . 12, 68.].      ,       .

    ,  ,     ,     ,    ,    ,       .  ,      ,       -.   ,          ,  [94 - .. 3. . 1. . 19. . 227. . 12, 68.].

 ,       ,      . ,   ,     ,          .        ,            .               (    )             [95 - Allen D.J. The Oder-Neisse Line: The United States, Poland, and Germany in the Cold War. Westport: Praeger, 2003.].       ,  , ,     ,              .  ,  ,  50100   .     ,   [96 - The Tehran Conference, Proceedings of the Conference, Monday, November 29, 1943, Tripartite dinner meeting, 8:30 (Document 368), Bohlen Minutes // FRUS. 1943, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943CairoTehran/d368 (  10  2023 ); Manchester W., Reid P. The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, Defender of the Realm, 19401965. New York: Bantam, 2012. P. 765766.].    :            .  35    ,  10  ,    [97 - Whitewood P. The Red Army and the Great Terror: Stalins Purge of the Soviet Military. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015. P. 264.      1937   1938 .].

       ,         . 3,      ,          -        .     ,    ,          ,      .      -     ,    .         ,   .       .    14  ,    ;      (     ),           [98 - Ginsburgs G. Moscows Road to Nuremberg. P. 5257; Dawson G. Judgment before Nuremberg: The Holocaust in the Ukraine and the First Nazi War Crimes Trial. New York: Pegasus, 2012; Hicks J. Soul Destroyers. P. 543544.        ,    .].

            ,   -              [99 -  .      //    . 1944. 1. . 1921 (. . 20).].         ,    .        :    .    ,       .            ,   [100 - Kharkov Trial: First Pictures from Russian Movie Show Legal Trial and Death of Nazi War Criminals // Life. 1944. July 10. Vol. 17. 2. P. 94, 97; Dawson G. Judgment Before Nuremberg. P. 343344.].           !.           -                .         :        ,       [101 - The Kharkov Trial: A Grim Newsreel Record // Times. 1944. July 7. P. 6.     ,  : Etcher B. The Lessons of the Kharkov Trial. London: Russia Today Society, 1944; LOC-RHJ.B. 111. F. 10. Office of Strategic Services Research and Analysis Branch. 1988.1. Soviet Intentions to Punish War Criminals, April 30, 1945. P. 3841. . : Hicks J. First Films of the Holocaust: Soviet Cinema and the Genocide of the Jews, 19381946. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012. P. 196.      Justice is Coming! ( !).].


* * *

            ,          .   1943  (     )   1944        ()              ;         . 10       ,  ,      1941     ,   [102 - Wasilewski W. The Birth and Persistence of the Katyn Lie. P. 677682.].

                     .              ,       .     ,      .          ,       .         .    ,          1940 . ,   ,  24 ,     ,    [103 -  . . : The Burdenko Commission Report, January 24, 1944, Moscow // Katyn. A Crime without Punishment. P. 319326 (.    .:    // . 1944. 26 . . .).            -     ( )   .].

  , 27 ,     ,    .       .      , ,  ,       ,     ,    .    ,      ,          ,          .   -       ,      [104 - .. 06. . 5. . 17. . 166. . 8384.     2  1944 .].

         .   ո ,        -,     :  ,      ,       .     ,      (      ,    ),   .        ,       ,  .  ,         軠   ,    --  1915      .        ,       .   ,        ,     (   ) ,           [105 - LOC-RHJ.B. 118. F. 8. Dr. D. Ecer, Contribution to the History of the UNWCC.P. 78, 2632; Blayney M.S. Herbert Pell, War Crimes, and the Jews // American Historical Jewish Quarterly. 1976. Vol. 65. 4. P. 335352; Lingen K. von. Defining Crimes against Humanity: The Contribution of the United Nations War Crimes Commission to International Criminal Law, 19441947 // The Historical Origins of International Criminal Law / Eds M. Bergsmo, W.L. Cheah., P. Yi. Oslo: TOAEP, 2014. Vol. 1. P. 475505.].        ,                 .


* * *

   1944         ,      .           ,         .                 . ,         .   1944         ;        .

 ,      ,     ,       . ,           , ,   ,       .   ,            ,        .

 ,         ,    ,             .         (   )      .           :  ;  ;      ;   ;       ; ;   .                    [106 -  ..    /  . .. . .:  , 1944. . 1213, 3541, 4570, 99106.].

           ,              .       (    1940    ),        ,        .   ,          ,        ,       ,  .      ,      ,      .  ,   ,     ,     ,         .           :  ,         ,    ,    ,        [107 - .   . . 7891 (. . 91,   . . .).].

   ,          ,       .      1944 ,           ,       ,        [108 - Trainin A.N. Judging the War Criminals // New Masses. 1944. September 12. P. 36; Judging the War Criminals II // New Masses. 1944. September 19. P. 1012; Certain Lessons of Versailles // Information Bulletin (Embassy of the USSR). 1944. September 26. P. 12.].     ,         .   ,    .

6              ,       .     ,      ,     .       (      ),          .    :  ,    .         [109 - NARA. RG 238. Entry 52. B. 7. UNWCC, Supplement to the Minority Report Presented by Dr. B. Ecer, October 6, 1944.]. 10    ո       ,         .     ,     ,       [110 - Ibid. UNWCC, Minutes of the 35th Meeting, October 10, 1944.].

      -   ,         .  ,       :     1928   ,         .          .   ,             .    ,       .  ,      ,   , ,     .     ,            ,         ,   .    ,  :             [111 - Ibid.; NARA. RG 238. Entry 52. B. 7. UNWCC, Minutes of the 36th Meeting, October 17, 1944.].

    ,           ,  ,     . 31          .      ,      [112 - NARA. RG 238. Entry 52. B. 7. UNWCC, Report Made by Dr. Ecer on Professor Trainins Book The Criminal Responsibility of the Hitlerites at the Commissions Meeting of October 31, 1944 (November 11, 1944).         (University of Wyoming, American Heritage Center. Murray Bernays Collection (3817). B. 4. F. 1).]. 11        [113 - Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum (HSTPLM). Samuel I. Rosenman Papers, War Crimes File, Memorandum from the United Nations War Crimes Commission, Report Made by Dr. Ecer on Professor Trainins Book, November 11, 1944.].                   [114 -       1944 : Trainin A.N. The Criminal Responsibility of the Hitlerites. Moscow: Legal Publishing House NKU, 1944.      ,    .].

4  1945               ( -,     )    ..         ,       ,         .     .  ,       ,     ,          .         ,  ,            [115 - HSTPLM. Rosenman Papers, War Crimes File, Memorandum from Murray C. Bernays and D.W. Brown, January 4, 1945.    : Murray Bernays Collection (3817). B. 4. F. 5.].

           ,      .                         (   ),    1944       ,      ,           [116 - Sellars K. Crimes against Peace and International Law. P. 6566; Bass G.J. Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. P. 157169.].

  ,   ,   , ,           ,       .      ,     :     ,     .            ,    ,                .            .          [117 - Sellars K. Crimes against Peace and International Law. P. 6770; Bass. Stay the Hand of Vengeance. P. 170; Subject: Trial of European War Criminals (By Colonel Murray C. Bernays, G-1), September 15, 1944 // B.F. American Road to Nuremberg: The Documentary Record. 19441945 / Ed. B.F. Smith. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1982. P. 3337.].               1945               [118 -              . Murray Bernays Collection (3817). B. 4. F. 1. Memorandum for General Berry from M.C. B., December 18, 1944; Memorandum for the Judge Advocate General, [after November 24,] 1944; Summary of The Criminal Responsibility of the Hitlerites by Professor A.N. Trainin, n. d.; Report Made by Dr. Ecer on Professor Trainins Book, November 11, 1944.].         .      ,     .   ,         - -        .. ,     , ,   ,  ,         .

          .     ,        ,    ;             [119 - HSTPLM. Rosenman Papers, War Crimes File, Memorandum from Murray C. Bernays and D.W. Brown.].

        ,   ,         [120 - Trainin A. The Strategy of Mercy // Communist. 1944. December. P. 10731077.].       ,       .                 ,         [121 - .. 06. . 7. . 20. . 208. . 13.].                  ,          . 5 1945                 .  ,         ,         [122 -  . . 206. . 8. . 13.].


* * *

   1945            . 22         ,                      .       ,           ,      ,     .    ,   ,      .      ,          ,      .  , ,      ,       .     -                     ,    [123 - LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. Memorandum for the President: Trial and Punishment of Nazi War Criminals, January 22, 1945.   : Murray Bernays Collection (3817). B. 4. F. 1.].

,           .  ,            ,              . ,          .                   .     ,   ,      ,        .       .  -                ,      .        ;         ,       [124 - Ibid.].

          ,              .      ,  ,   :            黠   .  ,  , -,         .    ,   -         ,    [125 - LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. Memorandum for the President: Trial and Punishment of Nazi War Criminals, January 22, 1945.].

 4  1945 ,  ,           ,         .        ,         .      ,         .                 . ,    , ,    .      ,    ,             [126 - Plokhy S. Yalta: The Price of Peace. New York: Penguin, 2010. P. 6979.  (p. 77)  -    . ,   .].

            .         :            .   ,           ,     ,     .          (   )            .      ,       .  ,            -        [127 - Ibid.; APYULS. Protocol of Proceedings of Crimea Conference, February 11, 1945. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/yalta.asp (  10  2023 ).        .].

11 ,     , ,                    .   ;   ,        [128 - Ibid.].   ,  ,        ,                         .  , ,    [129 -      . Suviranta B. The Way to War Indemnities in Kind. Helsinki: Acta Forestalia Fennica, 1954.].     ,                  .

       ,   -      (  ).         ,              :        (  )        ?[130 - NARA. RG 238. Entry 52. B. 7. UNWCC, Minutes of 52nd Meeting, March 14, 1945,   : UNWCC, Second Progress Report, Draft, March 20, 1945.]

  -      .   ,    ,        ,      .        ,    .        񻠖    -       [131 - Kochavi . Prelude to Nuremberg. P. 212.].     ,                 .     ,        ,     [132 -   ,    ,        ,      . NARA. RG 260. AG 000.5. B. 3. F. 1. Memorandum: War Crimes and Atrocities, April 6, 1945.].

 ,         ,    ,   ,        .    ,     ,       ,   [133 - NARA. RG 260. AG 000.5. B. 3. F. 1. Memorandum of Meeting, April 4, 1945.].           , ,   ,       ,       .            .                   .     -  ,  -    .     .  ,          ,      :   ,        . ,   ,                 ,          .        [134 - NARA. RG 260. AG 000.5. B. 3. F. 1, Simon to Rosenman, April 6, 1945. . : The Ambassador of the United Kingdom to the Secretary of State, April 7, 1945 // FRUS. 1945, Diplomatic Papers, European Advisory Commission, Austria, Germany. Vol. 3. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v03/d877 (  10  2023 ); Tusa A., Tusa J. The Nuremberg Trial. London: Atheneum, 1983. P. 65.].

 ,      ,       -     .  - .         .                 :         ,     .         .          ;   , ,            .                   ,           .

12   ,           ..       ,   .        ,           [135 - Kochavi . Prelude to Nuremberg. P. 164.]. 13         .,    ,            .   ,                ,     . ,       ,  .  ,   , ,            .          [136 - HSTPLM. Rosenman Papers, War Crimes File, Draft of statement from James Byrnes to Soviet Ambassador, April 13, 1945.].

            .      ,   ,         ,          .    ,                .    :  .   ,                    .    (  ),            . ,   ,            .         , ,   [137 - Ibid.].


* * *

   1945    ,        ,         ,               .         ,           .     ,  -  .    ,           ,    . 16        .     ,       ;           ,       .




 2

   ?


24,       ,       -.              ,  ,     .   :    ,        .        . ,         [138 - Schlesinger S.C. Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations. New York: Basic Books, 2004. P. 115119.].

  -,     -. ,  ,    .             ..         .      ,         [139 - Miller W.L. Two Americans: Truman, Eisenhower and a Dangerous World. New York: Knopf, 2012. P. 160; Roberts G. Sexing Up the Cold War: New Evidence on the Molotov-Truman Talks of April 1945 // Cold War History. 2004. Vol. 4. 3. P. 105125; Watson D. Molotov: A Biography. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.].               .  ,    -      , ,    ,       .             ,            [140 - NARA. RG 59. Entry 1560. B. 4. Memorandum of Conversation, April 24, 1945. P. 4.].  :           ,      .






. 5.   ( )  -.  1945 . :    , -6831



2    ,    .   .                 ,     ,    ,  [141 -    .: Beevor A. The Fall of Berlin 1945. New York: Penguin Books, 2003. P. 386405 (. .:  .  . 1945. .: ACT; , 2004. . .).].   .    ,       ,        .                  .[142 - Harry S. Truman, The Presidents News Conference, May 2, 1945 // The American Presidency Project / Eds G. Peters, J.T. Woolley. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=12258 (  10  2023 ).].

  ,     ,       ,      -    ,      .              ,          .      .

      2                ,  -   ,        . , ,             ,     ,    ,       .


* * *

    ,  3 ,      ,            .      ,          ,   ,         .                 , ,        .      ,     .

, ,          ,         ,       .             ,       (,    )      .       ,    ipso facto (    )    .  ,       ,          ,  .   ,               .  ,  , ,               ,        [143 - NARA. RG 59. Entry 1560. B. 4. Memorandum of Conversation, May 3, 1945.  : .. 06. . 7. . 20. . 209. . 14.].

      .  ,      30         .              ,        ,   ,  , .  ,      ,     ,       -    ,  -. ,             ;        [144 - NARA. RG 59. Entry 1560. B. 4. Memorandum of Conversation, May 3, 1945.  : .. 06. . 7. . 20. . 209. . 14.].

       ,    -,               .   ,        6       ,    ,          .  8,   , ,              ,     ,         [145 - .. 06. . 7. . 20. . 209. . 1420.].          -,   :       ?  ,   , ,   ,            ,   ,      ,             [146 - LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. Robert H. Jackson (RHJ) Diary, May 10, 1945.].  6  , ,      -               .       ,       ,      - [147 - LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. Rosenman to Jackson, with Mimeographed Copy of the Agreement, May 6, 1945; RHJ Diary, May 7, 1945.].         . 7          -    .   9                       [148 - Beevor A. Fall of Berlin. P. 402405.].  10     -      ,     [149 - .. 07. . 13. . 41. . 3. . 3436.].


* * *

           ,  ,   ,     .     ,        ,    .             :  ,        -  [150 - LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5, Memorandum re Document Entitled Punishment of War Criminals, draft, April 29, 1945.].

       .         ,      ,   1941      .           -,     .        .               ,        [151 -    1944     .        ,          1945    . Barrett J.Q. The Nuremberg Roles of Justice Robert H. Jackson // Washington University Global Studies Law Review. 2007. Vol. 6. P. 511525.     : Gerhart E.C. Americas Advocate: Robert H. Jackson. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1958.].         .             ()    ,    ,       -    ().     ,      ,    ,     [152 - LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. RHJ Diary, May 10, 1945. (    ,       .)].

    ,   ,          .   4               ,             . ,   ,          .     ,      󻠖   ,       .        ?   ,           ,     .       ,        ,       ,         [153 - LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. RHJ Diary, May 4, 1945.].






. 6.  .. 1945 . :    .   .



        ,     .  ,          [154 - LOC-RHJ.B. 95. f. 5, RHJ Diary, May 4, 1945, 7 p. m.]. (,     ,      .)  6        ,     .            (   ,        ).   ,         ,    ,    .    ,          ,          ( ),  ( )   ( )[155 - LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. Informal Policy Committee on Germany: Instructions for the U.S. Representative on the Reparation Commission, May 3, 1945.].  ,       .     ?          ?  ,      ,      ?

    ,         . ,   ,       .   12            (         )       .     .      .  ,         ,      .    ,        :       ,         ,      .   ,       [156 - Ibid. RHJ Diary, May 12, 1945.].

                  ,      .  ,            .  ,                   [157 - Ibid. Memorandum for Edwin W. Pauley from Robert Jackson, n. d.; and Draft Statement on Labor Reparations, May 12, 1945.]. 15       .   ,  .        . ( ).  ,       ,          .    (      -)        [158 - LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. RHJ Diary, May 15, 1945; Waller D. Wild Bill Donovan: The Spymaster Who Created the OSS and Modern American Espionage. New York: Free Press, 2011. P. 324325.      . : Priemel K.C. The Betrayal: The Nuremberg Trials and German Divergence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. P. 7274.].

         .  ,   ,      ,     ,             .  ,        .   ,        ,    1941      ,           ,     ,     [159 - LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. RHJ Diary, May 15, 1945.].

  ,              .      ,            .       ,           ,     .   ,                      ,     .       ,   , ,       ,    .            .  ,      ,       .          (  )  ,     ,      ,    ,        [160 - LOC-RHJ.B. 111. F. 10. Office of Strategic Services Research and Analysis Branch, 1988.1, Soviet Intentions to Punish War Criminals, April 30, 1945.].

             . 17     ,      ,      ,    .  ,      .                 [161 - Ibid. B. 95. F. 5. RHJ Diary, May 17, 1945.].       .          ,       ,       :       .

      .      . 18        .   ,              ,               .           ,               ,      ,     .     , ,       ,      -   : ,  ,       [162 - LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. RHJ Diary, May 18, 1945.].

       ,  23          .  ,                    ,         .      [163 - Pearson D. The Washington Merry-Go-Round // Washington Post. 1945. May 23 (. : LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5).].        ,              ,    [164 - . : LOC-RHJ.B. 107. F. 1. Office of War Information, Bureau of Overseas Intelligence, European Comment on War Criminals, June 1, 1945.]




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      ,   1936  1938 .




37


    (). . 586. . 4. . 6. . 13.          ,       .




38


Vaksberg A. Stalins Prosecutor: The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991. P. 1331 ( .:  ..  :    . .:   , 1992. . .); Rayfield D. Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him. New York: Random House, 2004. P. 162.




39


Kotkin S. Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 18781928. New York: Penguin, 2014. P. 702705.




40


Vaksberg. Stalins Prosecutor. P. 5154, 62.




41


.. 360. . 4. . 400. . 114; Pashukanis E. Selections from the Encyclopedia of State and Law: International Law / Ed. P. Beirne, R. Sharlet. Selected Writings on Marxism and Law. London: Academic Press, 1980. P. 171172.




42


 ..      . .:   , 1937. . : Solomon P.H. Jr. Soviet Criminology  Its Demise and Rebirth, 19281963 / Ed. R. Hood. Crime, Criminology and Public Policy: Essays in Honour of Sir Leon Radzinowicz. New York: Free Press, 1975. P. 571593.




43


 ..     //  . 1937. . 93. 8. . 4244;  .     //   .  11. . 1991. 2. . 5663; 3. . 4048; 4. . 3239; 5. . 3946. . : Traynina M.A. N. Traynin: A Legal Scholar under Tsar and Soviets // Soviet Jewish Affairs. 1983. Vol. 13. 3. P. 4554.     .: Neuberger J. Hooliganism: Crime, Culture, and Power in St. Petersburg, 19001914. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993; Engelstein L. The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-Siecle Russia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992 ( .:  .  .         XIXXX . .: , 1996. . .).




44


  .  . .:   , 1925;  ..    . .:   , 1926.




45


 ..  .       . .:  , 1935. . 1821, 4446. . : Ginsburgs G. Moscows Road to Nuremberg: The Soviet Background to the Trial. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1996. P. 19.




46


 ..     . .:   , 1937. . 2132; Ginsburgs. Moscows Road to Nuremberg. 2023; Avalon Project at Yale University Law School (APYULS). Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kbpact.asp (  10  2023 ).      . : Hathaway O.A., Shapiro S.J. The Internationalists: How a Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2017. P. 121130.




47


 ..  / .     . . 4.




48


   컠        ,           . .      . . 5; Vaksberg. Stalins Prosecutor. P. 70, 79; Solomon P.H. Jr. Soviet Criminal Justice under Stalin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.




49


 ..      (1941) //  ..   /  . .. . .:   , 2004. . 247368.       ,          .




50


.. 499. . 1. . 24. . 19, 2039 (  .  . 3739).




51


.. 499. . 1. . 42. . 1940;  ..    :   . .:  , 1943. . 3.       10  1943     . .: .. 1711. . 1. . 1. . 1.




52


Inter-Allied Information Committee, The Inter-Allied Declaration Signed at St. James Palace, London, on 13th January, 1942, and Relative Documents. London: HMSO, 1942; Ginsburgs G. Moscows Road to Nuremberg. P. 34; Kochavi A.J. Prelude to Nuremberg: Allied War Crimes Policy and the Question of Punishment. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. P. 1720.




53


Kochavi A. Prelude to Nuremberg. P. 2128; Memorandum Prepared by Mr. Harry L. Hopkins for President Roosevelt, September 24, 1942 // Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS). 1942. Vol. 1. P. 5657.




54


Kochavi A. Prelude to Nuremberg. P. 2831.




55


Ibid. P. 3334; Roosevelt F.D. Statement Warning against Axis Crimes in Occupied Countries // The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt. 1942 Volume: Humanity on the Defensive. New York: Harper, 1950. P. 329330.




56


.. 06. . 4. . 14. . 137. . 12; Kochavi A. Prelude to Nuremberg. P. 3334; Sorokina M. People and Procedures. P. 814815.




57


.. 06. . 4. . 14. . 137. . 58, 1317, 2123.




58


      .: .. 06. . 4. . 1. . 14. . 5761.              : Overy R. Russias War. P. 70, 167169.




59


.. 06. . 4. . 4. . 35. . 4249; . 6. . 65. . 4257; .. 17. . 3. . 1045. . 2, 60, 82.




60


           ,       // . 1942. 15 . . 1.




61


     // . 1942. 19 . . 1.        (  ).  . : .. 06. . 4. . 14. . 137. . 19.




62


.. 06. . 4. . 7. . 69. . 1214, 1730.       2  1942 .   :         -         , ,  ,     л.




63


 . . :     (). . 7523. . 4. . 113. . 56; .. 17. . 125. . 79. . 914; Sorokina M. People and Procedures. P. 804805, 815824.      .  ,       .        -    .:   / . .. , .. , .. , .. , . . : , 1994. (   -        1942  11-       ,          ,                   . . .)




64


Kochavi A. Prelude to Nuremberg. P. 39.




65


.. 06. . 4. . 14. . 137. . 517.




66


.. 558. . 11. . 284. . 1121, 3436; .. 06. . 4. . 1. . 14. . 5761.




67


Vyshinsky A.Y. Traitors Accused: Indictment of the Piatakov-Radek Trotskyite Group. New York: Workers Library, 1937. P. 6.




68


.. 558. . 11. . 284. . 3436.




69


.. 06. . 4. . 1. . 14. . 6061.




70


11Allies Condemn Nazi War on Jews: United Nations Issue Joint Declaration of Protest on Cold Blooded Extermination // New York Times. 1942. December 18. P. 1.




71


         // . 1942. 19 . . 1; Russia Issues Statement // New York Times. 1942. December 20. P. 23. . : .. 06. . 4. . 7. . 67. . 5367.               ,      ,    .




72


Berkhoff K.C. Total Annihilation of the Jewish Population: The Holocaust in the Soviet Media, 194145 / Ed. . David-Fox, P. Holquist, .. Martin. The Holocaust in the East: Local Perpetrators and Soviet Responses. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2014. P. 83117.      ,  ,          .




73


.. 06. . 5. . 20. . 221. . 1415 (   :    :  3. ., 1996. . 1. . 657658. . .).




74


Feferman K. Soviet Investigation of Nazi Crimes in the USSR: Documenting the Holocaust // Journal of Genocide Research. 2003. Vol. 5. 4. P. 587602; Shneer D. Through Soviet Jewish Eyes: Photography, War, and the Holocaust. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2012. P. 140143; Werth A. Russia at War, 19411945. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1964. P. 609618.




75


.. 06. . 5. . 17. . 166. . 17.




76


Radio Communiqu on the Discovery of Graves of Polish Officers in the Smolensk Area, April 13, 1943, Berlin, 9:15 a. m.; Communiqu Issued by the Sovinformburo Attacking the German Fabrications about the Graves of Polish Officers in Katyn Forest, April 15, 1943, Moscow; Statement of the Polish Government Concerning the Discovery of the Graves of Polish Officers Near Smolensk, April 17, 1943, London // Katyn: A Crime without Punishment / Eds A.M. Cienciala, N.S. Lebedeva, W. Materski. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. P. 305309. . : .. 8581. . 2. . 132. . 5661.




77


Records Relating to the Katyn Forest Massacre at the National Archives // National Archives and Records Administration. https://www.archives.gov/research/foreign-policy/katyn-massacre (  10  2023 ).




78


Lowe C. Wartime Allies Hushed Up Katyn Massacre of Poles: Documents // Reuters. 2012. September 11. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-poland-katyn/war-time-allies-hushed-up-katyn-massacre-of-poles-documents-idUSBRE88A0O020120911 (  10  2023 ).




79


            5  1940 . .: Beria Memorandum to Joseph Stalin Proposing the Execution of the Polish Officers, Gendarmes, Police, Military Settlers, and Others in the Three Special POW Camps, Along with Those Held in the Prisons of the Western Regions of Ukraine and Belorussia, Accepted by the Politburo March 5, 1940, Moscow // Katyn: A Crime without Punishment. P. 118120.        : Ibid. P. 121148, 318319. . : Paul A. Katyn: Stalins Massacre and the Triumph of Truth. De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991.




80


Sorokina M. People and Procedures. P. 826830; Wasilewski W. The Birth and Persistence of the Katyn Lie // Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 2012. Vol. 45. 3. P. 671693.




81


Sorokina M. People and Procedures. P. 826830; Bourtman I. Blood for Blood, Death for Death: The Soviet Military Tribunal in Krasnodar, 1943 // Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 2008. Vol. 22. 2. P. 246265; Penter T. Local Collaborators on Trial: Soviet War Crimes Trials under Stalin (19431953) // Cahiers du monde russe. 2008. Vol. 9. 23. P. 341364; Kudryashov S., Voisin V. The Early Stages of Legal Purges in Soviet Russia (19411945) // Cahiers du monde russe. 2008. Vol. 49. 23. P. 263296; Prusin A.V. Fascist Criminals to the Gallows!: The Holocaust and Soviet War Crimes Trials, December 1945  February 1946 // Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 2003. Vol. 17. 1. P. 130.   (7000 )    .




82


Hicks J. Soul Destroyers: Soviet Reporting of Nazi Genocide and Its Perpetrators at the Krasnodar and Kharkov Trials // History. 2013. Vol. 98. 4. P. 530547; Shneer D. Through Soviet Jewish Eyes. P. 142.




83


.. 06. . 5. . 17. . 166. . 1415.




84


 . . 7. . 20. . 208. . 13 (   : http://nurnberg.rusarchives.ru/documents/spravka-nkid-sssr-o-londonskoy-komissii-po-rassledovaniyu-voennyh-prestupleniy (  10  2023 ). . .).




85


     1940 .




86


.. 06. . 5. . 17. . 166. . 3435, 3944.




87


    1864     1899  1907 .




88


National Archives and Records Administration  College Park (NARA). Record Group (RG) 238. Entry 52. B. 7, United Nations Commission for the Investigation of War Crimes, Notes of Unofficial Preliminary Meeting, October 26, 1943; LOC-RHJ.B. 118. F. 8. Dr. B. Ecer, Contribution to the History of the UNWCC, January 19, 1948.   . : Lewis M. The Birth of the New Justice: The Internationalization of Crime and Punishment, 19191950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. P. 161162.




89


LOC-RHJ.B. 118. F. 8. Dr. B. Ecer, Contribution to the History of the UNWCC.




90


.. 499. . 1. . 32. . 20, 2750.     23  1943 .          . . : .. 499. . 1. . 39. . 11, 20; . 50. . 28.




91


Farrin A. [Trainin] The Responsibility for Nazi Crimes // Central European Observer. 1943. September 17. P. 281282; Idem. The Responsibility for Nazi Crimes // Information Bulletin (Embassy of the USSR). 1943. October 2. P. 57; .    . . : Sellars K. Crimes against Peace and International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.




92


Farrin [Trainin]. The Responsibility for Nazi Crimes; .    .




93


.. 3. . 1. . 19. . 227. . 12, 68.




94


.. 3. . 1. . 19. . 227. . 12, 68.




95


Allen D.J. The Oder-Neisse Line: The United States, Poland, and Germany in the Cold War. Westport: Praeger, 2003.




96


The Tehran Conference, Proceedings of the Conference, Monday, November 29, 1943, Tripartite dinner meeting, 8:30 (Document 368), Bohlen Minutes // FRUS. 1943, Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943CairoTehran/d368 (  10  2023 ); Manchester W., Reid P. The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, Defender of the Realm, 19401965. New York: Bantam, 2012. P. 765766.




97


Whitewood P. The Red Army and the Great Terror: Stalins Purge of the Soviet Military. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015. P. 264.      1937   1938 .




98


Ginsburgs G. Moscows Road to Nuremberg. P. 5257; Dawson G. Judgment before Nuremberg: The Holocaust in the Ukraine and the First Nazi War Crimes Trial. New York: Pegasus, 2012; Hicks J. Soul Destroyers. P. 543544.        ,    .




99


 .      //    . 1944. 1. . 1921 (. . 20).




100


Kharkov Trial: First Pictures from Russian Movie Show Legal Trial and Death of Nazi War Criminals // Life. 1944. July 10. Vol. 17. 2. P. 94, 97; Dawson G. Judgment Before Nuremberg. P. 343344.




101


The Kharkov Trial: A Grim Newsreel Record // Times. 1944. July 7. P. 6.     ,  : Etcher B. The Lessons of the Kharkov Trial. London: Russia Today Society, 1944; LOC-RHJ.B. 111. F. 10. Office of Strategic Services Research and Analysis Branch. 1988.1. Soviet Intentions to Punish War Criminals, April 30, 1945. P. 3841. . : Hicks J. First Films of the Holocaust: Soviet Cinema and the Genocide of the Jews, 19381946. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012. P. 196.      Justice is Coming! ( !).




102


Wasilewski W. The Birth and Persistence of the Katyn Lie. P. 677682.




103


 . . : The Burdenko Commission Report, January 24, 1944, Moscow // Katyn. A Crime without Punishment. P. 319326 (.    .:    // . 1944. 26 . . .).            -     ( )   .




104


.. 06. . 5. . 17. . 166. . 8384.     2  1944 .




105


LOC-RHJ.B. 118. F. 8. Dr. D. Ecer, Contribution to the History of the UNWCC.P. 78, 2632; Blayney M.S. Herbert Pell, War Crimes, and the Jews // American Historical Jewish Quarterly. 1976. Vol. 65. 4. P. 335352; Lingen K. von. Defining Crimes against Humanity: The Contribution of the United Nations War Crimes Commission to International Criminal Law, 19441947 // The Historical Origins of International Criminal Law / Eds M. Bergsmo, W.L. Cheah., P. Yi. Oslo: TOAEP, 2014. Vol. 1. P. 475505.




106


 ..    /  . .. . .:  , 1944. . 1213, 3541, 4570, 99106.




107


.   . . 7891 (. . 91,   . . .).




108


Trainin A.N. Judging the War Criminals // New Masses. 1944. September 12. P. 36; Judging the War Criminals II // New Masses. 1944. September 19. P. 1012; Certain Lessons of Versailles // Information Bulletin (Embassy of the USSR). 1944. September 26. P. 12.




109


NARA. RG 238. Entry 52. B. 7. UNWCC, Supplement to the Minority Report Presented by Dr. B. Ecer, October 6, 1944.




110


Ibid. UNWCC, Minutes of the 35th Meeting, October 10, 1944.




111


Ibid.; NARA. RG 238. Entry 52. B. 7. UNWCC, Minutes of the 36th Meeting, October 17, 1944.




112


NARA. RG 238. Entry 52. B. 7. UNWCC, Report Made by Dr. Ecer on Professor Trainins Book The Criminal Responsibility of the Hitlerites at the Commissions Meeting of October 31, 1944 (November 11, 1944).         (University of Wyoming, American Heritage Center. Murray Bernays Collection (3817). B. 4. F. 1).




113


Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum (HSTPLM). Samuel I. Rosenman Papers, War Crimes File, Memorandum from the United Nations War Crimes Commission, Report Made by Dr. Ecer on Professor Trainins Book, November 11, 1944.




114


      1944 : Trainin A.N. The Criminal Responsibility of the Hitlerites. Moscow: Legal Publishing House NKU, 1944.      ,    .




115


HSTPLM. Rosenman Papers, War Crimes File, Memorandum from Murray C. Bernays and D.W. Brown, January 4, 1945.    : Murray Bernays Collection (3817). B. 4. F. 5.




116


Sellars K. Crimes against Peace and International Law. P. 6566; Bass G.J. Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. P. 157169.




117


Sellars K. Crimes against Peace and International Law. P. 6770; Bass. Stay the Hand of Vengeance. P. 170; Subject: Trial of European War Criminals (By Colonel Murray C. Bernays, G-1), September 15, 1944 // B.F. American Road to Nuremberg: The Documentary Record. 19441945 / Ed. B.F. Smith. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1982. P. 3337.




118


             . Murray Bernays Collection (3817). B. 4. F. 1. Memorandum for General Berry from M.C. B., December 18, 1944; Memorandum for the Judge Advocate General, [after November 24,] 1944; Summary of The Criminal Responsibility of the Hitlerites by Professor A.N. Trainin, n. d.; Report Made by Dr. Ecer on Professor Trainins Book, November 11, 1944.




119


HSTPLM. Rosenman Papers, War Crimes File, Memorandum from Murray C. Bernays and D.W. Brown.




120


Trainin A. The Strategy of Mercy // Communist. 1944. December. P. 10731077.




121


.. 06. . 7. . 20. . 208. . 13.




122


 . . 206. . 8. . 13.




123


LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. Memorandum for the President: Trial and Punishment of Nazi War Criminals, January 22, 1945.   : Murray Bernays Collection (3817). B. 4. F. 1.




124


Ibid.




125


LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. Memorandum for the President: Trial and Punishment of Nazi War Criminals, January 22, 1945.




126


Plokhy S. Yalta: The Price of Peace. New York: Penguin, 2010. P. 6979.  (p. 77)  -    . ,   .




127


Ibid.; APYULS. Protocol of Proceedings of Crimea Conference, February 11, 1945. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/yalta.asp (  10  2023 ).        .




128


Ibid.




129


     . Suviranta B. The Way to War Indemnities in Kind. Helsinki: Acta Forestalia Fennica, 1954.




130


NARA. RG 238. Entry 52. B. 7. UNWCC, Minutes of 52nd Meeting, March 14, 1945,   : UNWCC, Second Progress Report, Draft, March 20, 1945.




131


Kochavi . Prelude to Nuremberg. P. 212.




132


  ,    ,        ,      . NARA. RG 260. AG 000.5. B. 3. F. 1. Memorandum: War Crimes and Atrocities, April 6, 1945.




133


NARA. RG 260. AG 000.5. B. 3. F. 1. Memorandum of Meeting, April 4, 1945.




134


NARA. RG 260. AG 000.5. B. 3. F. 1, Simon to Rosenman, April 6, 1945. . : The Ambassador of the United Kingdom to the Secretary of State, April 7, 1945 // FRUS. 1945, Diplomatic Papers, European Advisory Commission, Austria, Germany. Vol. 3. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v03/d877 (  10  2023 ); Tusa A., Tusa J. The Nuremberg Trial. London: Atheneum, 1983. P. 65.




135


Kochavi . Prelude to Nuremberg. P. 164.




136


HSTPLM. Rosenman Papers, War Crimes File, Draft of statement from James Byrnes to Soviet Ambassador, April 13, 1945.




137


Ibid.




138


Schlesinger S.C. Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations. New York: Basic Books, 2004. P. 115119.




139


Miller W.L. Two Americans: Truman, Eisenhower and a Dangerous World. New York: Knopf, 2012. P. 160; Roberts G. Sexing Up the Cold War: New Evidence on the Molotov-Truman Talks of April 1945 // Cold War History. 2004. Vol. 4. 3. P. 105125; Watson D. Molotov: A Biography. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.




140


NARA. RG 59. Entry 1560. B. 4. Memorandum of Conversation, April 24, 1945. P. 4.




141


   .: Beevor A. The Fall of Berlin 1945. New York: Penguin Books, 2003. P. 386405 (. .:  .  . 1945. .: ACT; , 2004. . .).




142


Harry S. Truman, The Presidents News Conference, May 2, 1945 // The American Presidency Project / Eds G. Peters, J.T. Woolley. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=12258 (  10  2023 ).




143


NARA. RG 59. Entry 1560. B. 4. Memorandum of Conversation, May 3, 1945.  : .. 06. . 7. . 20. . 209. . 14.




144


NARA. RG 59. Entry 1560. B. 4. Memorandum of Conversation, May 3, 1945.  : .. 06. . 7. . 20. . 209. . 14.




145


.. 06. . 7. . 20. . 209. . 1420.




146


LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. Robert H. Jackson (RHJ) Diary, May 10, 1945.




147


LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. Rosenman to Jackson, with Mimeographed Copy of the Agreement, May 6, 1945; RHJ Diary, May 7, 1945.




148


Beevor A. Fall of Berlin. P. 402405.




149


.. 07. . 13. . 41. . 3. . 3436.




150


LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5, Memorandum re Document Entitled Punishment of War Criminals, draft, April 29, 1945.




151


   1944     .        ,          1945    . Barrett J.Q. The Nuremberg Roles of Justice Robert H. Jackson // Washington University Global Studies Law Review. 2007. Vol. 6. P. 511525.     : Gerhart E.C. Americas Advocate: Robert H. Jackson. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1958.




152


LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. RHJ Diary, May 10, 1945. (    ,       .)




153


LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. RHJ Diary, May 4, 1945.




154


LOC-RHJ.B. 95. f. 5, RHJ Diary, May 4, 1945, 7 p. m.




155


LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. Informal Policy Committee on Germany: Instructions for the U.S. Representative on the Reparation Commission, May 3, 1945.




156


Ibid. RHJ Diary, May 12, 1945.




157


Ibid. Memorandum for Edwin W. Pauley from Robert Jackson, n. d.; and Draft Statement on Labor Reparations, May 12, 1945.




158


LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. RHJ Diary, May 15, 1945; Waller D. Wild Bill Donovan: The Spymaster Who Created the OSS and Modern American Espionage. New York: Free Press, 2011. P. 324325.      . : Priemel K.C. The Betrayal: The Nuremberg Trials and German Divergence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. P. 7274.




159


LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. RHJ Diary, May 15, 1945.




160


LOC-RHJ.B. 111. F. 10. Office of Strategic Services Research and Analysis Branch, 1988.1, Soviet Intentions to Punish War Criminals, April 30, 1945.




161


Ibid. B. 95. F. 5. RHJ Diary, May 17, 1945.




162


LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5. RHJ Diary, May 18, 1945.




163


Pearson D. The Washington Merry-Go-Round // Washington Post. 1945. May 23 (. : LOC-RHJ.B. 95. F. 5).




164


. : LOC-RHJ.B. 107. F. 1. Office of War Information, Bureau of Overseas Intelligence, European Comment on War Criminals, June 1, 1945.


