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 1.  , 19411945.     1941    1942 






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A     .              ,        ,      ,   7   7 ,    7   7 .   .           ,  .  : , .       : ,   ?,     ,    .     !..      ,    300 .    , , .     .   ,      ,  - ,  ,          .       [3 -    .      (   Centropa.org).].


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22  1941  ,    ,           ,     .     :    ,           .      :  ,           .    ,         ,  ,   ,          ,     .        ,   ,    ,     .   1941    , ,     ;     ,  ,        ;      .

,    XX    1956          .  ,     19371939     ,   ,   ,           ,      ,             [24 - .:  ..     XX  . 2425  1956. URL: http://www.agitclub.ru/spezhran/hruzev1.htm ( : 27.04.2022).    ,       , ,   ,     .].             ,     ,         ,    ,        ,    [25 -   ,            ;    ,       .  ,      ,   ,      ;   ,  ,   ,       ,      . - ,   1941     ,  ,          ;   ,         ,        .   .: Hill A. The Red Army and the Second World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. P. 76; Mawdsley E. Thunder in the East. P. xiv; Reese R. The Red Army and the Great Purges // Arch Getty J., Manning R. (eds.). Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. P. 198214; Glantz D., House J. When Titans Clash. P. 1013.                 .: Murphy D. What Stalin Knew. P. 173180; Bellamy C. Absolute War. P. 145146, 149, 150162.             1942  .: Glantz D., House J. When Titans Clash. P. 26.    ,          1942 ,     ,   . .: Bellamy C. Absolute War. P. 116117.    .: Overy R. Why the Allies Won. P. 324.     .: Mawdsley E. Thunder in the East. P. 27; Hill A. The Red Army and the Second World War. P. 202; Erickson J. The Road to Stalingrad. P. 66; Glantz D., House J. When Titans Clash. P. 27.].

         ,          .   ,      ,  ,    ,       .       ,   ,   ,    ,     . ,        ,        ()    ,    ,    ,      ,   ,    .            ,      ,    ,  .   , ,         .       ,        .        :      ,       ,  ,        ,        ,     .              ,   .        ,      ,   1942      2400  ,  8     25  [26 -  ..,  ..,  ..         , 19411942. .: - . -, 1985. . 27; .. 6822. . 2. . 409. . 74100;  ..   .     //        :  . .: . . .  , 1995. . 145;  ..       19411942 //    .        19411942.:     /  . .. , .. , .. , .. . .: , 1966. . 15.].       ,     ,        .        .             ,            ,            .          ,       ,    .           ,     ,     .             .           , , ,   ,       , , ,     ,       ,    .         ,     ,    ,                 .           , ,   .        .         ,         .

        ,       .          ,      .              .     :            .            .      ,          .   , ,        ,    .    ,         ,        ,    .                 ,   ,    ,       .

              .   ,    ,    , ,    ,   :     ,     ,    ,   ,        , ,     ,    ,        .       , ,      .  ,          ,  ,       .  ,     ,     .

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 1

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           .  ,       1941    1942-,  40%        32000 ,  , , ,  ,   ,    ,  ,     , ,  ,  [38 -  ..     , 19411942 //    . 2006. 6. URL: http://vivovoco.astronet.ru/VV/JOURNAL/NEWHIST/EVACO.HTM ( : 27.04.2022).].      33%       1940 [39 - Harrison M. Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 19401945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. P. 97.].        .   1941           .    1941     12   (  1942       17 )     2593 [40 -   :  ..   .  ,       ,           . . :  ..,  ..,  ..         , 19411942. .: - . -, 1985. . 13.   ,   1941    10  .      . . 1 . 119 . .].    ,   37%  ,    [41 -    .: Harrison M. The Second World War // Davies R. W., Harrison M., Wheatcroft S. G. (eds.). The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 19131945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. P. 253;  ..,  ..,  ..   . . 27; .. 6822. . 2. . 409. . 74100;  ..       19411942 //    . . 15.     ,        1941 .].

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          ,    .         1928 .  1934          ,      -     [48 -  ..   ,   : .. 8518. . 27. . 244; . 23. . 224; . 25. . 120.].   1941           . ,  ..,  ,    3 ,        .     .      ,  , :

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   ,    ,    .          .  ,     ,   ,    ,       .  ,    ,          ,     ,          .   ,       .    ,    [95 -  . . 18. . 68.].  -  ,   ,      ,           .        ,       ,   - ,        .      :     ,        [96 -  . . 99 ., 22.].

     .           .     ,  ,   -    ?  ,     29 ,               .             ,    .      [97 - .. 17. . 122. . 10. . 10. . 26.].       ,                 [98 -  . . 2526.].        -    ,             [99 -  . . 28.].

   ,         26  29     .      ,       .         ,         .  ,     ,     .           .      ()     .       ,          ,   .     ,   . -  ,      ,    .     -         ,    .       ,      ,  . ,           ,  ,      .   ,    ,   ,     ,     [100 -  . . 6466.].                .    ,    ,     , ,    ,              [101 -  . . 4548.].                .          ,      ,   ; ,    ,   .    ,    [102 -  . . 4951.]. 6      ,     ,        70100        .      ,          [103 - .. 17. . 122. . 10. . 4648.].

         .    ..,    ,     :    ,   ,   .    ?   :           .   ,    ,     . <> . ,  ,   ,  ,       [104 -  . . 3940.    ( )       .].   , ,    ,         .       ,   .      ,  .     ,   :     .  ,  ,  . ,        ,         .     , ,   ..     ,     .  :  ,        [105 -  .].

        .       ,         .      ?   ,   ?[106 -  . . 28.] ..,       ,      :



    ,   ,          ,    ,               ,         , ,   ,   - [107 -  ..     , 19411945. .: , 1981. . 81.].


   ,        ,    ,    ,   .




, , 


  ,  , ,    ,         ,      .         ,    [108 - .. 6822. . 1. . 409. . 45, 8, 9, 18, 21, 22.].  ,   ,         ,       ,  .  ,      ,       ,     5000  [109 -  ..    //    . . 230231.].    ,   ,            ,   ,     .

      .      ,                 [110 - .. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 19.].        ,     .      ,              ,     ,         .  ,     ,    (    ) .              .   3  1941  :



          (, )         ().          ,       . <>                       .                      ,           [111 -  . . 423. . 35.   . 5.].


          .              ,      ,      .  ,   ,    ,         [112 -  . . 438. . 119, 117; . 482. . 11.].                          .        ,        . ,       1,6         .       :    , ,     [113 -  . . 438. . 113111 (   ).].    ,       .        ,    ,     .    ,      ,               . -         ,    ,         [114 - .. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 24, 2732;  ..   . . 207.].               ,      ,          ,  ,   ,     .                 ,      [115 -  . . 510. . 28, 2721 (   ).].

      80%         ,   [116 - Erickson J. The Road to Stalingrad: Stalins War with Germany. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975. P. 232233.].         :                  ,      .          ,        .      ,    . 18                .      ,        .     - ,              .      ,       [117 - .. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 36; . 264. . 102101 (   ). . : Barber J., Harrison M. The Soviet Home Front. P. 132,   ,                    .].






. 2.     . 1941 .    .




,    


             ,    , ,  ,    .                           ,           .           :  ,    ,       .     ,        ,     ,       . ,    ,  ,     ,      ,       .                , ,   .         ,   -             ; ,        [118 -  ..,  ..,  ..   . . 118, 124.      50%      (395300  245000  )  6% (15500) .].        ,      [119 -  ..,  ..,  ..   . . 118, 126.].

       .  ,             .    ,     ,      ,   [120 - .. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 19.].         , ,       ,      [121 -  . . 2526; . 92. . 16, 9, 1114.].         ,       ,   .                     ,       .            .         ,    ,  ,   ,      [122 -  . . 550. . 3435, 37.].    ,         .            [123 -  . . 35, 36, 43, 55.].

           , , , ,         .   ,       ,       ,   .        ,      .      :     ,    .     , ,    ,   [124 -  . . 5051.].

      ,      .           [125 - .. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 55.].                .            ,   .     ,       .      .        ,   ,  .   .  ,   ,   ,    ,  .    , ,      , ,        .         :   ,       ,      ,    [126 -  . . 511. . 58.].       ,       ,   ,   .      ,       ,    ,       [127 -  ..,  ..,  ..   . . 119120.].

       . ..,  - , ,  27    ,         .       ,         , ,              .        ,      .     1942    ,    .       ,   ,       .  1943    ,      ,     [128 -  . . 122.].

       ,  ,           [129 - .. 6822. . 1. . 511. . 58.].        ,     .      ,       .          .          ,    -.      ,      .   ,    ,     .    , ,   ,      .   ,     .                  ,      .   ,   ,     ,       .   ,      .    , ,           , ,          . ,   ,       ,         .     ,     ,            [130 - .. 6822. . 1. . 511. . 5756, 5553 (   ).].

 ,       ,  ,         .           ? ,       .       40%  65616     [131 -  . . 10.].               - ,    ,       [132 -  . . 550. . 63; Solonari V. A Satellite Empire: Romanian Rule in Southwestern Ukraine, 19411944. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2019. P. 1620.].        ,  ,      :  25000      ,  35000  .     210000  80%     ,    [133 - .   ,     : Udler R. The Cursed Years: Reminiscences of a Holocaust Survivor. Pittsburgh: Chisinau, 2005.].

          [134 - .. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 63.].         ,               -  [135 -  . . 72.].               ,    , , , -   ,    [136 -  . . 64. . 7482.].         [137 -  . . 73, 2437, 21, 810.].        ,     ,      10 [138 -  . . 89, 90.].            .        . 4              . 12            . 13 ,        ,        [139 -  . . 814.].      . 24    .       ,                  .      ,         ,                 .

          .    8,8  [140 -  1  1941    8777600 ,    903800 , 3502700     3381500 :  ..,  ..,  ..   . . 127.].   ,   , ,  ,  ,       ,     .          ,      [141 -  . . 127128.].  , ,    .   ,    , ,    ,      [142 - .. 6822. . 1. . 511. . 160.].




 :    


 ,              .   ,        , ?    .   ,     ,        ,       .      ,      21 .           ,    .    42  ,    ,   ,    ,  80000 .           [143 -  . . 550. . 21.   .:  ..,  ..,  ..   . . 6263.].

   ,    ,              ,   ,       [144 - .. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 1921, 2733.].            .    ,      .          ,     ,     .          [145 -  ..,  ..,  ..   . . 65.].

3                    ,     7 .     ,   12     ,       ,            ,      [146 -  . . 64; .. 6822. . 1. . 409. . 18; . 469. . 3; . 511. . 13; . 550. . 60.].      ,            ,   .            , ,    [147 - .. 6822. . 1. . 511. . 17.].   ,   ,   150  ,      .          ,     ,   ,         ,   [148 -  ..   . . 13;  ..   . . 211.].       ,          ,   ,    [149 - .. 6822. . 1. . 511. . 13; . 550. . 61.].      ,     ,      [150 -  . . 550. . 6162.].

       29[151 -  . . 511. . 36.]. 17 ,          ,         ,    ,    [152 -  . . 550. . 6871.].             ,   .         .         ,      -   ?  ,   .   ,   ,   [153 -  . . 511. . 28.].              ?     [154 -  . . 550. . 73.].

23    ,          .      ( ) ,     ,      . ,      , :



    .      .    .                 ,   [155 -  ..  . . 205.].


 ,      ,        ,     .         ,  [156 - .. 6822. . 1. . 468. . 2.]. ..,    , :



     .  ,     ,          .     .   , [157 - . :  ..,  ..,  ..   . . 66;  ..     , 19411942  //    . 2006. 6. . 17.].


      ,   ,      [158 - .. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 90.].  3          .    .  ,        [159 -  ..,  ..,  ..   . . 66.].     .     ,     .




 :   


25   , 3   .   -      ,    ,         .       ,        . - ,     ,     655000        .      ,  -      . 19    .        ,     ,           ,           ,     [160 - Stahel D., House J. When Titans Clash: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995. P. 7677; Stahel D. Kiev 1941: Hitlers Battle for Supremacy in the East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. P. 78, 173, 348349, 351.].   ,      ,          .       ,       ,    [161 - .. 6822. . 1. . 264. . 26, 4746, 50, 54.].

         26 [162 -  . . 550. . 90, 91.].       .             .             .      ,        ,         .    ,    .  ,     ,   ,           .          ,    ,      ,      [163 -  ..   . . 15.].

            [164 - .. 6822. . 1. . 264. . 60, 134133.]. 13  .,    ,    ,                  ,   .    ,  ,     .     ;  ,        [165 - .. 6822. . 1. . 264. . 9995.]. 25  ..,   ,       , -      ,   . 1    ,   47 ,         ,   .       ,      16     [166 -  . . 9571.].            [167 -  . . 550. . 91.].     1117 ,    ,              [168 -  . . 438. . 140, 147.].   6       ,        .     500     -,    -  ,         100 [169 -         : .. 6822. . 1. . 438. . 154.].

   , 9       .                .     ,  ,  ,    , ,       .  ,  ,      ,  ,   ,            ,     .      ,  ,  [170 - .. 6822. . 1. . 264. . 142136; .. 17. . 122. . 18. . 140142.]. 8       ,        .     , - ,    :   ![171 - URL: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germans-overrun-mariupol-in-southern-russia ( ).]

              ,         --       .      ,       . 17    ,            .      11 ,        ,  , - ,     ,     40000 [172 - .. 6822. . 1. . 383. . 56.].     ,         [173 - .. 6822. . 1. . 383. . 1.]. 21    ,     .      ,       ,    .       [174 - Hill A. The Red Army and the Second World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. P. 264.].

     .   :



        ,  .      ,          . ,            ,        ,     ,     [175 -  ..  . . 206.           ,     ,    .    .].


             [176 -  ..,  ..,  ..   . . 8384.].    ,  ,      , , - ,   , ,        . ,        ,      ,      .




:   


           ,     .  ,       ,         .        ,    ,     .    ,    ,  ,     .      ,    .  ,        ,      [177 -       .  2 . .,  : Manley R. To the Tashkent Station. P. 1, 8, 1821.].  ,     ,    .           .

              .                  :     ,   ;        [178 - .. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 15.].      ,      ,     ,     .      ,       [179 -  . . 409. . 9.].        :     ,   ,   ,   , .            :  ,  (   )     ,         ,    .            .           ,   ,     ,  .

,  ,  ,     ,        .   ,      ,        ,           [180 -      .:  ..             //  . 2002. 3. URL: http://vivovoco.ibmh.msk.su/VV/JOURNAL/RUHIST/EVAC.HTM ( : 28.04.2022).].   1941              ,     1942        [181 - Berkhoff K. Motherland in Danger: Propaganda during World War II. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012. P. 135165.].         ,   1942      .       1943 ,       .          ,         .    ,    ,    ,  ,  ,     ,     1941?   1942 .    1944   ,      ,     15  1941 ,    .       :



  <> ,         ,  ,    ,    ,  ,     :    ,    .       ,   , ,      .    ,     [182 -  .    // . 1990. 11. . 119.].


     .   ,   ,       -     ,       .  6  ,  , 2      .      ,          .         600    ,    [183 -    .:  .,  .  . .: Corpus, 2019;   .: Tec N. Defiance: The Bielski Partisans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993; Walke A. Partisans and Pioneers: An Oral History of Nazi Genocide in Belorussia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015; Slepyan K. Stalins Guerrillas: Soviet Partisans in World War II. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006.    .       .].

    ,    ,         ,      .    ,      ,     . ,       42500 ; ?             .  ,    ,         .    , ,     ,  ,  .             ,      ,      ,  ,  ,   [184 -  ..  . . 1721, 28.     , , ,    ,       .     , , , , ,    ,     ,  ,     .].

  ,            .   , ,      ,     ,    .             , ,    ,    [185 - .. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 1112, 2021; . 510. . 109; . 43. . 4925.].        ,       - ,     ,         ,   ,    [186 -  . . 550. . 23, 3031, 3738, 44.].         ,     ,     ,   [187 -  . . 3839.      .: Manley R. To the Tashkent Station. P. 148196.      .: Holmes L. War, Evacuation, and the Exercise of Power. P. 4058, 88106.].         ,    ,            , ,      ,      [188 - .. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 3132; . 482. . 21.].

        ,        1,8  .  80%  900000     341000       [189 -  . . 510. . 20, 18, 16, 28.].   -     ,                [190 -  . . 409. . 169; . 550. . 65; . 510. . 3029.].        ,     2000      .   12        [191 -  . . 550. . 57.].

        .  ,      - ,        27 ,    .    ,          .      ,      .     ,      .    .    ,       ,     ,     ,     .                  [192 - .. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 3331.].

        ,      .        .            .           ,     .     ,          10000   ,      ,   240   -  .        :  ,    (  )                                   [193 -  . . 482. . 16.].           .     ,     ;        .              ,  ,  ,            ,    [194 -       .:  ..  . . 30,    2.1.].

   ,       ,          .  19371938           .         ,          .  1939      ,          (   )   .  383000          ,  ,   1930? ,    ,   [195 -  .         . .: ; , 2001. URL: http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/knigi/polian/polian.html ( : 28.04.2022).].           ,   ,          .

         .            ,        ,         XVIII . ,         ,             800000      ,     .    1941           7400     ,    ,      ,   .     ,        ,   ,   ,       .          , ,            ,          [196 - .. 6822. . 1. . 482. . 2, 1.].      19371938 ,      , ,     1941 ,   ,      .  ,   1930?          ,   19371938      ,    ,        .




:     


         ,     .         ,      10        ,     ,    .     [197 -  ..,  ..,  ..   . . 7475;  ..   . . 112.        . . : Braithwaite R. Moscow 1941: A City and Its People. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. P. 219234.].   ,             , , ,         .  16  ..  ..,    ,   .     ,  ,     ,     .   ,       . , , , ,   ,     ,    ,    ,     .   ,     .  :     .       ,        .    .          ,      [198 -  ..   . . 212.].   , ,    , ,   , ?    .             ,      ,   .    .     ,  9   17        [199 -  ..   . . 212213.]




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notes








1


    .




2


     home front ( ),          .  ,       ,    . .: Hagemann K., Schuler-Springorum S. (eds.). Home/Front: The Military, War and Gender in Twentieth-Century Germany. Oxford: Berg, 2002. P. 8.




3


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4


    : Barber J., Harrison M. The Soviet Home Front 19411945: A Social and Economic History of the USSR in World War II. London; New York: Longman, 1991.   : Thurston R. W., Bonwetsch B. (eds.). The Peoples War: Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000; Linz S. (ed.). Impact of World War II on the Soviet Union. Totowa, N. J.: Rowman & Allanheld, 1985; Stone D. (ed.). The Soviet Union at War, 19411945. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword Books, 2010.     ,     ,   ,   ,    .     ,      ,     ,        ,          .          ,     .




5


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6


     . : Samuelson L. Tankograd. The Formation of a Soviet Company Town: Cheliabinsk, 1900s  1950s. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Chs. 7, 8; Holmes L. War, Evacuation and the Exercise of Power: The Center, Periphery, and Kirovs Pedagogical Institute, 19411952. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2012; Stalins World War II Evacuations: Triumph and Troubles in Kirov. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2017.




7


. : Overy R. Why the Allies Won. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1995. P. 188;     .: Mawdsley E. Thunder in the East: The Nazi  Soviet War 19411945. London: Bloomsbury, 2016. P. 47.




8


 ..    //   . 19411945 /  . .. . .: , 2004. . 1. . 12;  .:  ..              //  . 2014. 2 (79). . 3. URL: http://www.politpros.com/journal/read/?print=y&ID=3167&journal=160 ( : 29.01.2022).




9


Harrison M. Industry and Economy // Stone D. (ed.). The Soviet Union at War. P. 17.




10


Erickson J. The Road to Stalingrad: Stalins War with Germany. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975. P. 60.




11


Glantz D., House J. When Titans Clash: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995. P. 1516.




12


.    : Murphy D. What Stalin Knew: The Enigma of Barbarossa. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005. P. xv xx, 6, 173187;  ..,  ..,  ..,  ..   , 19411945. .: .  , 2012. . II. . 242301.




13


Bellamy C. Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. New York: Alfred Knopf, 2007. P. 118119, 126.




14


.    : Fest J. Hitler. New York: Mariner Books, 2002. P. 649.




15


  1942      ; .: Burds J. Turncoats, Traitors, and Provocateurs: Communist Collaborators, the German Occupation, and Stalins NKVD, 19411943 // East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures. 2018. Vol. 32. 3. P. 608, 616.




16


Tooze A. The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. New York: Viking Penguin, 2006. P. 462.




17


   .: Kay A. J. Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder: Political and Economic Planning for German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 19401941. New York: Berghahn Books, 2006.




18


Collingham L. The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food. New York: Penguin Press, 2012. P. 18, 22, 25, 26.




19


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21


.: Kay A. J. The Purpose of the Russian Campaign Is the Decimation of the Slavic Population by Thirty Million: The Radicalization of German Food Policy in Early 1941 // Kay A. J., Rutherford J., Stahel D. (eds.). Nazi Policy on the Eastern Front, 1941: Total War, Genocide, and Radicalization. Rochester, N. Y.: University of Rochester Press, 2012. P. 113.




22


Collingham L. The Taste of War. P. 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42.




23


R?mer F. The Wehrmacht in the War of Ideologies: The Army and Hitlers Criminal Orders on the Eastern Front // Kay A. J., Rutherford J., Stahel D. (eds.). Nazi Policy. P. 73100; Browning C. R. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939  March 1942. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004. P. 222223.




24


.:  ..     XX  . 2425  1956. URL: http://www.agitclub.ru/spezhran/hruzev1.htm ( : 27.04.2022).    ,       , ,   ,     .




25


  ,            ;    ,       .  ,      ,   ,      ;   ,  ,   ,       ,      . - ,   1941     ,  ,          ;   ,         ,        .   .: Hill A. The Red Army and the Second World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. P. 76; Mawdsley E. Thunder in the East. P. xiv; Reese R. The Red Army and the Great Purges // Arch Getty J., Manning R. (eds.). Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. P. 198214; Glantz D., House J. When Titans Clash. P. 1013.                 .: Murphy D. What Stalin Knew. P. 173180; Bellamy C. Absolute War. P. 145146, 149, 150162.             1942  .: Glantz D., House J. When Titans Clash. P. 26.    ,          1942 ,     ,   . .: Bellamy C. Absolute War. P. 116117.    .: Overy R. Why the Allies Won. P. 324.     .: Mawdsley E. Thunder in the East. P. 27; Hill A. The Red Army and the Second World War. P. 202; Erickson J. The Road to Stalingrad. P. 66; Glantz D., House J. When Titans Clash. P. 27.




26


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27


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28


By the Numbers: World Wide Deaths // National WWII Museum. URL: http://www.nationalww2museum.org/learn/education/for-students/ww2-history/ww2-by-the-numbers/world-wide-deaths.html ( : 27.04.2022); URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties ( : 27.04.2022).




29


Thompson E. P. Beyond the Frontier: The Politics of a Failed Mission, Bulgaria 1944. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997. P. 37.




30


 .  1941.       / . .. , .. . .: -, 2006.




31


Tumarkin N. The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia. New York: Basic Books, 1994.




32


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35


Harrison M. Industry and Economy. P. 26.




36


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37


.. 6822. . 1. . 439. . 2019 (   ).




38


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39


Harrison M. Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 19401945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. P. 97.




40


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41


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42


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43


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44


   . . 79.




45


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46


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47


Barber J., Harrison M. The Soviet Home Front, 19411945: A Social and Economic History of the USSR in World War II. London; New York: Longman, 1991. P. 132.




48


 ..   ,   : .. 8518. . 27. . 244; . 23. . 224; . 25. . 120.




49


 ..   . . 9.




50


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51


 ..   . . 9.




52


.. 6822. . 1. . 502. . 89.




53


 ..    //    . . 205, 208.




54


 ..   :     //        :   / . . .. , .. , .. , .. , .. . .: . . .  , 1995. . 142.




55


.. 6822. . 1. . 43. . 2119 (   ).      .               30  .




56


.. 6822. . 1. . 409. . 34.




57


  ()         //   . 1990. 6. . 201;  ..  . . 202.




58


      . . 3. .: , 1968. . 45.




59


Voznesensky N. A. Soviet Economy during the Second World War. New York: International Publishers, 1949. P. 35.




60


    .. , .. , ..   .. . .:     . . 201.




61


            1941  // .. 6822. . 1. . 550.




62


           . .:  ..  . . 202; .. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 1. . :   ()     27  1941            //   . 1990. 6. . 207.




63


 ..  . . 203.




64


 . . 204205.




65


    . . 201.




66


 ..   . . 209.




67


.. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 14.




68


          //   . 1990. 6. . 207.  ,        (,   ..),    ,      .           .




69


     ()       //   . 50 .      . . 1. , 1991. C. 4849.




70


Shternshis A. Between Life and Death: Why Some Soviet Jews Decided to Leave and Others to Stay in 1941 // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2014. Vol. 15. 3. P. 477504.




71


   .      (   Centropa.org).




72


Arad Y. The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2010. P. 87.




73


.. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 1112;    ()   ϻ  27  1941. //   . 1990. 6. . 208.




74


.. 6822. . 1. . 409. . 46.




75


 ..  . . 206.




76


 ..   . . 211212.




77


.. 6822. . 1. . 64. . 48, 67.




78


 . . 550. . 12.




79


 . . 409. . 6.




80


 . . 550. . 12.




81


 ..   . . 209.




82


     ()          29  1941. //   . 1990. 6. . 211212.




83


.. 6822. . 1. . 409. . 7.




84


Goldman W. Z. Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalins Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.




85


  . ., : .. 17. . 122. . 10. . 11, 29, 46.




86


.. 17. . 122. . 10. . 8.




87


 . . 2526.




88


.. 17. . 122. . 10. . 1113.   . 12.




89


 .




90


 . . 13.




91


.. 17. . 122. . 10. . 15.




92


 . . 1415 .




93


 . . 2526.




94


 . . 30.




95


 . . 18. . 68.




96


 . . 99 ., 22.




97


.. 17. . 122. . 10. . 10. . 26.




98


 . . 2526.




99


 . . 28.




100


 . . 6466.




101


 . . 4548.




102


 . . 4951.




103


.. 17. . 122. . 10. . 4648.




104


 . . 3940.    ( )       .




105


 .




106


 . . 28.




107


 ..     , 19411945. .: , 1981. . 81.




108


.. 6822. . 1. . 409. . 45, 8, 9, 18, 21, 22.




109


 ..    //    . . 230231.




110


.. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 19.




111


 . . 423. . 35.   . 5.




112


 . . 438. . 119, 117; . 482. . 11.




113


 . . 438. . 113111 (   ).




114


.. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 24, 2732;  ..   . . 207.




115


 . . 510. . 28, 2721 (   ).




116


Erickson J. The Road to Stalingrad: Stalins War with Germany. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975. P. 232233.




117


.. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 36; . 264. . 102101 (   ). . : Barber J., Harrison M. The Soviet Home Front. P. 132,   ,                    .




118


 ..,  ..,  ..   . . 118, 124.      50%      (395300  245000  )  6% (15500) .




119


 ..,  ..,  ..   . . 118, 126.




120


.. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 19.




121


 . . 2526; . 92. . 16, 9, 1114.




122


 . . 550. . 3435, 37.




123


 . . 35, 36, 43, 55.




124


 . . 5051.




125


.. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 55.




126


 . . 511. . 58.




127


 ..,  ..,  ..   . . 119120.




128


 . . 122.




129


.. 6822. . 1. . 511. . 58.




130


.. 6822. . 1. . 511. . 5756, 5553 (   ).




131


 . . 10.




132


 . . 550. . 63; Solonari V. A Satellite Empire: Romanian Rule in Southwestern Ukraine, 19411944. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2019. P. 1620.




133


.   ,     : Udler R. The Cursed Years: Reminiscences of a Holocaust Survivor. Pittsburgh: Chisinau, 2005.




134


.. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 63.




135


 . . 72.




136


 . . 64. . 7482.




137


 . . 73, 2437, 21, 810.




138


 . . 89, 90.




139


 . . 814.




140


 1  1941    8777600 ,    903800 , 3502700     3381500 :  ..,  ..,  ..   . . 127.




141


 . . 127128.




142


.. 6822. . 1. . 511. . 160.




143


 . . 550. . 21.   .:  ..,  ..,  ..   . . 6263.




144


.. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 1921, 2733.




145


 ..,  ..,  ..   . . 65.




146


 . . 64; .. 6822. . 1. . 409. . 18; . 469. . 3; . 511. . 13; . 550. . 60.




147


.. 6822. . 1. . 511. . 17.




148


 ..   . . 13;  ..   . . 211.




149


.. 6822. . 1. . 511. . 13; . 550. . 61.




150


 . . 550. . 6162.




151


 . . 511. . 36.




152


 . . 550. . 6871.




153


 . . 511. . 28.




154


 . . 550. . 73.




155


 ..  . . 205.




156


.. 6822. . 1. . 468. . 2.




157


. :  ..,  ..,  ..   . . 66;  ..     , 19411942  //    . 2006. 6. . 17.




158


.. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 90.




159


 ..,  ..,  ..   . . 66.




160


Stahel D., House J. When Titans Clash: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995. P. 7677; Stahel D. Kiev 1941: Hitlers Battle for Supremacy in the East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. P. 78, 173, 348349, 351.




161


.. 6822. . 1. . 264. . 26, 4746, 50, 54.




162


 . . 550. . 90, 91.




163


 ..   . . 15.




164


.. 6822. . 1. . 264. . 60, 134133.




165


.. 6822. . 1. . 264. . 9995.




166


 . . 9571.




167


 . . 550. . 91.




168


 . . 438. . 140, 147.




169


        : .. 6822. . 1. . 438. . 154.




170


.. 6822. . 1. . 264. . 142136; .. 17. . 122. . 18. . 140142.




171


URL: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germans-overrun-mariupol-in-southern-russia ( ).




172


.. 6822. . 1. . 383. . 56.




173


.. 6822. . 1. . 383. . 1.




174


Hill A. The Red Army and the Second World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. P. 264.




175


 ..  . . 206.           ,     ,    .    .




176


 ..,  ..,  ..   . . 8384.




177


      .  2 . .,  : Manley R. To the Tashkent Station. P. 1, 8, 1821.




178


.. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 15.




179


 . . 409. . 9.




180


     .:  ..             //  . 2002. 3. URL: http://vivovoco.ibmh.msk.su/VV/JOURNAL/RUHIST/EVAC.HTM ( : 28.04.2022).




181


Berkhoff K. Motherland in Danger: Propaganda during World War II. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012. P. 135165.




182


 .    // . 1990. 11. . 119.




183


   .:  .,  .  . .: Corpus, 2019;   .: Tec N. Defiance: The Bielski Partisans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993; Walke A. Partisans and Pioneers: An Oral History of Nazi Genocide in Belorussia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015; Slepyan K. Stalins Guerrillas: Soviet Partisans in World War II. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006.    .       .




184


 ..  . . 1721, 28.     , , ,    ,       .     , , , , ,    ,     ,  ,     .




185


.. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 1112, 2021; . 510. . 109; . 43. . 4925.




186


 . . 550. . 23, 3031, 3738, 44.




187


 . . 3839.      .: Manley R. To the Tashkent Station. P. 148196.      .: Holmes L. War, Evacuation, and the Exercise of Power. P. 4058, 88106.




188


.. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 3132; . 482. . 21.




189


 . . 510. . 20, 18, 16, 28.




190


 . . 409. . 169; . 550. . 65; . 510. . 3029.




191


 . . 550. . 57.




192


.. 6822. . 1. . 550. . 3331.




193


 . . 482. . 16.




194


      .:  ..  . . 30,    2.1.




195


 .         . .: ; , 2001. URL: http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/knigi/polian/polian.html ( : 28.04.2022).




196


.. 6822. . 1. . 482. . 2, 1.




197


 ..,  ..,  ..   . . 7475;  ..   . . 112.        . . : Braithwaite R. Moscow 1941: A City and Its People. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. P. 219234.




198


 ..   . . 212.




199


 ..   . . 212213.


