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   ,        ,     .                 ( 1989.)[1 - M.E. Porter with G.T.Crocombe andM.J. Enright, Upgrading New Zealand's Competitive Advantage, Oxford University Press, Auckland, 1991.],  (1990.)[2 - M.E. Porter with Monitor Company, Canada attheCrossroads: TheReality ofaNew Competitive Environment, Business Council onNational Issues andMinister ofSupply andServices, Ottawa, Canada, 1992. Seealso M.E. Porter andJ.H. Armstrong, unpublished working paper, September 1997.]  (1991.)[3 - M.E. Porter with Monitor Company, "Construir asVantagens Competitivas dePortugal, Forum Para aCompetitividade, Lisbon, Portugal, 1994.].           [4 - See, forexample, M.E. Porter andJ.H. Armstrong, Canada Revisited, unpublished working paper, August 1997.].      ,     .            , , , ,  [5 - M.E. Porter with O. S?lvell andI. Zander, Advantage Sweden, Norstedts F?rlag AB, Stockholm, SWEDEN, 1991; Vaekst og dynamik i dansk erhvervsliv, H. Pade (editor), J.H. Schultz Information A/S, K0benhavn, Denmark, 1991; Internationale Wettbewerbsvorteile: EinStrategisches Konzept fur dieSchweiz (International Competitive Advantage: ANew Strategie Concept forSwitzerland), with Silvio Borner, Rolf Weder, andMichael J. Enright, Campus Verlag, Frankfurt/NewYork, 1991; C. van derLinde, Deutsche Wettbewerbsvorteile, Econ, D?sseldorf, Wein, NewYork, Moscow, 1992; Korean Competitiveness: AShortcut toanAdvanced Nation, Dong-Sung Cho, 1992.].   ,       ,      [6 - M.E. Porter, Applying theCompetitive Advantage ofNations Paradigm toNorway, inPRAKTISK 0KONOMI & LEDELSE; ET KONSURRANSEDYK-TIGNORGE, Number 1, February 1993, Bedrifs0konomens Forlag A/S, Oslo, Norway.], [7 - Finnish Industrial Clusters, inNational Industrial Strategy forFinland, Ministry ofTrade andIndustry inFinland, Industry Department, 1993; Advantage Finland: TheFuture ofFinnish Industries, Hannu Hernesniemi, Markku Lammi, andPekka Yl?-Anttila, ETLA, Taloustieto Oy, Helsinki 1996; Finland: AKnowledge-Based Society, Science andTechnology Policy Council ofFinland, EDITA, Helsinki, Finland, 1996.], [8 - F.A.J, van denBosch andA.P. deMan (eds.), Perspective onStrategy: Contributions ofMichael E. Porter, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston/ Dordrecht/London, 1997.], [9 - M.J. Enright, E.E. Scott, andD. Dodwell, TheHong Kong Advantage, Oxford University Press, NewYork, 1997.]   .       - ,   ,   [10 - Forexample, see M.E. Porter andMonitor Company, TheCompetitive Advantage ofMassachusetts, Office oftheSecretary ofState, Boston, MA, 1991; TheCompetitive Advantage ofEuskadi, Monitor Company, Cambridge, MA, 1992; andTheQuebec Industrial Atlas, produced byP. Gagn andM. Lef?vre with thecooperation ofG. Tremblay, Publi-Relais, Montral, 1993.].           ,      .

        . Ѡ         ,        [11 - M.E. Porter with P. Ghemawat andU. Srinivasa Rangan, ANew Vision forIndian Economic Development: TheCorporate Agenda, working paper, October, 1995; M. Porter with P. Ghemawat andU. Srinivasa Rangan, ANew Vision forIndian Economic Development, working paper, March 1995.].          , , , , [12 - J. Hyv?rinen andJ. Borsos, Emerging Estonian Industrial Transformation: Towards aDual Industrial Strategy forEstonia, Taloustieto Oy, Helsinki, 1994.], , , ,  , , [13 - Venezuela: TheChallenge ofCompetitiveness, Michael J. Enright, Antonio Francs, andEdith Scott Saavedra, St. Martin's Press, NewYork, 1996.]   .

          .  - ,    ,      , , , , , -, , , , , , , ,  , ,    .

,    ,        [14 - See, forexample, R.M. Smit, Rotterdam seen through Porter-colored glasses, inF.A.J, van denBosch andA.P. deMan (eds.), Perspectives onStrategy: Contributions ofMichael E. Porter, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston/Dordrecht/London, 1997.].  ,          [15 - TheCompetitive Advantage oftheInner City, Harvard Business Review, May-June 1995; NewStrategies forInner-City Economic Development, Economic Development Quarterly, Volume 11, Number 1, Sage Periodicals Press, February 1997.]. ߠ,        , , ,            .        ,               .  ,               [16 - Anew organization, theInitiative foraCompetitive Inner City, has been founded topursue this agenda. Afull bibliography ofits research isavailable from theauthor.].

           .       (, Mercusor, NAFTA)        , , ,   .           ,          .  ,      ,   ,    ,       .  1994            [17 - TheLatin American Center forCompetitiveness andSustainable Development has been established atINCAE, theregion's leading school ofbusiness, economics, andgovernment, tosupport this effort. SeeProject Overview and].            , ,   ,     . ,   ,     ,    ,     .

        ,         ,        .        .

     ,       .   ,      ,  [18 - Update, Latin American Center forCompetitiveness andSustainable Development, INCAE, Costa Rica, August 1997.].      ; 1997       [19 - L.G. Thomas, Industrial Policy andInternational Competitiveness inthePharmaceutical Industry, inCompetitive Strategies inthePharmaceutical Industry, R.B. Helms (ed.), American Enterprise Institute forPublic Policy Research, 1996; A. Shleifer, E. Glaeser, H. Kallal, andJ. Scheinkman, Growth inCities, Journal ofPolitical Economy, December 1992; V. Henderson, A. Kuncoro, andM. Turner, Industrial Development inCities, Journal ofPolitical Economy, 1995.].     堖   (marketing oflocations)[20 - Forabibliography ofliterature andcluster initiatives, see Clusters andCompetition: TheNew Agenda forCompanies, Governments, andInstitutions, inMichael Porter onCompetition, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, forthcoming, 1998.],        .      ,      ,       [21 - P. Kotier, S. Jatusripitak, S. Maesincee, andS. Jatusri, TheMarketing ofNations: AStrategic Approach toBuilding National Wealth, TheFree Press, NewYork, 1997.].       ,          ,     . ,   ,   頖   (Plowing theSea)  ,   ,           [22 - M.E. Porter andC. van derLinde, Green andCompetitive: Ending theStalemate, Harvard Business Review, September-October 1995; M.E. Porter andC. van derLinde, Toward aNew Conception oftheEnvironment-Competitiveness Relationship, TheJournal ofEconomic Perspectives, Volume 9, Number 4, Fall 1995; S. Schmidheiny with theBusiness Council forSustainable Development, Changing Course: AGlobal Perspective onDevelopment andtheEnvironment, TheMITPress, Cambridge, Massachusetts/London, England, 1992; A.B. Jaffe, S. Peterson, P. Portney, andR.N. Stavins, Environmental Regulation andInternational Competitiveness: What Does theEvidence Tell Us, draft, January 13, 1994; W. Oates, K.L. Palmer, andP. Portney, Environmental Regulation andInternational Competitiveness: Thinking about thePorter Hypothesis, Resources fortheFuture Working Paper 9402, 1993; R. Schmalensee, TheCosts ofEnvironmental Regulation, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Center forEnergy andEnvironmental Policy Research Working Paper 93-015, 1993; T. Panayotou andJ.R. Vincent, Environmental Regulation andCompetitiveness, TheGlobal Competitiveness Report 1997, World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland, 1997.].     .




   


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, ,    , ,  ,    .           ,      .        ;    ,      (  ), .

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  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/maykl-porter/mezhdunarodnaya-konkurenciya-konkurentnye-preimuschestva-stran/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes









1


M.E. Porter with G.T.Crocombe andM.J. Enright, Upgrading New Zealand's Competitive Advantage, Oxford University Press, Auckland, 1991.




2


M.E. Porter with Monitor Company, Canada attheCrossroads: TheReality ofaNew Competitive Environment, Business Council onNational Issues andMinister ofSupply andServices, Ottawa, Canada, 1992. Seealso M.E. Porter andJ.H. Armstrong, unpublished working paper, September 1997.




3


M.E. Porter with Monitor Company, "Construir asVantagens Competitivas dePortugal, Forum Para aCompetitividade, Lisbon, Portugal, 1994.




4


See, forexample, M.E. Porter andJ.H. Armstrong, Canada Revisited, unpublished working paper, August 1997.




5


M.E. Porter with O. S?lvell andI. Zander, Advantage Sweden, Norstedts F?rlag AB, Stockholm, SWEDEN, 1991; Vaekst og dynamik i dansk erhvervsliv, H. Pade (editor), J.H. Schultz Information A/S, K0benhavn, Denmark, 1991; Internationale Wettbewerbsvorteile: EinStrategisches Konzept fur dieSchweiz (International Competitive Advantage: ANew Strategie Concept forSwitzerland), with Silvio Borner, Rolf Weder, andMichael J. Enright, Campus Verlag, Frankfurt/NewYork, 1991; C. van derLinde, Deutsche Wettbewerbsvorteile, Econ, D?sseldorf, Wein, NewYork, Moscow, 1992; Korean Competitiveness: AShortcut toanAdvanced Nation, Dong-Sung Cho, 1992.




6


M.E. Porter, Applying theCompetitive Advantage ofNations Paradigm toNorway, inPRAKTISK 0KONOMI & LEDELSE; ET KONSURRANSEDYK-TIGNORGE, Number 1, February 1993, Bedrifs0konomens Forlag A/S, Oslo, Norway.




7


Finnish Industrial Clusters, inNational Industrial Strategy forFinland, Ministry ofTrade andIndustry inFinland, Industry Department, 1993; Advantage Finland: TheFuture ofFinnish Industries, Hannu Hernesniemi, Markku Lammi, andPekka Yl?-Anttila, ETLA, Taloustieto Oy, Helsinki 1996; Finland: AKnowledge-Based Society, Science andTechnology Policy Council ofFinland, EDITA, Helsinki, Finland, 1996.




8


F.A.J, van denBosch andA.P. deMan (eds.), Perspective onStrategy: Contributions ofMichael E. Porter, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston/ Dordrecht/London, 1997.




9


M.J. Enright, E.E. Scott, andD. Dodwell, TheHong Kong Advantage, Oxford University Press, NewYork, 1997.




10


Forexample, see M.E. Porter andMonitor Company, TheCompetitive Advantage ofMassachusetts, Office oftheSecretary ofState, Boston, MA, 1991; TheCompetitive Advantage ofEuskadi, Monitor Company, Cambridge, MA, 1992; andTheQuebec Industrial Atlas, produced byP. Gagn andM. Lef?vre with thecooperation ofG. Tremblay, Publi-Relais, Montral, 1993.




11


M.E. Porter with P. Ghemawat andU. Srinivasa Rangan, ANew Vision forIndian Economic Development: TheCorporate Agenda, working paper, October, 1995; M. Porter with P. Ghemawat andU. Srinivasa Rangan, ANew Vision forIndian Economic Development, working paper, March 1995.




12


J. Hyv?rinen andJ. Borsos, Emerging Estonian Industrial Transformation: Towards aDual Industrial Strategy forEstonia, Taloustieto Oy, Helsinki, 1994.




13


Venezuela: TheChallenge ofCompetitiveness, Michael J. Enright, Antonio Francs, andEdith Scott Saavedra, St. Martin's Press, NewYork, 1996.




14


See, forexample, R.M. Smit, Rotterdam seen through Porter-colored glasses, inF.A.J, van denBosch andA.P. deMan (eds.), Perspectives onStrategy: Contributions ofMichael E. Porter, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston/Dordrecht/London, 1997.




15


TheCompetitive Advantage oftheInner City, Harvard Business Review, May-June 1995; NewStrategies forInner-City Economic Development, Economic Development Quarterly, Volume 11, Number 1, Sage Periodicals Press, February 1997.




16


Anew organization, theInitiative foraCompetitive Inner City, has been founded topursue this agenda. Afull bibliography ofits research isavailable from theauthor.




17


TheLatin American Center forCompetitiveness andSustainable Development has been established atINCAE, theregion's leading school ofbusiness, economics, andgovernment, tosupport this effort. SeeProject Overview and




18


Update, Latin American Center forCompetitiveness andSustainable Development, INCAE, Costa Rica, August 1997.




19


L.G. Thomas, Industrial Policy andInternational Competitiveness inthePharmaceutical Industry, inCompetitive Strategies inthePharmaceutical Industry, R.B. Helms (ed.), American Enterprise Institute forPublic Policy Research, 1996; A. Shleifer, E. Glaeser, H. Kallal, andJ. Scheinkman, Growth inCities, Journal ofPolitical Economy, December 1992; V. Henderson, A. Kuncoro, andM. Turner, Industrial Development inCities, Journal ofPolitical Economy, 1995.




20


Forabibliography ofliterature andcluster initiatives, see Clusters andCompetition: TheNew Agenda forCompanies, Governments, andInstitutions, inMichael Porter onCompetition, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, forthcoming, 1998.




21


P. Kotier, S. Jatusripitak, S. Maesincee, andS. Jatusri, TheMarketing ofNations: AStrategic Approach toBuilding National Wealth, TheFree Press, NewYork, 1997.




22


M.E. Porter andC. van derLinde, Green andCompetitive: Ending theStalemate, Harvard Business Review, September-October 1995; M.E. Porter andC. van derLinde, Toward aNew Conception oftheEnvironment-Competitiveness Relationship, TheJournal ofEconomic Perspectives, Volume 9, Number 4, Fall 1995; S. Schmidheiny with theBusiness Council forSustainable Development, Changing Course: AGlobal Perspective onDevelopment andtheEnvironment, TheMITPress, Cambridge, Massachusetts/London, England, 1992; A.B. Jaffe, S. Peterson, P. Portney, andR.N. Stavins, Environmental Regulation andInternational Competitiveness: What Does theEvidence Tell Us, draft, January 13, 1994; W. Oates, K.L. Palmer, andP. Portney, Environmental Regulation andInternational Competitiveness: Thinking about thePorter Hypothesis, Resources fortheFuture Working Paper 9402, 1993; R. Schmalensee, TheCosts ofEnvironmental Regulation, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Center forEnergy andEnvironmental Policy Research Working Paper 93-015, 1993; T. Panayotou andJ.R. Vincent, Environmental Regulation andCompetitiveness, TheGlobal Competitiveness Report 1997, World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland, 1997.




23


M. Fairbanks andS. Lindsay, Plowing theSea: Nurturing theHidden Sources ofGrowth intheDeveloping World, Harvard Business School Press, 1997.




25


President's Commission onIndustrial Competitiveness (1985).




26


       ,     ,  -  ,    , ,    ,    Borsen Daily.




27


         .




28


 1950, 1960  1970-       ,     .        .         .          ,   .




29


.:  (1986.),   (1981.),  (1981.)   (1980.).         .  - (1968.)       .




30


   ,        ( ), , ,  :   ?  ,        .




31


   ,   .




32


       ꠫.




33


        ,  ,       .        ,         .             ࠖ     .




34


         .        ,       .      ( ),   .      .  ,  ,    ,     -      .            ,    .




35


 ,         ,  .




36


           .     -         (.   (1986.).       (windfall)     .    ,  ,    ,   ,    .         .




37


  ,   ,   ,     ,  .  ,   ,        ,  ,  .




38


,    ,   ,    ,       . ,   ,    ,  ,     ,    .      , , ,       ,   .  ,            .




39


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 -       ,         ,    ,     - .               ,    . ʠ,       ,       .  ,         .    ,       .   , ,      ,     ,   ,   ,           .




40


 ,   ,            ,   (. , 1984.).




41


 (  )         ( 15%, 蠖 25%, 蠖 55%).        .   ,        (       ),    .  ,   ,    ,     .




42


       ,           (   ).




43


       III.




44


.   (1987.)  (1981.).




45


           (,  ,   , ).     ,             .         ,  ,       .        (1975.).




46


    ,  ,  , , , ,  . ,         .       ,         ,       .




47


        .  ,     - ,      .    , ,  .




48


      ࠖ .  ,   ,       . .,   (1977.).




49


    (1933.).           .         ,   .




50


 ,   ,     : ,  ,  ..                  .    .   (1984.).

        ,           (,   ,     ).   ,     : ,        ,      ,   (, , ) .

    ,   , ,         .         (1983.),  (1983.)  (1984.).         (,         ).   ,         ,       ,   .

       .          ,    ,     .




51


., ,   (1983.).




52


   (1954.), ,    ,  ,   ,      ,   ࠖ ࠖ  (    ),        . .    (1984.).       (1980.). ,        , .




53


Ѡ               .      ,    .




54


  .    (1985.).       (, )  , , ,  .




55


  ,    ,  .     ,     ,    ,  .   ,          .




56


,     , ,   ,        .




57


   , , ,    ,   ,         .




58


          (  . 10 12).




59


.  (1985.).                .    ,       ,        .       .         堖  .

   ,     ;        .    ,      , ,            .      ,     ,      . ., ,   (1983.),  (1984.),  (1986.)  1984.     .




60


   (1984.) .




61


             (,   ).    ,       , ,       ,   . . (1923.).




62


.    (1972.).




63


   (1966.).




64


        . 3.




65


  ,      -,    , -: ,  (knowledge-intensive), ,      .   , ,  1984.      ,      (., ,   (1987.).

   ,         ,   . Ѡ   ,         1980-     .  ,     ,      .      ,    .                .      .




66


. (1979.),  (1981.),  (1982.),    (1989.),      .




67


,      ,   (. ,   (1988.).       .




68


    -  . ,    ,           ( 蠖  ).




69


  ,     ,   ,    ,     . ,      ,    ,        .        .   ,       ,    ,           (. .12).




70


ʠ,      K.H.F. M?ller    Phillips.          Siemens       .    ,       .




71


      ,      (.  (1987).




72


      (1934, 1942.),  ,   堖     . ,                  ,     .




73


     : ., ,    (1957.)   (1962.).




74


     ,   ,          ,   .




75


         (. . 79).




76


    ,       .     ,    ,     ,      . ,          (. .10).




77


    (1985.),  (1986.)  (1988.).




78


. 8 12.




79


       (Standard International Trade Classification, SITC).




80


         -  .  ,  ,  ,      .      ,  ,    ,  .  ,        ,         .




81


  ,           ,         (     ). ,   ,   2/3,      . ʠ      ,      ()        .    頖     .       Thomson CSF  ,      ,   ,       .

  ,        .   ,       , ,          -      .         ,   .    ,      ,         .




82


  ,       ,   SITC.      1978 1985,         (  SITC II),  1978     .




83


      ,   ,        ,       .




84


        ,    ,      ,    .        ,  , ,    .     ,    ,   ,  ,           .




85


     ,      ,     ,     .         .          ,   .




86


     , ,   ,         .          1980, 1985 1986.        ,    ,       .




87


    .      ,    .




88


   ,     ,          .




89


Ӡ         (,  )   (,  ,    ).      ,       .




90


 .   (1980.).




91


    (1985.), 1.




92


       ,      . ,      ,  .     ࠖ ,       .  ,   ,     ,           .

 砫      .        ,          ,        .




93


      ( )    ,  . , , ,         ,  ,         .  ,        .         .




94


       (),  ,      .           .          ,       .   ,  ,    ,          .      , , ,  .




95


          (cost drivers). .   (1985.), 3.




96


           (      )    ,   ,  , -, , -,        .




97


      -  (    ),   .        .




98


   ,              .     (  ) ,     , ,   ,             ,        (.  (1981.)  (1988.).       ,  .




99


         (commitment).




100


      ,      . . (1986.).




101


    ,  堖   .   (1990.) , , ,     (Coca-Cola)          .




102


    ,   (1934., . 2),    .


