  
 


   
  XX     ?       ?     XXI        ?         ,       :      .           ,      ,           .           ,    ,      ,   .   ,           (   )  ,          .    ,    .





 

  



John Mueller

The Remnants of War



Copyright 2004 by Cornell University; new preface  2007 by Cornell University

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                 ,      -  2001 ,           ,        ,      ,         ,            .  ,                      ,                  2001 .

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               ,  RAND    -,  ,  ,    -,   ,     (),  ,   ,  ,  ;      (,  ),  ;    -,  ,   ,  ,  ,    ,   ,     .  ,        ,     .

 ,     ,   ,     Journal of Peace Research  International Security.



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   2007 


          ,   ,   .

          .    ,   . 87,  2003     ,  2004          ,   2005     [1 - .  Uppsala Conflict Database  : http://www.pcr.uu.se/database/index.php.].

 ,   ,   ,    XXI,  -      -, ,     ,    .  ,  , ,                .                     ,      .

  ( )     ,   ,  ,                 ,   ,      - . ,     2000-                       ,  , ,       .                            ,         ,       [2 - Scott Straus, Darfur and the Genocide Debate, Foreign Affairs 84 (1) January/February 2005: 123146.].

   ,  ,       -   .           ,   , , ,   (    ),    ,    .     ,             [3 - .  John Mueller, The Iraq Syndrome, Foreign Affairs 84 (6) November/December 2005: 4454; Mueller, Force, Legitimacy, Success, and Iraq, Review of International Studies 31 (S1) December 2005: 109125.].

  ,     ,  -    .  2005      ,       ,                .      1500  (    ),  ,      ,    2005 ,    . ,  ,   ,        , -        -  ,  ,         .

   ,     ,         1990-      :        ,  .      , ,    .    (,      )  ,         .

  ,           [4 - Andrew Mack, Human Security Report 2005 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005). James D.Fearon and David D.Laitin, Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States, International Security 28 (4) Spring 2004: 543. Virginia Page Fortna, Where Have All the Victories Gone? War Outcomes in Historical Perspective (New York: Saltzman Institute for War and Peace Studies, Columbia University, 2005).].      , ,    (    )  ,       ,           ,    . ,     ,    ,     ,    ,          .

     , ,       .  2004    - 10 ,       .    ,   , ,        ,          [5 - . www.un.org/events/tenstories.].     Lehrer NewsHour   PBS   Business Week,   , ,   .          ,     2005       ?   New Republic,      [6 - Gregg Easterbrook, The End of War?, New Republic, May 30, 2005: 1821.    ,                      ,   New York Times 28  2005 .   .  : gwynnedyer.com.].     ,                 2001      (   )  ,         ,             [7 - Robert Jervis, Theories of War in an Era of Leading-Power Peace, American Political Science Review 96 (1) March 2002: 114; .  Robert Jervis, American Foreign Policy in a New Era (New York: Routledge, 2005). Raimo V?yryen (ed.), The Waning of Major War: Theories and Debates (New York: Routledge, 2006). Christopher J.Fettweis, A Revolution in International Relations Theory, International Studies Review (8) 4 December 2006: 677697.].                      ,        ,      ,        ,       ,     [8 - Monty G.Marshall and Ted Robert Gurr, Peace and Conflict, 2005: A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, Self-Determination Movements, and Democracy (College Park, Md.: Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, 2005). Mack, Human Security Report. .  John Mueller, Ideas, Thugs, and the Decline of War, in Manus I.Midlarsky (ed.), Handbook of War Studies III (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2009).].

,                       ,     .  ,               ,       , ,      ,  2006       .     -      ,       ,   2006       ,    ,         .   ,  ,     : ,      - .           ,    ,    ,      ,    ,       ,             . ,       ,  ,      ,        [9 -   ,     ,    (   )             .      . : John Mueller, Overblown (New York: Free Press, 2006).].

            - .                 .



 ,

26  2007 




.   ,     



        .            ,         ,     ,             ,   .    , [10 -           .             . ..]  ,            .     ,    ,      .

        . ,     ,         .       ,   ,   ,   ,  .       (   )     ,    ,   ,    .                  ,         .   ,     , ,    ,    ,   ,     ,          .

      :       -  (policing wars).     ,                    ,                  .

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-,      ,      .            ,     :                ,  ,  ,               .   ,      ,      . ,          (     ),            ,      ,         .            ,       ,   .  ,    ,           ,             .

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,   ,              ,      ,    .    ,                 ,      .   ,      ,            ,      (  ),   , ,     .




  


    ,      ,      1989      ,       .                    ,  ,      ,    .    1991         ,               ,        .              ,    ,     , ,   :         ,    ,        ,   ,  , ,             ,     ,        .       ,    , ,    ,          ,  ?       , ,      ,    [11 - Howard 1989; 1991, 176; Keegan 1993, 59; Kaldor 1999, 5/ 2015, 38; Jervis 2002, 1; Record 2002, 6. .  Mandelbaum 19981999, 2038; 2002; Johnson 1995; Mack 2002, 523.].    , ,            1989        .   ,  , , .

                   ,          ,   ,     .                   .  ,            ,    ,        .    ,          ,  ,  ,   ,   ,    ,       .     ,              ,    ,               ,    .

 ,       ,   ,    ( )       ,    ,           ,   ,      .                 ,     .        ,     ,  .  ,            ,  ,   , ,         ,   ,      ,      ,      ,     [12 - Van Creveld 1991, 225, 218/  2005, 334, 325.].     :       . ,      ,   ,   ,  -       . ,      , , ,  .

     ,   .   ,     1,     ,         .  ,      (     )    ,   .      ,     ,      .       ,      ,  ,   ,  ,  ,   .

 ,            :        ,       , ,    ,        ,    , ,    .        ,        - ,       .       ,        ,         ,    . -  , -         (  )           ,          .         ,     : Te?ko narodu kad pametni ucute, budale progovore, a fukare se obogate   ,   ,  ,   [13 - Cohen 1998, 297.].




 


   ,      ,    ,         ,        .   1           ,    ,           ,         .

  2          1914 .        ,      ,        ,  ,       ( ).           ,     ,       ,            .

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 1.     



  1990 ,               ,      :    .     ,       ,     ,        . ,    ,    ,       .       :     ,    .           .     :           [14 -   . : Woodward 1991, 313; Parker 1994, 44.   . : Chandler 1987, 74.].

             ,      .  ,      ,      ,      .           ,   ,           ,       .     : , ,     ;            ;  ; ,      ; ,    ;  ;  ;   ;      - ;  ;       ;   ; ,    ,            ;    ;  ,    , , , ,   ,   .    ,  , ,   ,     ,    ,    .

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 , ,      . ,  ,   :      .     , , ,     ,    ,    ,          .    ,               .    ,     ,            .  ,   ,   ;  ,       ,          [15 -    ,   2%        ,      ,   ,           (Grossman 1995, 180; .  Baumeister and Campbell 1999; Valentino 2004).   . Katz 1988,  chap. 2.    . Buford 1991.].

  ,   ,          ,        ,     ,     . ,   ,    , ,        ,  ,  ,        ,          [16 - Haney, Banks, and Zimbardo 1973; Zimbardo et al. 1973.    (opportunistic violence)   ,             : -,    ,  -,         ,   . , , ,   .     ,           ,   ,   ,     ,   - .            ,    (,   ,  )    ,     .  ,     ,   ,  ,     ,             .       ,             .  -  ,      ,    ,          ,         .  ,     -   .     ,        ?   ,       .     , ,    ,           ,       ,         .    : -     ,    .   ,      ? ,  -       ,      . ,   -                ,                 .      ,            ,              . .  Valentino 2004, chap. 2; Tilly 2003, chap. 6.].

       .         ,              .    (, ,   )    .     ,    ,     .  ,  ,     ,     ,         ,   ,       .         ,        ,   ,     ,       ,  .          .  ,   ,   ,        ,    ,    ,    ,    ,  ,  -        ,   ,         .      ,           ;         [ ],  ,         ,       . ,  , , ,            ,    [17 - James 1911, 282, 288.   . : Manchester 1988, 28. .  Gray 1959, chap. 2;           ,   ,        ;    .   Bourke 1999, chap. 1.      . McPherson 1997, 3942  Broyles 1984.].

,    ,  ,        ,   -           .   ,      ,      ,          .   ,    ,    ,     , :           ,    ,      .   ,     -,       ,      [18 - Broyles 1984, 57; Gray 1959, 226. .  Bourke 1999, chap. 11; Hedges 2002, chap. 1.   ,     ,     ,   , ,      ,       (Grossman 1995, 181).].

 ,          .                .          ,    .              .  ,       ,   .




        ,    ,  ,     [19 - Keegan 1987, 196197; Boardman 1998, 110111, 158; Fussell 1989, 96105; Lieven 1998, chap. 1; McPherson 1997, 52; Ellis 1999, 120122.].            ,       ,       ,       .     ,         ,        .




     .         ,        ,     ,    .              ,         ,       :      . ,   ,                  ,            .        ,   :                        ,      ,       .         :     :     ,  , ,           ?        [20 -    . Keeley 1996, 46; McPherson 1997, 4851; Keegan 1987, 196.      . : Valentino 2004, 59.].

      ,  ,  ,   :      .  ,      ,       ,      :   -  .                 [21 - McPherson 1997, 73; Shils and Janowitz 1948, 300301, 309310.         , . Keeley 1996, 8386.].

           [22 - Shils and Janowitz 1948, 285.],      , ,   ,         ,      .


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                .              ,  -    :            .     , -     ,       .    ,  , ,   ,     ,     ,  /   [24 - Shils and Janowitz 1948, 297299.      . Atkinson and Lee 1990; Williams 1999; Lieven 1998, 198, 290293.].

         ,     ,            ,    .  ,           ,   ,    (      ),     ,   [25 -       ,     ,   ,         ,           (Milgram 1975, chap. 15; Kelman and Hamilton 1989; Staub 1989; Katz 1993).       ,   ,  ,             ,    ,        ,          .    ,  ,               (Browning 1998, chap. 18).         . : Blass 2000.].


, ,    

    ,     ,     ,         ,    .  , ,              ,        .           ,          .             , ,  ,    ,   [26 -     . Shils and Janowitz 1948, 292297; .  Kellett 1982, 327328.      . McPherson 1997, 2229.     . Edgerton 1992, 186187.].




       ,    ,        ,   ,     ,  ,   ,     [27 - Keegan 1987, 197; Dyer 1985, chap. 5; McPherson 1997, chap. 6; Guilmartin 1997, 3740; Hauser 1980, 188195; Shils and Janowitz 1948, 283288; Holmes 1985, 270359; Grinker and Spiegel 1945, 25; Hedges 2002, 38, 40. .  Smith 1949; Bourke 1999, chap. 5; Kellett 1982, chap. 18; Valentino 2004.      . : Sherif et al. 1961; Tajfel 1982.].   XV    :      !..        ,   ,              .         ,       ,       .     ,  ,    ,    ,   .  ,          ,         ,       ,              .   ,    ,    ,        ,    ,   .     .  ,    ,     ,      [28 -   XV  : Vale 1981, 30; .  Parker 1997, 174.   . McPherson 1997, 87.      : Fussell 1989, 140.].

  ,             ,        ,    .             :  ,      -        .    ,        ,       ,  ,     ,    [29 - Broyles 1984, 58; Gray 1959, 47; Browning 1998, 184185.].

           ,      ,     ,             .       XV,          ,    , ,              ,     .  ,         , ,             [30 - McPherson 1997, 86; Keegan 1987, 197; Kellett 1982, 41, 320.].  ,   , ,   ,         :    ,     ,   [31 -               All You Need Is Love  The Beatles. ..].




   ,                ,         [32 - Shils and Janowitz 1948, 284, 300, 302303, 309; Fussell 1989, chap. 10; Desch 19931994; Browning 1998, 177184; Kellett 1982, chap. 12.]. ,           ,    :   . ,  ,    :    ?    ,    :      ,           ,  -   , ,   ,    ,  ,    [33 - Ambush in Mogadishu, Frontline, PBS, August 29, 1998,   November 1, 2001.].    ,        ,      ,    .

             ,        [34 - McPherson 1997, chap. 2.].        ,         , ,     ,        ,    [35 -    ,     , ,           (Fussell 1989, 4).           :         ,      ,        ,       .    ,    ,           (Shils and Janowitz 1984, 293294).].

      ,     ,         .      ,    ,          .      ,   ,    ,      ,     [36 - Milne 1935, 222223; Linderman 1987, 10; .  McPherson 1997, chap. 5.].  , ,           ,       ,    :  ,       [37 - . Smith 1949, 172188; Keegan 1987, 197; Kellett 1982, 193195.]. ,     ,        . ,  ,       ,     ,               .     ,      ,          . ,              -  1980- .     ,       ,      ,   ,            ,        .

    , ,    .     ,  ,        !     ![38 -       :       !           ,        23  1775 ;   ,          ,           . ..].        ,    rage militaire [   .], ,      ,              .  , ,  ,     ,    [39 - McPherson 1997, 16; Desch 19931994; Shils and Janowitz 1948.].

  ,   ,  ,      ,    ,     ,               .   ,       ,      [40 - McPherson 1997, 153; Peterson 2002; .  Judah 2000.].                     ,                   .   ,           [41 - .  Valentino 2004.].

   ,     .            ,  ,       .    ,       .    ,  - ,      [42 - , ,         ,   ,     ,       -.     ,          ,         ,             ,    (Fussell 1989, chap. 10). .  Bourke 1999, chap. 5.]. ,           :                .   , , ,  ,   ,   , ,   , .         ,         .

 ,            ,        [43 -         1970- ,        . ..]  , ,   ,     .  ,     ,     [44 -    ,  ,    ,    ,  ,  ,       . ,  ,           , ,    ,          (Buford 1991, .  Tilly 2003, 8187).           ,           ,       ,   ,     .].    ,   20-   0,05%         .  ,            ,   , ,         .  ,       ,         .      , , ,  ,       ,     ,           .  ,    ,          ,  . ,   ,            ,         ,    ,     ,     [45 -     : Fearon and Laitin 1996, 717; .  Keeley 1996, 178.            : Collier 2000; Collier and Hoeffler 2001; Fearon and Laitin 2003, 8384; Sadowski 1998; Keen 1998, chap. 2; Valentino 2004. O           . : Gagnon 19941995, 134; Bennett 1995, 192.   . Cohen 1998, 296.           :  .  :   ,    (Merrill 1999, 126). .  Spolar 1995; Woodward 1995, 364; Kinzer 1995b; Bowen 1996; Sadowski 1998, 7880.].

,    ,    ,     , -, ,    .    ,     :              . ,   ,        ,               ,                    -   . ,     ,        ,       :       ?        ,     , , ,          (           ,     ).          : ,     , ,              ,   1945   ,   [46 - Keeley 1996, 158.     . : Goldhagen 1998, 443.  -    . : Smith 1996,   Goldhagen 1998, 593594.   . : Bartov 1998, 34; Browning 1998, 193.  ,           : , ,       ,      (Dower 1986, 302).       ,        .].

 ,              ,    -        .                         ,        (     ,       ).           ,    , ,       ,      ,     [47 - .  Kaufmann 1996, 141146; Keen 2000, 22.].




 :     


        ,  ,            .     ,             ,               ,       ,           .  ,            ,      ,         :   ,        ,     ?             1991 .            :           15  [48 - Desch 19931994, 361.].         ,   ,         ,   ,                .

          ,  ,      , ,      ,       .      , ,       ,         -: , , , , , ,              ,  ,         .      ,          ,        ,      ,            ,       [49 - McPherson 1997, 68, 59, 173.  ,    ,       ,   ,      , ,        , ,       .       ,  ,         .  ,  ,  -         , ,    (McPherson 1997, ix, 28, 101102).         ,      , . : Linderman 1987,  . 261265;     . : McPherson 1997, 186.]. ,        ( ,  )   ,     .         .         ,     ,            ,   ,     ,         [50 - Milgram 1975, 116121. .  Valentino 2004, 268, n. 78.].

       ,               , ,  ,  ,      ,  .          ,        .

    ,    (  )                  ,        ,  ,       ,     .        ,        ,      , , ,   .  ,      ,        :     ,              ,      .

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     (    )     :              ,          .   ,           ,   ,              ,         ,             .

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  ,         ,         ,   , ,      ,        (      ).                       ,   ,     [55 - Stouffer et al. 1949, 3638; Watson 1978, 49; Grinker and Spiegel 1945, 1112; McPherson 1997, 9.].

     ,             ,  ,            ,       ,       , ,     ,    ,  ,      ,            [56 -             .  -  ,   ,          .     ,  ,        ,        .].  ,       ,         ; ,             .      .




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 1. ,   






   ,            ,      .             ,     .        ,      ,     [58 -      ,   ,           .              ,        .    ,       ,       .              ,  ,   ,     .            1960-    , , ,        ,    ,             (.: Pike 1966, chap. 8).].

                .      . ,  ,  :         .             ,     ,    ,    .             ,        .     ,    . ,         ,   ,     [59 -     . Kaldor 1999, 97.    ,  , . Griffith 1961, 2022.].         .    ,      ,              1940-   ,   1972    [60 -          ,   ,           . ..].

              ,       .                      .      ,  ,           .

          ,    ,     ,   . ,      ,     :                 .  ,   ,     ,            ,    .             ,   ,      ,           ,        [61 - Keeley 1996, 4248. .  Lieven 1998, 5, 130, 324354; Valentino 2004, chap. 6.].              .




       


   ,       :      ,              ,   .

  ,  ,        .      ,  ,     , ,  ,        .  ,      ,      ,    ,  ,   ,   ,   ,    [62 -        . Weigley 1991.        ,         ,     (Keely 1996, 223).].

             ,    ,  ,     ,        .            .

        ,           ,          1940 .         , ,      ,         ,  ,   [63 - McPherson 1997, 42.].          .       ,                    .   ,          .

 ,            ,        .     ,          .    ,         ,        .  ,      ,      ,           [64 - Keeley 1996, chap. 5  p. 175.].

          ,       .         ,        ,   ,    ,    ,   ,     ,       .         ( )         .       ,  ,           ,        ,   .   ,                     ,     ,    [65 - Keeley 1996, chaps 24, 6, 7  p. 174175.             ,    ,      ,    .                .       ,   :       ,       .]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=69803905)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


.  Uppsala Conflict Database  : http://www.pcr.uu.se/database/index.php.




2


Scott Straus, Darfur and the Genocide Debate, Foreign Affairs 84 (1) January/February 2005: 123146.




3


.  John Mueller, The Iraq Syndrome, Foreign Affairs 84 (6) November/December 2005: 4454; Mueller, Force, Legitimacy, Success, and Iraq, Review of International Studies 31 (S1) December 2005: 109125.




4


Andrew Mack, Human Security Report 2005 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005). James D.Fearon and David D.Laitin, Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States, International Security 28 (4) Spring 2004: 543. Virginia Page Fortna, Where Have All the Victories Gone? War Outcomes in Historical Perspective (New York: Saltzman Institute for War and Peace Studies, Columbia University, 2005).




5


. www.un.org/events/tenstories.




6


Gregg Easterbrook, The End of War?, New Republic, May 30, 2005: 1821.    ,                      ,   New York Times 28  2005 .   .  : gwynnedyer.com.




7


Robert Jervis, Theories of War in an Era of Leading-Power Peace, American Political Science Review 96 (1) March 2002: 114; .  Robert Jervis, American Foreign Policy in a New Era (New York: Routledge, 2005). Raimo V?yryen (ed.), The Waning of Major War: Theories and Debates (New York: Routledge, 2006). Christopher J.Fettweis, A Revolution in International Relations Theory, International Studies Review (8) 4 December 2006: 677697.




8


Monty G.Marshall and Ted Robert Gurr, Peace and Conflict, 2005: A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, Self-Determination Movements, and Democracy (College Park, Md.: Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, 2005). Mack, Human Security Report. .  John Mueller, Ideas, Thugs, and the Decline of War, in Manus I.Midlarsky (ed.), Handbook of War Studies III (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2009).




9


  ,     ,    (   )             .      . : John Mueller, Overblown (New York: Free Press, 2006).




10


          .             . ..




11


Howard 1989; 1991, 176; Keegan 1993, 59; Kaldor 1999, 5/ 2015, 38; Jervis 2002, 1; Record 2002, 6. .  Mandelbaum 19981999, 2038; 2002; Johnson 1995; Mack 2002, 523.




12


Van Creveld 1991, 225, 218/  2005, 334, 325.




13


Cohen 1998, 297.




14


  . : Woodward 1991, 313; Parker 1994, 44.   . : Chandler 1987, 74.




15


   ,   2%        ,      ,   ,           (Grossman 1995, 180; .  Baumeister and Campbell 1999; Valentino 2004).   . Katz 1988,  chap. 2.    . Buford 1991.




16


Haney, Banks, and Zimbardo 1973; Zimbardo et al. 1973.    (opportunistic violence)   ,             : -,    ,  -,         ,   . , , ,   .     ,           ,   ,   ,     ,   - .            ,    (,   ,  )    ,     .  ,     ,   ,  ,     ,             .       ,             .  -  ,      ,    ,          ,         .  ,     -   .     ,        ?   ,       .     , ,    ,           ,       ,         .    : -     ,    .   ,      ? ,  -       ,      . ,   -                ,                 .      ,            ,              . .  Valentino 2004, chap. 2; Tilly 2003, chap. 6.




17


James 1911, 282, 288.   . : Manchester 1988, 28. .  Gray 1959, chap. 2;           ,   ,        ;    .   Bourke 1999, chap. 1.      . McPherson 1997, 3942  Broyles 1984.




18


Broyles 1984, 57; Gray 1959, 226. .  Bourke 1999, chap. 11; Hedges 2002, chap. 1.   ,     ,     ,   , ,      ,       (Grossman 1995, 181).




19


Keegan 1987, 196197; Boardman 1998, 110111, 158; Fussell 1989, 96105; Lieven 1998, chap. 1; McPherson 1997, 52; Ellis 1999, 120122.




20


   . Keeley 1996, 46; McPherson 1997, 4851; Keegan 1987, 196.      . : Valentino 2004, 59.




21


McPherson 1997, 73; Shils and Janowitz 1948, 300301, 309310.         , . Keeley 1996, 8386.




22


Shils and Janowitz 1948, 285.




23


McPherson 1997, 53.




24


Shils and Janowitz 1948, 297299.      . Atkinson and Lee 1990; Williams 1999; Lieven 1998, 198, 290293.




25


      ,     ,   ,         ,           (Milgram 1975, chap. 15; Kelman and Hamilton 1989; Staub 1989; Katz 1993).       ,   ,  ,             ,    ,        ,          .    ,  ,               (Browning 1998, chap. 18).         . : Blass 2000.




26


    . Shils and Janowitz 1948, 292297; .  Kellett 1982, 327328.      . McPherson 1997, 2229.     . Edgerton 1992, 186187.




27


Keegan 1987, 197; Dyer 1985, chap. 5; McPherson 1997, chap. 6; Guilmartin 1997, 3740; Hauser 1980, 188195; Shils and Janowitz 1948, 283288; Holmes 1985, 270359; Grinker and Spiegel 1945, 25; Hedges 2002, 38, 40. .  Smith 1949; Bourke 1999, chap. 5; Kellett 1982, chap. 18; Valentino 2004.      . : Sherif et al. 1961; Tajfel 1982.




28


  XV  : Vale 1981, 30; .  Parker 1997, 174.   . McPherson 1997, 87.      : Fussell 1989, 140.




29


Broyles 1984, 58; Gray 1959, 47; Browning 1998, 184185.




30


McPherson 1997, 86; Keegan 1987, 197; Kellett 1982, 41, 320.




31


              All You Need Is Love  The Beatles. ..




32


Shils and Janowitz 1948, 284, 300, 302303, 309; Fussell 1989, chap. 10; Desch 19931994; Browning 1998, 177184; Kellett 1982, chap. 12.




33


Ambush in Mogadishu, Frontline, PBS, August 29, 1998,   November 1, 2001.




34


McPherson 1997, chap. 2.




35


   ,     , ,           (Fussell 1989, 4).           :         ,      ,        ,       .    ,    ,           (Shils and Janowitz 1984, 293294).




36


Milne 1935, 222223; Linderman 1987, 10; .  McPherson 1997, chap. 5.




37


. Smith 1949, 172188; Keegan 1987, 197; Kellett 1982, 193195.




38


      :       !           ,        23  1775 ;   ,          ,           . ..




39


McPherson 1997, 16; Desch 19931994; Shils and Janowitz 1948.




40


McPherson 1997, 153; Peterson 2002; .  Judah 2000.




41


.  Valentino 2004.




42


, ,         ,   ,     ,       -.     ,          ,         ,             ,    (Fussell 1989, chap. 10). .  Bourke 1999, chap. 5.




43


        1970- ,        . ..




44


   ,  ,    ,    ,  ,  ,       . ,  ,           , ,    ,          (Buford 1991, .  Tilly 2003, 8187).           ,           ,       ,   ,     .




45


    : Fearon and Laitin 1996, 717; .  Keeley 1996, 178.            : Collier 2000; Collier and Hoeffler 2001; Fearon and Laitin 2003, 8384; Sadowski 1998; Keen 1998, chap. 2; Valentino 2004. O           . : Gagnon 19941995, 134; Bennett 1995, 192.   . Cohen 1998, 296.           :  .  :   ,    (Merrill 1999, 126). .  Spolar 1995; Woodward 1995, 364; Kinzer 1995b; Bowen 1996; Sadowski 1998, 7880.




46


Keeley 1996, 158.     . : Goldhagen 1998, 443.  -    . : Smith 1996,   Goldhagen 1998, 593594.   . : Bartov 1998, 34; Browning 1998, 193.  ,           : , ,       ,      (Dower 1986, 302).       ,        .




47


.  Kaufmann 1996, 141146; Keen 2000, 22.




48


Desch 19931994, 361.




49


McPherson 1997, 68, 59, 173.  ,    ,       ,   ,      , ,        , ,       .       ,  ,         .  ,  ,  -         , ,    (McPherson 1997, ix, 28, 101102).         ,      , . : Linderman 1987,  . 261265;     . : McPherson 1997, 186.




50


Milgram 1975, 116121. .  Valentino 2004, 268, n. 78.




51


            1915  . Staub 1989, 182; Valentino 2004, chap. 5.             1995  . Kaldor 1999, 55.




52


Semper fi     semper fidelis (  ),      ; , ,        ,       12  1962 . ..




53


 1863           ,         300  ( 6     )      .   ,       ,     1863     -. ..




54


McPherson 1997, 89, 116.




55


Stouffer et al. 1949, 3638; Watson 1978, 49; Grinker and Spiegel 1945, 1112; McPherson 1997, 9.




56


            .  -  ,   ,          .     ,  ,        ,        .




57


             , ,  ,     , ,  ,  ,          .  ,     ,   ,        :           , ,  ,         .      ,     .




58


     ,   ,           .              ,        .    ,       ,       .              ,  ,   ,     .            1960-    , , ,        ,    ,             (.: Pike 1966, chap. 8).




59


    . Kaldor 1999, 97.    ,  , . Griffith 1961, 2022.




60


         ,   ,           . ..




61


Keeley 1996, 4248. .  Lieven 1998, 5, 130, 324354; Valentino 2004, chap. 6.




62


       . Weigley 1991.        ,         ,     (Keely 1996, 223).




63


McPherson 1997, 42.




64


Keeley 1996, chap. 5  p. 175.




65


Keeley 1996, chaps 24, 6, 7  p. 174175.             ,    ,      ,    .                .       ,   :       ,       .


