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 ࠖ   . Ƞ    ,              ,     30    :    . ߠ    ,       ,  ,            . ,  ,           ,  ,    ,  , ,    . ߠ     ;     ,  ,           . ߠ, ,      ,  ,        . , ,    -     ,   ,      ,      .

  , ,   ,       .      蠖     ,  ,        , ,   , , ,       .     ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , ,  ,  ,  , ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , ,  ,  , ,  ,  , , ,  , , , ,  , , , ', -, ,  , ,  ,  ,  , , ,  ,    ,  , ,  ,  ,  ,  , , ,  , ,  ,  ,  ,  , ,    -. ,       - ,    ,   .

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Π,    ,   30 ,      .           (TheEvolution ofCulture inAnimals),  Princeton University Press 1980.         ,     .         ,      ,         ,       .    ,         ,       ,   .       ,     ,    ,    .             -    .

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  -     (BBSRC),      (NERC),   ,         ,  Human Frontier Science,    ,        .    ,       ,     .

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I

 





1

ʠ Homo Sapiens


    ,  ,     ,   ,    , ,     ,         ,    ,    .   ,  ,       ,     ,   [1 -    .  .    ,   .][1 - Darwin 1859, p.459.  .     . ( ). 2- ., . .: , 2001. .419.  1896.       ,    . . .    . .   . . , . .  . . .       ,  ,   .        (.. 7)      . . . ..].

 .  

    -   ,     ,     ,        .  , , ,    ,    (TheOrigin ofSpecies)    , ,     㠖   ,    .      ,             .

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 ࠖ  ,      ,     .       ࠖ     ,    .    ,     ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .            ,     堫   . Ƞ        ,   .

          ? ,    [2 -     ,    , , ,      .      Mesoudi 2011,  Richerson andBoyd 2005;  Cavalli-Sforza andFeldman 1981   .],         [3 -     (TheSelfish Gene, 1976)     ࠖ   ,  .         .          .:Mesoudi 2011, Richerson andBoyd 2005 Henrich 2015.       Lewens 2015.],    -  ,     ,    ,    . ,      ,    ,     ,     ,      . ,    ,        .         ,           ,        .

                         .         ,       .     , ,     ,        .

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 ,   ,   ,  .  ,           ,    ,   ,  ,   ,   .  ,     , ,   ,  ,  .     ,   , , , , , ,  .  ,     ,  ,  ,  ,  . Ƞ ,  , ,    .   ,   ,   ,        ,  .      ,           , ,        .   ,            ,  ,    .

      ,      . , , ,         ,     ,     ,     . Ƞ ,      ,   ,      ,     ,   ࠖ , . ߠ ,      ,   ,  .        .  ,  ,    - ,    .      ,       ,           ,      ,     ,  , -  .  ,   ,               ,      ,      .         ,       540 ,   ,     [4 -     Boyd andRicherson 1985, Richerson andBoyd 2005, Henrich andHenrich 2007 Henrich 2015.].

         ,    . Ӡ   ,       ,   -    ,   ,     ,   ,    ,    . ,        ,   [5 -      Caro andHauser 1992, Hoppitt etal. 2008 Thornton andRaihani 2008.      Thornton andMcAuliffe 2006,   .].            ,          ,     , ,    [6 -           .    .:Nowak andHighfield 2011.]. Ӡ  -         ,    ,        .     ,      ( ),  ,     .       ,     ,  ࠖ   . ,    ,  , ,        .

  ,    ,         (,  )   .    ?          ,     ?     ,    .    ,       ,       ,       .

  ,    . -    ,         .  ,         (  ) ,  , ,        .   ,   ,  ,   堖 , , , .   ?    ,   .

        ,      .    , : ,        ,  ,     ,    ;    , ,   [7 - Darwin 1871, p.160.  .  : 9. .: ͠, 1953. .5.    .    . .241.]. ,  , ,        ,   .    ,        ⠖  , , ,  ,       ,    .              .

     ,    .           ,     ,   ,        [8 - Currie andFritz 1993.].   ,    [9 - Winterhalder andSmith 2000, Brown etal. 2011.],  (    )       ,  , ,  [10 - Gagneux etal. 1999.].    ,         .   ,           . ,     ,       ( ),   - (, ,  ),    (,  ),    . ,  ,  ,              [11 - Klein 1999, BoydandSilk 2015.],     ,      ,        [12 -    .:Sterelny 2012a.].

   ,         .        ,   ,   [13 - Boyd andRicherson 1985, Tomasello 1994, Richerson andBoyd 2005, Boydetal. 2011, Henrich 2015.].         [14 - Pinker 2010.],       [15 - Boyd andRicherson 1985, Tomasello 1994, Richerson andBoyd 2005; Boyd etal. 2011, Henrich 2015.]. ,    ,                .     -,     ;   蠖     [16 - Basalla 1988, Petroski 1992.].       ,       , , ,  ,  .

      .  ,          -   ,    ,     [17 - Petroski 1992.].   I ,          ,  ,      .     ,     ,     . ʠ XIX     ( ,     )   .       ,    .        1867.[18 - .]         XIX.,        ,    .    -      , ,  ,     .   XX.     ,           ,  ꠫[2 -           Gem Manufacturing. ..].        ,  [19 -     .:Petroski 1992.]. ,    , -            ,    .

  蠖     :      .       ,   .                    [20 -      , .:Tomasello 1994.].     ,     ,   ,   . ,   , ,  ,     [21 - Boyd andRicherson 1985, 2005; Tomasello 1999; Whiten andVanSchaik 2007; Pagel 2012.].

         .          ,    ,   ,    .   , ,  ,  , ,  ,       [22 - Zentall andGalef Jr. 1988, Avital andJablonka 2000, Leadbeater andChittka 2007, Hoppitt andLaland 2013.].  [23 -       ,      ,   ,      -         .]  ,   ,  , ,  ,   ,    ..            - ,     .               ,  , ,  .         ,  ,      ꠫[24 - Warner 1988, Whiten etal. 1999, VanSchaik etal. 2003, Perry etal. 2003, Rendell andWhitehead 2001, Fragaszy andPerry 2003.]. Ӡ-      ,         [25 - Fragaszy andPerry 2003, Hoppitt andLaland 2013.].      [26 - Π .:Rendell andWhitehead 2001 Whitehead andRendell 2015. Π .:Mundinger 1980, Avital andJablonka 2000, Emery andClayton 2004 Emery 2004.],    (  )  ,       ,       ,    (, ,  )[27 - Π .:Whiten etal. 1999, 2009;  .:VanSchaik etal. 2003;  .:Perry etal. 2003.].          [28 - Whiten 1998, Whiten etal. 2009.],      (    )  [29 - Tomasello andCall 1997.]. ,  ,          ,         [30 -        (Tennie etal. 2009, Deanetal. 2012, 2014).        ,     (Sanz etal. 2009),         (Hunt andGray 2003).]. , ,           , ,        [31 - Boesch 2003.]. -       ,    ,         ,   .     ,  ,      ,    .             ,  ,        [32 - Tennie etal. 2009.].       ,        [33 -   ,      ,    ,  ,    ,     . .:Boesch 2003, Sanzetal. 2009.]:    , -     .          ,   [34 - Hunt andGray 2003.],         [35 -            (Logan etal. 2015),    ,   -            ,   ,              (Rutz etal. 2010).].       ,       (, ).

Ӡ, ,    ,     [36 - Basalla 1988, Ziman 2000.].       [37 - McBrearty andBrooks 2000, D'Errico andStringer 2011.],   3,4 ,   ,       , ,    [38 - McPherron etal. 2010.]. ,   (     ),    ,   - -, ,   ,      [39 - Stringer andAndrews 2005.].      頖 1,8 . ʠ   ,       Homo erectus Homo ergaster.      ,          [40 - Stringer andAndrews 2005, Klein 2000.].                ,             [41 - Stringer andAndrews 2005.].  300000        [42 - Thieme 1997.],    [43 - James 1989.]       [44 - Movius 1950, Stringer andAndrews 2005.]. 100000    Homo sapiens      [45 - Mellars 1996.].  ,  6500090000 ,    ,   ,    [46 - McBrearty andBrooks 2000.]  ,      ,   (),   [47 - Π  .:Boeda etal. 1996. Π .:Hayden 1993.].  3500045000 ,   [48 -     ,                . .:McBrearty andBrooks 2000.],     , , , , , , ,  [49 - Stringer andAndrews 2005.].      ,     ,    ,   ,   ,   [50 - .].      ,     , ,  ,  ,  -    [51 - Bronowski 1973, Diamond 1997.].      [52 - .].        ,         .

  ,      ,      ,      . , -          [53 - Laland andGalef Jr. 2009, Whiten etal. 2011.],    : ,  ,  ,  ,  ⠫     ,     ,   , -          .

            ,  ,    , ,   . Ƞ        ࠖ ,            .       [54 - Boyd andRicherson 1985, 1996; Galef Jr. 1992; Heyes 1993; Boesch andTomasello 1998.]   ,       .   ,      ,      .    ,    ,    .   ,       ,  ,   (  ).   ,             . , ,    ,       ,    .     ,        ,    .         ,  ,    ,   , -   .

-    ,        .           ࠖ       [55 -         .:Lewin 1987;    .:Boyd andSilk 2015.].   ⠫      ,       ,        [56 - Darwin 1859, p.458.  .     . .: , 2001. .419.]. ,     ,     ,           :     (TheDescent ofManandSelection inRelation toSex, 1871) 蠫Π    (TheExpression ofthe Emotions inManandAnimals, 1872). ,        ,        .   .  ,  ,           , .  ,      -   ,      .           .

       .  ,            :



 ,      , ,    ,  ,     ,  , ,  [57 - Darwin 1871, p.327.  .  : 9. .: - ͠, 1953. .5.    .    . .241.].


    ,        ,    ,  ,        [58 - .   : Stanford Encyclopedia ofPhilosophy (Hatfield 2016).].   ,  ,      ,  ,  頖    .   ,           ,             .        ࠖ ,  ,       ,               .  ,  ,          .

 ,      ,   ,      ,    [59 - Darwin 1872.].  , ,  ,  ,      ,  ,   ,    .   ,     ,       ,         ,  .

  ,          ,      .           , ,             ,         .  ,  ,   ,     .  ,         .

         ,         .   ,  ,  ,  ,            , ,   [60 - Wallace 1869; .: "The Limits ofNatural Selection asApplied toMan(S165: 1869/1870)"     (Alfred Russel Wallace) (http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/wallace/S165.htm (http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/wallace/S165.htm)).].    , ,   :            [61 -     , .:http://wallacefund.info/wallace-biographies.].     ,         .         [62 - Darwin 1871, p.158.].    ,       ,       . Ƞ   .

  ࠖ   .      ,    ,       ,        .      ,          .  -        .           ,   (    )  [63 -    ,      , .:TheMating Mind (2001)  (Miller).]. ,      ,   .

,     ,              ,   .   ,           [64 - Tomasello andCall 1997.].      ,  ,   , , ,    ,    ,   ,            [65 -     .:Shettleworth 2010.].     -      ,    ,    ,   ,      ,  , [66 - ., ,  Kappeler andSilk 2009,          . .: Suddendorf 2013.].        ,        :   .    ,  ,      ,       .

          ,       ,      .         .      ,  ,    ,     .  ,  ,  ,    .           ,  ,             ,           [67 - Linden 1975; Wallman 1992; Radick 2007; Byrne andWhiten 1988; Whiten andByrne 1997; de Waal 1990, 1996, 2007, 2010.].       ,  ,      ,        ,    ,    [68 - ., ,          .].          - ,      .     ,     ,        ,     [69 - Morris 1967.]. (   )  -,       [70 - Lorenz 1966, Ardrey 1966.].       ,        [71 - Diamond 1991.].      ,        .

 ,         ,           .        ,  ,  .      ,          ,   .    ,     :  5 7,    ,       ,      .      ,         ,   [72 - Lewin andFoley 2004, Stringer andAndrews 2005.].       ,       ,          .

              蠖    .   , ,  ,   ,     ,  ,      ,     ⠖ .   蠖 ,      ,    ,   ,           ,       ,   , , ,    .  ,   ,  ,   .

  . ,            98,5%  .   ,  98,5%   98,5%     , ,         1,5%  .    .        .          ,   ,      ,  . Ӡ       20000,       .  1,5%   35 ,     .       ,  , , ,   . -     ,  ,        -.         (, ,   ,    ),          [73 -  Glazko etal. (2005),    80% .].

         ()  [74 - Frazer etal. 2002.],    (,   )[75 - Haygood etal. 2007.],       .      ,     (  );  (),  ,     ,     [76 - Fortna etal. 2004.].      , 6,4%        [77 - Hahn etal. 2007.].  ,     : ,    [3 - . tosplice , .]   ()   -,      .     .   90%  ,  ,   ,     68% [78 - Calarco etal. 2007.].

          .       ⠖ , , ,          .       ,    -,              .   -    ,         , ,          ,  ,      [79 - King andWilson 1975.].    [80 - Carroll 2005, M?ller 2007.].        ʻ (ENCODE),  2003.               ,    8  ,           [81 - Birney 2012.].

         .   ( )     ,     (  ,   )[82 -     ,       (?).].    ,                 .         ,  ,  ,    .   .     ,       , ,   , -[4 - . evolutionary developmental biology.], , , ,      蠖      [83 - Carroll 2005.].  ,  ,   ,  ,   ,   ,    ..        ,     ,    .

  ,    - ,       [84 - Voight etal. 2006, Wangetal. 2006.   .:Laland etal. 2010.].     ,  ,    ,    90%       [85 - Caceres etal. 2003.].       .      (    )      , [86 - Enard, Khaitovich, etal. 2002.].            , [87 - Taylor 2009.].       -  : ,    ,  ,        [88 - Striedter 2005.].

 ,       ,   -   .     ,  ,     ࠖ Homo habilis, Homoerectus, Homoneanderthalensis [89 -        ࠖ Homo naledi Homo floresiensis.],      (, , , ), .   ,          .

,   , ,      .          100         .  ,          - - 蠫   - -,  ,       ,  .  ,       ,    . ,      ,    ,       ,              . Ƞ  -      .

, ,   ,        .            .  ,       ,      ,   .   ,   ,   ,    .  ,      ,       , . ,  , ,    ,    .     .     ,  ,  (  堖   -, )  ,   ,    (, , ,   20%).  ,            . ,     ,    [90 - Henrich etal. 2001.]. ,  ,       .      ,       .     -        ,     .      ,          [91 -       .:Henrich andHenrich 2007 Henrich 2015.].

 ,     ?   ,          .     -     ⠖         ,    . ,     ,    , ,     [92 - Jensen etal. 2007.].     ,        ,  .  ,  ,  ,        ,      [93 - Fehr andFischbacher 2003, Richerson andBoyd 2005, Henrich andHenrich 2007.].  ,      ; ,    ,     [94 - Tomasello andCall 1997.]. ,     ,      .

   ,    ,   ,      ,   [95 - Povinelli etal. 1992, Tomasello andCall 1997, Tomasello 2009.].             ,       ?[5 -   ,    (. theory ofmind), ,       ,     , , , ,   .].  ,   ( ),        ,  [96 - Premack andWoodruff 1978.].   ,    ,       .           .      , -       [97 - Call andTomasello 2008.]. ,  ,     ;  -        -       ,      [98 - Call etal. 2004, CallandTomasello 1998.].    ,  -     ,  .     [99 - Heyes 1998, Seyfarth andCheney 2000.], , ,  ,      [100 - Call andTomasello 2008.].   , ,     ,  ,  [101 - Onishi andBaillargeon 2005.],  ,     .  ,       ,  : , ,   ,   ,           ,       ,     .          ,      .        [102 - Dennett 1983.].

Ӡ,     ,     ,            [103 - ., : CallandTomasello 2008, Herrmann etal. 2007 Whiten andCustance 1996.]. ,      .    ,   (   )  ,      ,   蠖    , ,     ,      .     䠖  : -         . ,         :           ,       .            . ,                  ,       21.   ,       ,           (    ,  ,  ),          ( ,  ,   ..). ,         , [104 - Herrmann etal. 2007.]. Ƞ          [105 - Whiten 1998, Whiten etal. 2009, Tomasello andCall 1997.], ,       ,        [106 - Horner andWhiten 2005, Deanetal. 2012.]. ,         -,    [107 - Byrne andWhiten 1988, Whiten andByrne 1997, Dunbar 1995, Tomasello 1999.].

, ,            , . Ӡ     ,   ( ,   , ..),    (     ),     (,  )[108 - Hauser 1996.]. Ӡ     , , ,  ,  .     ,        (        ,       ).  ,   ,         ,    ,   .      ,       . ,      ,    :    ,      , ,      ⠖ ,  [109 - Seyfarth etal. 1980.]. Ӡ      . Ƞ          ,       ,         . ,          ,  ,   [110 - Caesar etal. 2013.].  , ,                .

   , ,  , , , -      ,     .    ,         ,       . , ,  , .            . ,   ,      ,   [111 - Janik andSlater 1997; Wheeler andFischer 2012, 2015.]. , ,  ,    , ,     ,   [112 - Bickerton 2009.]. ,         ,   ,    -   ,  ,        ,   ,  , ,  ,   .      .                , ,           [113 - .].

 ,        , ,      ? ,      ,    ,        [114 -       .:Gardner andGardner 1969, Terrace 1979 Radick 2008.].  , ,        ࠖ         .   1940- .     ,   ,  ,          ,   .     : , , (. cup )  (. up ) ,  ,  .     , -  -    .   -蠖   ,         .   ,        .       :   ,     ,  .        1960- .,      ࠖ   .       ,   .  ,   300   ,    ,        .  ,       ,  ,,  ,    蠫.          軠   ,    ,       ().

Ƞ   ,    ,   蠖     [115 - Radick 2008, Bickerton 2009, Fitch 2010.].           - ,       .           (, , , ,     ..),       .  , ,        (         ),   ,            .        ,     [116 -            .           ,          ()     . .:Terrace 1979.].      頖  .

      ,     , , .       -     .        - ,  (   )         蠖   . Ƞ     :    ,   ,      ,        .         蠖  ,     (    ,  ),    ,      . ,   ,       [117 - de Waal 1990, 1996, 2007, 2010.].          .

, ,         ,    ,  ,    [118 - Dawkins 2012.].    ,   .   ,    ,       .   -   ,    -. , ,             .      蠖 ,      ,  [119 - Silk 2002.].     ,   ,,  ,  , ,   ,   .  , -     ,          (,   )[120 -   堖  ()  (Galef Jr. 1988).    Berger 1962, Curio etal. 1978, Kavaliers etal. 2003, Olsson andPhelps 2007 Hoppitt andLaland 2013.].                蠫 ,               ,  [121 - de Waal 1990, 1996, 1999, 2007, 2010.].      ,   ,     [122 - .:Bshary etal. 2002 Bshary 2011,  Abbott 2015.].  ,    ?   ,  ,        ,     ,       [123 - de Waal 1990, 1996, 2007, 2010.].    -         .     ,  ,  ,  .

   ,  100                 . ,  ,                 .    .          ,   , ,     ,       ,      ,     .                [124 - Lewin andFoley 2004, Stringer andAndrews 2005.].       ,    ,      .     - ,  .

 , -       -  ,  ,   , ,  100     ,   - .   ,     .       ,   ,    ,         . ,      .                    (  )   ,        .    ,         3[125 - .],  ,        [126 - Caceres etal. 2003.],  ,         [127 - Enquist etal. 2008, 2011.].        㠖       , ,     .          . Ƞ   ?

        ,         . 砖 ,    ,  ,   ,        .      : ,   ,  ,    , ,         .  ,     ,        .

           ,    .    ,    ,  ,         .  ,   ,      ,     ,       ,       (, ,    )    .      ,  ,   . ࠖ    , ,     ,   ,   堖   ,   . ,   ,  ,    , , ,      .

      ,      ⠖       ,  . ,  , ,     ,       ,     .    ,       .     :     ,    ,      ,  .       :          .

,   ,  ,    .    ,    䠖     .    젖 , ,          蠫  ,         .  , ,       ,   . Ƞ        ,   ,     ,         .     ,     ,     ,         . Ӡ      ,  , ,          , ,  ,     .               ,  . ,        ,     ,  ,   .        ,        ,            .

    ,  ,    ,     ,     ,     .         .       , ,    ,    ,  ,     .       ,  ,      .  ,          ,   ,        .  ,          ,       .   ,      ;   ,      ,             ,    .

      :   ,         , ,      . ,       ,  .         ,   , -  ,  .  ,       10000  [128 - Barrett etal. 2001.],    ,    [129 -       2013.  2,35  ,      2012.  , 2012.   24    . .:http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/intproperty/941/wipo_pub_941_2013.pdf (http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/intproperty/941/wipo_pub_941_2013.pdf).].  ,    ,    ,  ,     .

  ,  ,   .               . ꠖ   ,        .  ,   -.     ,  ,     ,      .     , , ,               ,     ,      .       .        ࠖ , ,  頖   , ,    ,   ,      . ,  ,   .      , ,  ,  ,     ,    .        . ,    ,     ,   ⠖ , ,       .




2

 


            , , ,     .  ,        . ,  ,       [130 - Darwin 1871, p.49.  .  : 9. .: ͠, 1953. .5.    .    . .199.].

 .  

 ,     (Rattus norvegicus),    ,  ,         ,  .   砫   ,  [131 - Galef Jr. 2003, p.165.].          ,       ,         [132 - Galef Jr. 2003; Barnett 1975.].

         젖 ,       . ,   ,    , , ,          . ,  , ,           .

  ,     ,      [133 - Darwin 1871.].  ,      ,  , ,  蠖  - .  ,     ,   , ,    . Ƞ       , ,      [134 - Hoppitt andLaland 2013.].

 ,           ,  [135 - Darwin 1871, p.50.],   , , .     ,    ,   ,          [136 - Twigg 1975; Barnett 1975.].      . ߠ,          ,     ,      .   ,       ,     -      .

      ,      ,         ;       . Ƞ ,      ,                .

      1950- . ,  :         ,         .         ,   ,        .

              .    ,        -,    ,   ,      [137 - Steiniger 1950.].        ,         ,   .   ,  -    .      ,  .        ,       ,    .

     ,   30,       ,            ,  .  ,      ,    ,     ,   ,  .   ,        ,      ,      .

,      .          ,         . Ӡ ,     ,     [138 - Hepper 1988.].         ,   ,      [139 - Galef Jr. andHenderson 1972.]. ,      ,    ,  -  [140 - Galef Jr. andClark 1971b.],    ,   ,     ,  [141 - .].       ,     ,   [142 - Galef Jr. andClark 1971a.].

         .   ,    ,        ,   -  [143 - Galef Jr. andBuckley 1996.].  ,       蠖   ,   ,   [144 - Galef Jr. andHeiber 1976, Laland andPlotkin 1991, Galef Jr. andBeck 1985.].      ,  ,        , ,        [145 - Laland 1990, Laland andPlotkin 1991.] ,   :  .  -      ,   ,      ,     ,    ,        .           -  (       ).

 , ,          ,     [146 - Laland andPlotkin 1993.]. ߠ             .        .        ,           .         ,     ,   .  ,         , , ,        .  ,    ,     , ,               ,   ,  .

             .    ,              ,  [147 - Galef Jr. andWigmore 1983, Posadas-Andrews andRoper 1983, Galef Jr. etal. 1988.].           젖  ,      [148 - Galef Jr. etal. 1984.].       ,   ,  [149 - Laland andPlotkin 1993.],         [150 - Galef Jr. andAllen 1995.].                ⠖     -,     ,        .

          . ࠖ     .     ,      ,        .      ,    .  ,    , ,  ,  .     ,  ,        ,       .

             ,    [151 - Valsecchi andGalef Jr. 1989, Galef Jr. etal. 1998, Lupfer etal. 2003, McFayden-Ketchum andPorter 1989, Lupfer-Johnson andRoss 2007, Ratcliffe andTerHofstede 2005.].      . , ,  ,  , 堖   ,    :   ,  ,    ,    . ,     ,       .  ,      ,    .            ,  ,  ,  ,    .       , ,    ,      [152 - Atton 2013.].     :    -    ,            [153 - Dornhaus andChittka 1999, Leadbeater andChittka 2007.]. ,  ,   ,        ,     .

            [154 - Jablonka andLamb 2005, Hoppitt andLaland 2013.].   ,         ,    ,       . ,     ,      ,     ,    ,     ,      ,  [155 - Fisher andHinde 1949, Hinde andFisher 1951.].  ,   ,              ,   [156 - Marler 1952.].      ,     ,    [157 - Marler andTamura 1964; Catchpole andSlater 1995, 2008.].        , ,         .   ,       ,       , , ,    .   ,    ,    [158 - VonFrisch 1967.],        ,   ,    .

       , ,     .  1953.       ,    ,   ,  ,    [159 - Kawai 1965.].          .    , ,  ,   ,   ,      ,   .

 ,      ,     .            ,   ,    ,        [160 - .],        .         [161 - Wilson 1975, Bonner 1980.],  ,    ,   ꠫[162 - Kummer andGoodall 1985.].    ,   ,  ,     . ,  ,        [163 - Huffman andHirata 2003, Reader etal. 2011.].

 19701980- .            [164 - McGrew andTutin 1978, McGrew 1992.].            ,        [165 - de Waal 2001, Galef andLaland 2009.].  , ,         , ,  ,      ,       .    .

,      ,   .           ,              Nature[166 - Whiten etal. 1999, 2001.]. -       , -     , -    .        [167 - .],        .       ,      [168 - .].     ,       [169 - Hoppitt andLaland 2013, .7.]. ,    -         .    ,         ,      [170 - Lonsdorf 2006.]. ,           ,    ,       [171 - Lonsdorf etal. 2004.].

   ,   [172 - Pongospp.]     ࠖ [173 - Van Schaik etal. 2003, VanSchaik 2009.].    ,  ,     蠖 , ,          . ,  ,      .  ,  ꠫ ,        ,        堖  . ,     : ,             [174 - .].        .         蠫 ,  ,   ,            ,  ,  [175 - .].






. 1.   -    ,   .                   .    , ,  ,    .      (Susan Perry)



    ,  - ,       ,         [176 - Cebus capuchinus.].  ,        ,     ,      ,      [177 - Perry etal. 2003, Perry 2011.]. ,                   ,  ,  .     (  )     ,             ,         (. 1). Π              ,       .   ,          ,            [178 - Huffman 1996, Huffman andHirata 2003, Lecaetal. 2007.]. ,  -  , ,  , ,     .

Ƞ-,      ,         ,         . , ,    .     TheGardener's Chronicle 1841. ,     ,  ,  ,   , ,       .



  , ,  ,      .   ,            ,       ,   [179 - Darwin 1841.].


  , ,   ,  [180 - Leadbeater andChittka 2007 ,             .],     ,    ,        ,   .

      ,  ,      .       ,   ,    .           堖 ,     .       -   [181 -  (Cyanistes caeruleus).   (Parus major).]  (    ꠫ )[182 - Slagsvold andWeibe 2007, 2011.].         ,    ,    ,    ,   ,    .       ,  ,   ,                .    ,    ,  ,       ,       ,   .

         ,   ,      .            [183 - .]. ,   ,    , . ,    ,            .       ,    ,   ,     !            [184 - Slagsvold etal. 2013.],  [185 - Slagsvold etal. 2002, Hansen etal. 2008.],  [186 - Johannessen etal. 2006.]  [187 - Slagsvold andHansen 2001.].           .

    ,        . Ӡ       ,       ,    [188 - Sargeant andMann 2009.].     ꠖ ,     ,   ,    [189 - Rendell andWhitehead 2001, Baird 2000.].  ,     ,     ,   ,  [190 - Schuster etal. 2006.].   ,  ,  - ,  , -   , -  ,      [191 - Thornton etal. 2010, Kirschner 1987.].     ,    [192 - Cloutier etal. 2002.].     ,    ,  ,  ,          .         ,        ,        [193 - Elgar andCrespi 1992.].

             ,           .     ,    [194 - Mery etal. 2009.], [195 - Dugatkin 1992, Witte andMassmann 2003, Godin etal. 2005.], [196 - White andGalef Jr. 2000, White 2004, Swaddle etal. 2005.] [197 - Galef 2009.],  [198 - Little etal. 2008 Jones etal. 2007.]. Π,     ,           ,      [199 -  (Drosophila melanogaster). Meryetal. 2009.].

       ,      .      ,   ,  ,      . Ӡ     ,      ,    .        ,        . Ӡ , ,          ,    [200 - ., : Goldsmidt etal. 1993, Kraak andWeissing 1996 Forsgren etal. 1996.].    ,       , ,  .         ,            [201 - Largiader etal. 2001.].    ,       ,        .            .

, ,         [202 - Poecilia reticulate.]    ,   .        ,        ,     ,     ,    ,     [203 - Dugatkin 1992.].        ,      .     ,  ,       ,     .  ,        ,     ,          .  ,    ,       ,    [204 - Dugatkin andGodin 1992.]




  .


   .

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notes









1


   .  .    ,   .




2


          Gem Manufacturing. ..




3


. tosplice , .




4


. evolutionary developmental biology.




5


  ,    (. theory ofmind), ,       ,     , , , ,   .










1


Darwin 1859, p.459.  .     . ( ). 2- ., . .: , 2001. .419.  1896.       ,    . . .    . .   . . , . .  . . .       ,  ,   .        (.. 7)      . . . ..




2


    ,    , , ,      .      Mesoudi 2011,  Richerson andBoyd 2005;  Cavalli-Sforza andFeldman 1981   .




3


    (TheSelfish Gene, 1976)     ࠖ   ,  .         .          .:Mesoudi 2011, Richerson andBoyd 2005 Henrich 2015.       Lewens 2015.




4


    Boyd andRicherson 1985, Richerson andBoyd 2005, Henrich andHenrich 2007 Henrich 2015.




5


     Caro andHauser 1992, Hoppitt etal. 2008 Thornton andRaihani 2008.      Thornton andMcAuliffe 2006,   .




6


          .    .:Nowak andHighfield 2011.




7


Darwin 1871, p.160.  .  : 9. .: ͠, 1953. .5.    .    . .241.




8


Currie andFritz 1993.




9


Winterhalder andSmith 2000, Brown etal. 2011.




10


Gagneux etal. 1999.




11


Klein 1999, BoydandSilk 2015.




12


   .:Sterelny 2012a.




13


Boyd andRicherson 1985, Tomasello 1994, Richerson andBoyd 2005, Boydetal. 2011, Henrich 2015.




14


Pinker 2010.




15


Boyd andRicherson 1985, Tomasello 1994, Richerson andBoyd 2005; Boyd etal. 2011, Henrich 2015.




16


Basalla 1988, Petroski 1992.




17


Petroski 1992.




18


.




19


    .:Petroski 1992.




20


     , .:Tomasello 1994.




21


Boyd andRicherson 1985, 2005; Tomasello 1999; Whiten andVanSchaik 2007; Pagel 2012.




22


Zentall andGalef Jr. 1988, Avital andJablonka 2000, Leadbeater andChittka 2007, Hoppitt andLaland 2013.




23


      ,      ,   ,      -         .




24


Warner 1988, Whiten etal. 1999, VanSchaik etal. 2003, Perry etal. 2003, Rendell andWhitehead 2001, Fragaszy andPerry 2003.




25


Fragaszy andPerry 2003, Hoppitt andLaland 2013.




26


Π .:Rendell andWhitehead 2001 Whitehead andRendell 2015. Π .:Mundinger 1980, Avital andJablonka 2000, Emery andClayton 2004 Emery 2004.




27


Π .:Whiten etal. 1999, 2009;  .:VanSchaik etal. 2003;  .:Perry etal. 2003.




28


Whiten 1998, Whiten etal. 2009.




29


Tomasello andCall 1997.




30


       (Tennie etal. 2009, Deanetal. 2012, 2014).        ,     (Sanz etal. 2009),         (Hunt andGray 2003).




31


Boesch 2003.




32


Tennie etal. 2009.




33


  ,      ,    ,  ,    ,     . .:Boesch 2003, Sanzetal. 2009.




34


Hunt andGray 2003.




35


           (Logan etal. 2015),    ,   -            ,   ,              (Rutz etal. 2010).




36


Basalla 1988, Ziman 2000.




37


McBrearty andBrooks 2000, D'Errico andStringer 2011.




38


McPherron etal. 2010.




39


Stringer andAndrews 2005.




40


Stringer andAndrews 2005, Klein 2000.




41


Stringer andAndrews 2005.




42


Thieme 1997.




43


James 1989.




44


Movius 1950, Stringer andAndrews 2005.




45


Mellars 1996.




46


McBrearty andBrooks 2000.




47


Π  .:Boeda etal. 1996. Π .:Hayden 1993.




48


    ,                . .:McBrearty andBrooks 2000.




49


Stringer andAndrews 2005.




50


.




51


Bronowski 1973, Diamond 1997.




52


.




53


Laland andGalef Jr. 2009, Whiten etal. 2011.




54


Boyd andRicherson 1985, 1996; Galef Jr. 1992; Heyes 1993; Boesch andTomasello 1998.




55


        .:Lewin 1987;    .:Boyd andSilk 2015.




56


Darwin 1859, p.458.  .     . .: , 2001. .419.




57


Darwin 1871, p.327.  .  : 9. .: - ͠, 1953. .5.    .    . .241.




58


.   : Stanford Encyclopedia ofPhilosophy (Hatfield 2016).




59


Darwin 1872.




60


Wallace 1869; .: "The Limits ofNatural Selection asApplied toMan(S165: 1869/1870)"     (Alfred Russel Wallace) (http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/wallace/S165.htm (http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/wallace/S165.htm)).




61


    , .:http://wallacefund.info/wallace-biographies.




62


Darwin 1871, p.158.




63


   ,      , .:TheMating Mind (2001)  (Miller).




64


Tomasello andCall 1997.




65


    .:Shettleworth 2010.




66


., ,  Kappeler andSilk 2009,          . .: Suddendorf 2013.




67


Linden 1975; Wallman 1992; Radick 2007; Byrne andWhiten 1988; Whiten andByrne 1997; de Waal 1990, 1996, 2007, 2010.




68


., ,          .




69


Morris 1967.




70


Lorenz 1966, Ardrey 1966.




71


Diamond 1991.




72


Lewin andFoley 2004, Stringer andAndrews 2005.




73


 Glazko etal. (2005),    80% .




74


Frazer etal. 2002.




75


Haygood etal. 2007.




76


Fortna etal. 2004.




77


Hahn etal. 2007.




78


Calarco etal. 2007.




79


King andWilson 1975.




80


Carroll 2005, M?ller 2007.




81


Birney 2012.




82


    ,       (?).




83


Carroll 2005.




84


Voight etal. 2006, Wangetal. 2006.   .:Laland etal. 2010.




85


Caceres etal. 2003.




86


Enard, Khaitovich, etal. 2002.




87


Taylor 2009.




88


Striedter 2005.




89


       ࠖ Homo naledi Homo floresiensis.




90


Henrich etal. 2001.




91


      .:Henrich andHenrich 2007 Henrich 2015.




92


Jensen etal. 2007.




93


Fehr andFischbacher 2003, Richerson andBoyd 2005, Henrich andHenrich 2007.




94


Tomasello andCall 1997.




95


Povinelli etal. 1992, Tomasello andCall 1997, Tomasello 2009.




96


Premack andWoodruff 1978.




97


Call andTomasello 2008.




98


Call etal. 2004, CallandTomasello 1998.




99


Heyes 1998, Seyfarth andCheney 2000.




100


Call andTomasello 2008.




101


Onishi andBaillargeon 2005.




102


Dennett 1983.




103


., : CallandTomasello 2008, Herrmann etal. 2007 Whiten andCustance 1996.




104


Herrmann etal. 2007.




105


Whiten 1998, Whiten etal. 2009, Tomasello andCall 1997.




106


Horner andWhiten 2005, Deanetal. 2012.




107


Byrne andWhiten 1988, Whiten andByrne 1997, Dunbar 1995, Tomasello 1999.




108


Hauser 1996.




109


Seyfarth etal. 1980.




110


Caesar etal. 2013.




111


Janik andSlater 1997; Wheeler andFischer 2012, 2015.




112


Bickerton 2009.




113


.




114


      .:Gardner andGardner 1969, Terrace 1979 Radick 2008.




115


Radick 2008, Bickerton 2009, Fitch 2010.




116


           .           ,          ()     . .:Terrace 1979.




117


de Waal 1990, 1996, 2007, 2010.




118


Dawkins 2012.




119


Silk 2002.




120


  堖  ()  (Galef Jr. 1988).    Berger 1962, Curio etal. 1978, Kavaliers etal. 2003, Olsson andPhelps 2007 Hoppitt andLaland 2013.




121


de Waal 1990, 1996, 1999, 2007, 2010.




122


.:Bshary etal. 2002 Bshary 2011,  Abbott 2015.




123


de Waal 1990, 1996, 2007, 2010.




124


Lewin andFoley 2004, Stringer andAndrews 2005.




125


.




126


Caceres etal. 2003.




127


Enquist etal. 2008, 2011.




128


Barrett etal. 2001.




129


      2013.  2,35  ,      2012.  , 2012.   24    . .:http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/intproperty/941/wipo_pub_941_2013.pdf (http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/intproperty/941/wipo_pub_941_2013.pdf).




130


Darwin 1871, p.49.  .  : 9. .: ͠, 1953. .5.    .    . .199.




131


Galef Jr. 2003, p.165.




132


Galef Jr. 2003; Barnett 1975.




133


Darwin 1871.




134


Hoppitt andLaland 2013.




135


Darwin 1871, p.50.




136


Twigg 1975; Barnett 1975.




137


Steiniger 1950.




138


Hepper 1988.




139


Galef Jr. andHenderson 1972.




140


Galef Jr. andClark 1971b.




141


.




142


Galef Jr. andClark 1971a.




143


Galef Jr. andBuckley 1996.




144


Galef Jr. andHeiber 1976, Laland andPlotkin 1991, Galef Jr. andBeck 1985.




145


Laland 1990, Laland andPlotkin 1991.




146


Laland andPlotkin 1993.




147


Galef Jr. andWigmore 1983, Posadas-Andrews andRoper 1983, Galef Jr. etal. 1988.




148


Galef Jr. etal. 1984.




149


Laland andPlotkin 1993.




150


Galef Jr. andAllen 1995.




151


Valsecchi andGalef Jr. 1989, Galef Jr. etal. 1998, Lupfer etal. 2003, McFayden-Ketchum andPorter 1989, Lupfer-Johnson andRoss 2007, Ratcliffe andTerHofstede 2005.




152


Atton 2013.




153


Dornhaus andChittka 1999, Leadbeater andChittka 2007.




154


Jablonka andLamb 2005, Hoppitt andLaland 2013.




155


Fisher andHinde 1949, Hinde andFisher 1951.




156


Marler 1952.




157


Marler andTamura 1964; Catchpole andSlater 1995, 2008.




158


VonFrisch 1967.




159


Kawai 1965.




160


.




161


Wilson 1975, Bonner 1980.




162


Kummer andGoodall 1985.




163


Huffman andHirata 2003, Reader etal. 2011.




164


McGrew andTutin 1978, McGrew 1992.




165


de Waal 2001, Galef andLaland 2009.




166


Whiten etal. 1999, 2001.




167


.




168


.




169


Hoppitt andLaland 2013, .7.




170


Lonsdorf 2006.




171


Lonsdorf etal. 2004.




172


Pongospp.




173


Van Schaik etal. 2003, VanSchaik 2009.




174


.




175


.




176


Cebus capuchinus.




177


Perry etal. 2003, Perry 2011.




178


Huffman 1996, Huffman andHirata 2003, Lecaetal. 2007.




179


Darwin 1841.




180


Leadbeater andChittka 2007 ,             .




181


 (Cyanistes caeruleus).   (Parus major).




182


Slagsvold andWeibe 2007, 2011.




183


.




184


Slagsvold etal. 2013.




185


Slagsvold etal. 2002, Hansen etal. 2008.




186


Johannessen etal. 2006.




187


Slagsvold andHansen 2001.




188


Sargeant andMann 2009.




189


Rendell andWhitehead 2001, Baird 2000.




190


Schuster etal. 2006.




191


Thornton etal. 2010, Kirschner 1987.




192


Cloutier etal. 2002.




193


Elgar andCrespi 1992.




194


Mery etal. 2009.




195


Dugatkin 1992, Witte andMassmann 2003, Godin etal. 2005.




196


White andGalef Jr. 2000, White 2004, Swaddle etal. 2005.




197


Galef 2009.




198


Little etal. 2008 Jones etal. 2007.




199


 (Drosophila melanogaster). Meryetal. 2009.




200


., : Goldsmidt etal. 1993, Kraak andWeissing 1996 Forsgren etal. 1996.




201


Largiader etal. 2001.




202


Poecilia reticulate.




203


Dugatkin 1992.




204


Dugatkin andGodin 1992.


