.         
 


    :     ,  ,    ,     .            ,        .             ,    ,        !  ,       ,     ,                , ,      (    ,      !)   ,    .              -.

        ,            .    ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   -,   ,  ,   .    ,  , ,         , ,   ,   . ( )

  PDF A4   .





 

.         


  



Jonathan Balcombe

SUPERFLY

The Unexpected Lives of the Worlds Most Successful Insects



 Jonathan Balcombe, 2021

  ..,    , 2023

    .    -, 2023








* * *



           .  ,  ,  ,         .

 , ,     蠫,    



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1

 


 ,   ,        ,     ,   .

- 






     ,            .          ,       14 .         .      ,         ,   .

 ,            ,    , ,      -  ,   .  ,      ,     ,    .         .

 .

          ,       ,        ,   1970- .     ,   ,       ,   .     ,  -     ,      .       ,  , 12 .

    .    .     ,    ,    -,    .     , Cordylobia anthropophaga.  anthropophaga   .      ,    ,     ,      , ,     ,     , ,   ,        .     ,        .      ,  .

 ,     ,       ,       .              .       ,  ,   ,      .      ,      :  ,  -  !

           ,   :     ,        . ,  .   .




 ,    ,       ,   ( Brock Fenton)



         .      -     .     .

      ,       ,    ,    ,           .       ,            .       ,           . ,      ,  ,     ,      .


,  

    :   .  ,     ,    , ,   . ,   -  ,     ,      .     ,      ,     ,  1999         (Floridas Fabulous Insects).    ,   ,    ,    ,     ,     [1 - Deyrup 2005, p. 112.]. (  ,     .)   ,     , , ,   , .          , ,      ,         .

 ,    . ,            ,              .  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,    [2 -    -  (Ceratopogonidae);   (Hippoboscidae, . ., Lipoptena cervi,      ),   (   Stomoxys, - ). . .].          ,       .       , ,   ,    ,  .     .       ,     ,       .      ,     .       .      .   ,                .

             ,    .     ,      ,      .       ,      .  12    , ,  ,    (Culicidae).       ,   ,  ,  ,   .      .  (Phlebotominae)[3 -    sandflies ,    ,   (Phlebotominae).    ,     .     ,    : , ,  . . .]  ,    (Simuliidae)   ,   .      ,  ,       .

         .       .        160000   , 1%.        (Syrphidae),     ,   6000  . -               ,   ,   ,  ,            .          . ,     (  ),   - (Chirinomidae,  )      ,     .          0,4     ,          ,        .        ,       .         ,      .  :            16800


         ,         ,    .

     .       Drosophila melanogaster,       [4 -  12 2020.    Drosophila       PubMed  107760 .].       .   ,       , ,  ,      ,         .         .




  ,   ,   .       ,       ,    .

       ?   ,              .         :    .        .

          : .   ,         ,     ,           (Insects),  2006.   ,   80%          , ,  ,          .          (10000000000000000000000)  , ,  ,    [5 - McGavin 2000.].     (Animal Life Encyclopedia)  ,  200   [6 - Grzimek 2003.].  2017    (Bugged)        :      1,4 [7 - MacNeal 2017.]. ,      12  ,  [8 - Grzimek 2003.],    ,        (Underbug)   [9 - Margonelli 2018, p. 10.].           ,    .

   ,         ,   YouTube- Animalist[10 - Farnham 2018.] ,    17  (17000000000000000).      [11 - Gorman 2017.] ,        17 .    ,    ,     ,       .   ,         (,   ), , ,      ,     .          ,  ,   ,       ,      - .    ,        ,            .

 ,     ,  .    ,      .     ,     ,      ,     ,  .               ,             .      ,        ,   .  ,         .  ,         , 2008 [12 - Hotspot for Midges Proves to Be Fertile Ground, Nature 454 (August 13, 2008): 815. https://doi. org/10.1038/454815f (accessed June 24, 2019).],            (Chironomidae)  135  .       Chaoboridae     [13 - Marshall 2012.],     ,     ,        ,   .

 :  ,  -        .     ,  ,      .        ,    [14 - Zlomislic 2019.].    ( ) Coenorhabditis elegans[15 -    roundworm, Coenorhabditis elegans   ,     ,  . . .]        .   [16 - McNeill 2018.],      600 .    1998[17 - Whitman et al. 1998.],     5?10


 .

       .    ,     (  , , ,    ,   )            ,   .  1930-    . .. - ,       ,     ,            .       , 350000    . ,   ,    ,  , ,             ,   .

 1964,        (The Natural History of Flies),   ,   80000 .        160000,    ,       .   -[18 - -   ,          ().   ,    , . . .]  2016,      16000 , 10    .    ,    ,   :     1%  [19 - Hebert et al. 2016.],     ,      10     1,8     Cecidomyiidae.   ,              142  .  ,    .     ,    , ,      ,  ,       ,        .        6203  .

       ,       .        ,         ,     35             .        ,   200         ,    ,   .    (    ),        .

,     :      ,   ,           .   ,              (,  ).

   ?  .

(  )     .   ,    ,  ,   ,               ,  .

    ,       .     ,    ,          ,    .

,     ,   ?  . (          .)

9095%.

   :

  ,   6000   ,       37  .

 , ,        (Micropezidae)   Cardiacephala.

,    ?

 50%.

   ,       ,  .  ,            .

        ?  .

 ,   ,      ,          .      1982,     -      .

    ,         ,      1400.     ,         ,    ,        .

  ,               ,   ,       ?   .

 ,       ,     :

      .  2012    Speolepta,    ,         .    ,      ,     .            [20 - ,     Arachnocampa,  ,  ,   .]  ,      .

-        :    ,     ,     .         .

 :

     ,                .        !        ,       ,      .

     ?

        ,       (        Mycetophilidae  ).      ,  ,           ,      Speolepta vockerothi, ,  ,     ,    .          ,  ,   .

ΠSpeolepta vockerothi,  ,     (      ?),     2012     Canadian Entomologist.

        1%  ,    1600  .        ()      ,   ,    ,     ,   .  ,        ,  ,    ,      1000       (Horseflies of the Ethiopian Region)[21 -     ,  .],    565 ,    228        1957.      (   . ),     ,       - (Phoridae), - (Bombyliidae),  (Therevidae),  (Asilidae),   (Muscidae),  (Sciomyzidae)      (Drosophilidae).        Papers on Diptera (  ),     1910  1914 ,  ,  ,      :    , 30 . 1914.  (18891981)   , ,      .          11000   -     :      .

    .   -     ,    .   ,  2016 ,         , 54000  94000.  ,           :            ,  ,     (20      2,5).

     , ,   ,  ,  .     ,       ,       .        ,    ,  ,        .  ,    .      ,   1.         100 ,     , ,    ,     , ,       .      ,        100  .          25   .

,   24  ,   25-,    31   .  ,       ,    16


  1000 .

  ,     ?

     ,      . ,     ?    ?       .       ,   ,   ,    . 50


   .     ,   ,    155097290,         ,        .

     ,  .  1911     ,    ,   ,  ,     ,     191010000000000000000000 ( 191 )  .       0,3


[22 - Teale 1964.],             .             .            ,        ,       , ,   ,             .       .         ,       .     , ,    .

    ,  .    ,      .       ,   Starbucks        .      -     ;      ,       ,     .    -  ,    ,  , ,      ,     ,  .       ,   ,     .    ,   ,     .

    ,     .  [23 - Marshall 2012.]     ,   ,   ,   ,   .    ,  [24 - MacNeal 2017.],     15C,      .    Chironomidae,     1000   [25 - Linevich 1963, cited in Armitage et al. 1995.],      .       , ,    .   Encyclop?dia Britannica ,     ,      .    (Helaeomyia petrolei),     ,       ,          ,    .  ,      .          ,        ,    .


   

            .  ,        casu marzu,    / . ,  ,           .       , ,           .    (Piophila casei)   .        ,       ,     ,  .

 ,      ,  . -     15    .       ,           [26 -  ,  2019,   , ,   ,   ,   ,      , 36    .     .    ,           ,     .       ,    ,  ,   ; ,     .     ,      ,  . .  G.M.Farley et al., Adhesive Latching and Legless Leaping in Small, Worm-like Insect Larvae, Journal of Experimental Biology 222, no. 15 (August 2019), https://jeb.biologists.org/content/222/15/jeb201129].        ,     .      ,   ,   .         .   ,                 .       ,     ,     ,   ,    .           .        ,     .

,   ,    ,    .           .    (Musca vetustissima),       ,    ,         ,           -.   (   )      , 100        ;       9000   4047


.

            .           2016, , , ,           .    ,  ,    ,   YouTube     ,     #flyforpresident[27 -     ,                  -:         .].               ,     .     .      2018      .  -    2007     ,              ,   ,    [28 - Davidoff and King 2017.].   2018 -        - :        ,           [29 - http://www.dw.com/en/fly-ruins-german-domino-world-record-attempt/a (http://www.dw.com/en/fly-ruins-german-domino-world-record-attempt/a) 44955761].  ,  ,      ;     .  :       .

           ,       .         ,    ,     .     ,        ,   , , -    .   ,       ,    .  ,          (     ),  (    ,    ),  (   ),  (      )    (   ,  ).

    .     XVII     ,   [30 - Klein 2007.].             ,       ,   [31 - Berenbaum 2003.].

         ( 2,7?4,2)        .       ,      (   )    .     ,       .     ,            .   -         .        ,    .      ,    .     ,       ,    .     ,     [32 - Stinson 2013.],        ,         .

,     .     ,       1940- ,   (blackflies   )   ,        ,  ,     :

		  ,  ,
		   
		 ,  
		    .

  ,  [33 - The blackfly song  YouTube]       ,      1991.    1999     [34 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02TUsZzF6es]   ,  -  ,       ,      .

,       .    ,  ,  ,    -     (time flies like an arrow, and fruit flies like a banana).    ,         , ,     1906        :    ,    ,    [35 - Bonham Carter 1965.].

       ,      ,   .    Curtotonidae    quasimodo flies,  ,  -     .      Cinderella (). (Google    ,  ,           ,     1949,  ,  ,     ;       -    , , ,   ,         .)     ,   [36 - Howard 1905.]  Calliphora vomitoria[37 -  . vomo, vomui, vomitum, vomere   , ,  . vomit  .    .]  C. morticia[38 - ,   . mortician    . mors, mortis  .],     ,   Elephantomyia   -   ,    . -   [39 - McGavin 2000.],       -, Apolysis humbug A. zzyzxensis,    ,         ,   . , ,    ,     .

    (  - Bry the Fly Guy)       30- .   - [40 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWYRXP5ojBc].   1981,     ,     Scaptia beyonceae,   .

      .       ,     -[41 - http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/12/organisms-named-famous-people-pictures/ (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/12/organisms-named-famous-people-pictures/)],    : Agra katewinsletae, Hydroscapha redfordi Agra liv    ,    ,          : Neopalpa donaldtrumpi.



    , ,   ,     . -,  ,   ,  ,     ,   ( )  ,      . -,      ,            ,     ,        .         ,            .          ,                .    ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   -,   ,  ,   .

      :      1000   ,      ,                     (, ,  ),   ()   ( ).         :    ;    -,    , ,          ;   -  (),       ,           .         ,  ,       .

 ,       :     ,     ;  ,       ,       ,  ;  ,  ,  ,    ;   ,         ,   ,    ,        .    ,  , ,         , ,   ,   .

       ,   ,     ,     .    , ,  ,        . ,         .      , ,   . ,   ,         .




2

  


     ,  .

 .   (The Glass Bees)






        .   ,           .     ,      .

     ,  ,    . ,      ,   .    ,      .      ,        ,    (   ,   )      ,    ,      ,           .           : , , , , , ,   .   ,    ,        ,     (),   ,         ,   .     ,     .

 ( )        .   ,      ,   ,    ,   ,   ,   ,    ,    .  ( )    ,     ,      ,  .            .            ,   ,     .    ,   ,      .      .

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 ,   ,   , : ,  .        - ,   ,   ,    .  ,   ,    ,     ,      , ,     .  ,    ,  -   ,     .  ,   -   , ,   .

    -.       ,     .     ,  .      : (1) ,      , (2)  ,    ,    ,  ,     .


   

  ,   .       (Diptera,  . di = , ptera = ),   ,        .          ,  ,       .       ,   ,         [42 -  , ,    .].

    .   Nematocera () ,  , ,  ,   ,   .            (,   rhinoceros ()    , nematocera    ),         ,  .  Brachycera ()   ,     .       ,       ,  Brachycera.




  ( Bobs bugs, http://www.bobs-bugs.info/bug-basics-anatomy/)



   .       ,        .      ,     ;          .         (      )     , ,   ,       ,      -.

    ,  ,   .   ,     ,        , ,  ,       .   ,  ,   ,         ,  :  ,    , -,    ,       ,        ,              .  ,  ,   ,     .          ,        ,         .         [43 - Grzimek 2003.] (   :  , ),     ()            (Metasyrphus americanus), ,  ,   ,    .

        (ABS) - ,     .      21


,          .    1941      .     60    .              ,      ,  ,   .

     ABS  35.   ,   .   ,     ,        .     ,         (Floridas Fabulous Insects)    -   .         ,     .

     ,               (Manual of Nearctic Diptera),  III.  ,       .      ( ,       ).         .    .     ,  [    ],  ,  [  ],          .

 ,                ,    :   ,      .    ,     ,  .       /  (:    ?),     ,  .    ,      ,    ,   . ,               ,      Rhagionidae.         ,     ,    10        .

         ,       : .       ,       ,    .      ,  ,  ,     ,       .      ,  ,       .          .    ,     ,     ,   ,       .  ,                  ,    .


   

    : -   flies,  [44 -     .  musca,  .].    :     ,       .  ,     ,       , .  ,  ,  (  )    ,      .     ,       ,     .

        [45 - Sverdrup-Thygeson 2019.],    ,      150      . -,   ,    ,        . -,    .         ,              .       345   [46 - Lauck 1998.],    700 ,    ,   , 1046 ![47 - Sj?berg 2015.] ,          ,   .   ,      ,         .             .      .     [48 - Marshall 2012.],   (   ; Pipunculidae)             .

    ,             ,   . -   ,      ,       ,  ,       .       ,      .       .  ,      ,     30   ,      ,     .        10  ,      .     ,   ,         ,       .          ,     .  ,     ,    .     ,      ,  ,          .     ,  ,          [49 -  ,             .   Lucilia       .].

        ,     ,         .   Life in the Undergrowth (  ),  BBC,      -,        .       ,        ,    .       ,      .    ,       .      ,           .

      ,   .       ,    .   100             .              ;             [50 -          ,            ,  .].

         ,  ,     ,     ,        ,   -   ,        .       ,   ,       ,       ( )        .    ,     ,    (  )   ;         ,   .  ,           ,      ,         .

     ,          .   ,    ,   .          ,    .        :     ,   , ,  ,  .    ,  ,   ,  .     ,       ,    ,      .     [51 - Oldroyd 2018.],    .

    ,      .     , ,     ,   ,   ,               .  :     -.      , ,  ,    ,     ,       ,      .          ,       ,     ,     . , -,     (  -  ),         511     ,        .     ,   ,    , ,      ,     ,   .

              ,           ,  .       ,     . - ,     ,   ,      .    ,     ,    ,            .  ,     ,   [52 - Chinery 2008.].      ,         .

    ,           ,      ,        ,          .    ,         .         [53 - Chinery 2008.],   ,     .

   ,   ,   - .                    ,     40,    ,   .      ,   ,     ( ,     ).          .       ,      ,   .    ,        .          ,     .   700       .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/dzhonatan-belkomb/supermuhi-udivitelnye-istorii-iz-zhizni-samyh-uspeshnyh-69821836/chitat-onlayn/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Deyrup 2005, p. 112.




2


   -  (Ceratopogonidae);   (Hippoboscidae, . ., Lipoptena cervi,      ),   (   Stomoxys, - ). . .




3


   sandflies ,    ,   (Phlebotominae).    ,     .     ,    : , ,  . . .




4


 12 2020.    Drosophila       PubMed  107760 .




5


McGavin 2000.




6


Grzimek 2003.




7


MacNeal 2017.




8


Grzimek 2003.




9


Margonelli 2018, p. 10.




10


Farnham 2018.




11


Gorman 2017.




12


Hotspot for Midges Proves to Be Fertile Ground, Nature 454 (August 13, 2008): 815. https://doi. org/10.1038/454815f (accessed June 24, 2019).




13


Marshall 2012.




14


Zlomislic 2019.




15


   roundworm, Coenorhabditis elegans   ,     ,  . . .




16


McNeill 2018.




17


Whitman et al. 1998.




18


-   ,          ().   ,    , . . .




19


Hebert et al. 2016.




20


,     Arachnocampa,  ,  ,   .




21


    ,  .




22


Teale 1964.




23


Marshall 2012.




24


MacNeal 2017.




25


Linevich 1963, cited in Armitage et al. 1995.




26


 ,  2019,   , ,   ,   ,   ,      , 36    .     .    ,           ,     .       ,    ,  ,   ; ,     .     ,      ,  . .  G.M.Farley et al., Adhesive Latching and Legless Leaping in Small, Worm-like Insect Larvae, Journal of Experimental Biology 222, no. 15 (August 2019), https://jeb.biologists.org/content/222/15/jeb201129




27


    ,                  -:         .




28


Davidoff and King 2017.




29


http://www.dw.com/en/fly-ruins-german-domino-world-record-attempt/a (http://www.dw.com/en/fly-ruins-german-domino-world-record-attempt/a) 44955761




30


Klein 2007.




31


Berenbaum 2003.




32


Stinson 2013.




33


The blackfly song  YouTube




34


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02TUsZzF6es




35


Bonham Carter 1965.




36


Howard 1905.




37


 . vomo, vomui, vomitum, vomere   , ,  . vomit  .    .




38


,   . mortician    . mors, mortis  .




39


McGavin 2000.




40


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWYRXP5ojBc




41


http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/12/organisms-named-famous-people-pictures/ (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/12/organisms-named-famous-people-pictures/)




42


 , ,    .




43


Grzimek 2003.




44


    .  musca,  .




45


Sverdrup-Thygeson 2019.




46


Lauck 1998.




47


Sj?berg 2015.




48


Marshall 2012.




49


 ,             .   Lucilia       .




50


         ,            ,  .




51


Oldroyd 2018.




52


Chinery 2008.




53


Chinery 2008.


