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Historia Rossica
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 332.021(1-924.16)

 63.3(2-4)6

89

  

HISTORIA ROSSICA

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ISBN 978-5-4448-2332-4



 Andy Bruno, 2016

This translation of The Nature of Soviet Power by Andy Bruno is published by arrangement with Cambridge University Press.



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 2

  



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       .               ,       .          ,       ,         .                 ,    XIX   XX .                  .

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            .   1917    ,     ,       .  , , ,   ,            .          .         ,    ?  .                 .            :    ,       ,     ,        .           ,       ,      .

        ,          .       ,        ,    .           ,         [157 -  .     . . 232244; . . -72. . 1. . 1. . 165.].   1917     --  ,      [158 - . . -72. . 1. . 1. . 232;  . . . . 32.].

  ,        .        ,         12     [159 - Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. S. 139144; . . -488. . 1. . 13. . 56;        :    . :   , 2006. . 24.].        ,   ,   ,          [160 - . . -72. . 1. . 16. . 86; . 17. . 174177; . 14. . 152; . 4. . 6768; . 33. . 128131; . -488. . 1. . 13. . 56.].      ,   [161 - . . -72. . 1. . 4, . 180;  . .    30. . 10.].      ,    , ,            .   1917     ,    ,             .      ,   ,       ,       [162 - . . -72. . 1. . 1. . 86; . 17. . 96, 98.].

       ,       ,             .        1917    ,         [163 -  . . 4. . 161.]. ,         ,   ,    ,        .    ,   ,   ,           ,              [164 -  . . 3. . 394.].

     1917 ,         .      ,          ,      .             1918 ,            ,          [165 - . . -488. . 1. . 15. . 8, 3132.].            ,           [166 -  . . 13. . 55, 58.].            1918 ,   ,    -  ,              [167 - Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. S. 123.].

                  .   -    1918         .                  ,          .           1918 ,      .          ,             .         1918        ,     .           ,         1918 ,         1919 .      ,       [168 -           , .:  .  :        , 19171920. .:   , 2011; Kotsonis Y. Arkhangelsk, 1918: Regionalism and Populism in the Russian Civil War // Russian Review. 1992. Vol. 51. 4. P. 526544; Kennan G. F. The Decision to Intervene. 2vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958; Fogelsong D. S. Americas Secret War against Bolshevism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995; Somin I. Stilborn Crusade: The Tragic Failure of Western Intervention in the Russian Civil War. 19181920. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1996; Willett R. L. Russian Sideshow: Americas Undeclared War. Washington, DC: Brasseys, 2003.].

       -,      .           ,        ,      ,           [169 - Lincoln W. B. Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989. P. 270286.].        ,         ,     [170 - Willett R. L. Russian Sideshow. P. 131138.].            ,     ,    .  -     ,   ,        ,        [171 - NARA. Record Group 182. Box 1594.].          ?  .     ,     ,    ,      [172 - NARA. Record Group 120. Boxes 13 [Letter from W. Delano Osborne, February 21, 1919].].             ,           [173 - Ibid. [Situation in North Russia Theater, February 26, 1919]. P. 9.].

    ,         . ,            ,   ,     [174 -         .:  .  . .140141.].   ,      ,         ,  ,         ,           蓻:            [175 - Bentley Historical Library. Polar Bear Collection. Harry Duink Papers. P. 4041.].         ,           . ,     ,  , ,      ,           [176 - Bentley Historical Library. Russia Route Zone A. P. 22.].

,      ,           1919   1920 .               [177 - . . -621. . 1. . 22. . 32, 7376.].             ,     [178 -  . . 32, 50, 75, 105.].           ,     [179 -  . . 18, 67.].               [180 -  . . 49.].         ,          [181 -  . .   :  , ,  //  . 1992. 7. . 3;  .  . . 201202.].

     ,           1920 ,  ,      ,    ,       .        ,     ,                     .  ,   ,     ,    ,    .        .   ,            .                :    ,      ,         [182 - . . -621. . 1. . 22. . 32.].

    .          .                 ,         ,   ,     [183 - . . -483. . 1. . 2. . 23, 2124, 2932, 169171; . 3. . 3138, 5354, 6162; . 36. . 35, 1316.].  1918                   ,        [184 -  . . 2. . 21, 42.].  ,  ,         [185 -  . . 2. . 46, 22 ., 25; . 3. . 6, 1620.].

             ,      1921 ,   .       ?       ,           [186 -  . . 100. . 26, 30, 32, 37, 88, 94, 138.].    1920    :         .  ,    ,        ,    .  ,    ,               [187 - . . -482. . 2. . 295. . 12.].   ,      ,   ,      ,   .




 


        , , ,      .           ,    ,   .          ,      .        ,       .

 ,   ,       ()  1920? .   1921      ,   .       ,             (19181921 ).          ,      ,       .    ,        ,     .

             .              .     ,   [188 - .   .  //    . 1923. 2. . 1516.].        ,         .         ,       ,   .      ,         [189 - Baron N. Soviet Karelia.].         ,    ,         . ,           2  1923 ,         .   ,   ,             [190 -   //    . 1923. 1. . 1.].

   ,      ,     - ,              . 25  1923 ,           ,      ,     -   .   , 241   ,       ,      (.  2)[191 -  . .        -  //  . 1970. 4. . 114.                , .: Heywood A. Modernising Lenins Russia: Economic Reconstruction, Foreign Trade and the Railways. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.].    ,             .  ,                        .               .

  --                .                          ,     [192 -  . .,  . .     . .:  , 1926. . 4.].  ,                   - ,             [193 -  . .     //      . . 231;  .     //    . 1923. 1. . 3.].     ,     ,    ,       .      ,   ,    ,   ,        . ,   ,    ,               [194 -  .   (- ) //   :      . 1929. 3. . 3.].

         .      , ,   ,     ,    [195 -  .    . . 225.].   ,             [196 -  .     // - . 1927. . 5. 3. . 79.]. , , , ,       .       ,    .       ,   ,    , ,   .      ,         ,       (      . . .)[197 -  .  :    . : , 1922. . 56.].           .           ,          .                [198 -  . .     :       19201922 . .:  , 1924;  .        ( ). .: .   , 1931.    .:  .   // . 1926. 56. . 1526; . . 544. . 1. . 365. . 16.].   1920?                .        , ,   ,       , ,    [199 -        . ,      . .       , .:  . . . . 4162.].                 [200 - Baron N. Soviet Karelia. P. 7778.].  ,  ,   720    1924   1 460 000   19281929 [201 - . . 544. . 1. . 115. . 3.].       ,          .  1924               [202 -  . . . . 5556.].   19231929    16 483  [203 - . . 544. . 1. . 115. . 3.]. ,            [204 - Baron N. Soviet Karelia. P. 7278.].      ,  ,     [205 - . :      .].         ,         [206 -     -- . .:    , 1926. . 1617; . . -397. . 1. . 34. . 2528.].

      ,      .        ,        .             ,      .     ,         .    1920?        ,         [207 -     -- . . 9;  .     // - . 1927. . 5. 3. . 79;      1925 . , 1925.].        ,    1925 ,       ,       ,   ,        .              [208 -  .    - :  ,     . .:    , 1925. . 1214.].  ,              .

           .    ,      14 500   1923   23 000   1929 [209 - Baron N. Soviet Karelia. P. 77.].       ,       ,          .   1930                -- [210 -  . . . . 68;  . .        - . . 115.].   ,   ,      1920? ,          (19281932 )[211 - Hirsch F. Empire of Nations. P. 8798.].   1929        ,          ,      [212 - . . 773. . 1. . 1. . 103.].   ,    ,          .




    


         .              .         ,       ,         .   ,        ,      ,     ,  ,       [213 - .  : Tucker R. C. Stalinism as Revolution from Above // Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation / Ed. by R. C. Tucker. New York: Norton, 1977. P. 77108; Fitzpatrick Sh. The Legacy of the Civil War; Raleigh D. Experiencing Russias Civil War; Holquist P. Making War, Forging Revolution; Idem. Information is the Alpha and Omega of Our Work: Bolshevik Surveillance in Its Pan-European Context // The Journal of Modern History. 1997. Vol. 69. 3. P. 415450.].                  .           . ,     19281953           ,    .

               [214 -           .: Rees E. A. Stalinism and Soviet Rail Transport, 19281941. New York: St. Martins Press, 1995; Payne M. J. Stalins Railroad: Turksib and the Building of Socialism. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001.].     ,               .        ,      .            ,            XX .           .        ,       .                .                .  ,      1930?      ,   [215 - :  . 1932. 18 . . 1;  . .       . . 57, 4748;  .  . .; .:  , 1932. . 5354;  . .,  . .  -    2?  // - . 1932. 34. . 14;   . .: -   , 1932.].

                      ,       .        1929               .        1930       [216 -   //  :  / . . . . . 1. .: .  , 1930. . 285.].   1930      2000 ,       ,   ,          ,     [217 - . . 773. . 1. . 1. . 318319.].    , ?          ,   .  1930?          ,     .     -2,    [218 -         . .: . -    , 1934. . 35;  . . . . 7881;  . .     . : , 2004. . 147151.].  1935           ,   .

                   .   1935        14?  -  ()                [219 -  . .    (     )  .    //      / . . . , . . . :    , 2004. . 9092; . . 773. . 1. . 53. . 1516, 6061, 70, 229, 255256, 264265, 309311; . 55. . 132133, 694, 711.   -  .: Baron N. Soviet Karelia. P. 137227.].       1935 ,      1936 [220 - . . 773. . 1. . 53. . 1516.].   ,      19351936 ,      ,   ,  ;     . 14?        ,       .   :    ,    ,      [221 - . :  . .   . . 3.].  ,        ,      [222 -  .].

               .        ,   .         [223 -  . .   . . 91.].              .  ,   ,        ,       [224 - .. 773. . 1. . 63. . 250252; . 62. . 387.].   , ,   , ,      :      :    , ,    14? .  .  ,  ,              [225 -  . . 62. . 160.].             ,  ,          .  ,         ,           1936 [226 -  . . 63. . 110, 248252; . 62. . 160, 385389; . 64. . 191194, 236237.].

    ,    ,            .            1939            ,       1940?    1950? [227 -  -   , 19231960 / . . . . .: , 1998. . 165166, 169170, 296, 397398, 410411, 430433.].              1940 ,      [228 -  . .   . . 3.].  ,          ,          [229 -  .,  . .        . :    /   , 2004. . 1215;  . .   . . 97; :    / . . . . :   , 2005. . 400.].   1950?      ,        . ,   ,          .       ,      ,           1953 [230 -  . .   :  . . 215225.].

       :      ,           1930? .     1950?    .  ,           ,    ,     (       1959 ).  1980?        ,        .       ,      ,   .




 3

  



             .           .              ,      .      (19281932),  1932            ( )   :              : , ,   .           ,                            [231 -  . .  //  . .   . .:   , 1932. . 3.].                         .            ,        .

  1920?             .    ,        1927               .   ,  ,        ,        .      ,            ,       .               ,           .         ,          .               .

     1930?       ,  ,    -   .               ,   ,      .               ,   ,   .          .             .

               .           . ,   ,           .

         , , , ,  ,     .        ,        .  ,  ,     () ,        .        ,    ,    ,  ,  . ,         ,  ,   ,   ,    .   ,                . ,    ,    ,   ,   ,             .

           ?             .         ,         .               1930? ,      .                  .       ,        ,       ,   .                       . ,             .       ,      .                ,       .              .          ,      ,            .

        1929 ,      ,        .       :   - ,       [232 -  .    //   / . . . , . . . .:  , 1984. . 21.].         ,         [233 - Rosenholm A., Autio-Sarasmo S. Introduction // Understanding Russian Nature: Representations, Values and Concepts / Ed. by A. Rosenholm, S. Autio-Sarasmo. Aleksanteri Papers. 2005. 4. P. 918; Bolotova A. Colonization of Nature in the Soviet Union; Weiner D. Models of Nature. P. 168171.].     ,       ,          [234 -  .   . . 21.].              .               .

-,               .   ,                   [235 -   ,     ,     . ., : Weiner D. Models of Nature. .  .:  .  ; Weiner D. A Little Corner of Freedom; Josephson P. Industrialized Nature; Idem. Would Trotsky Wear a Bluetooth.   ,      ,             .   ,    ,    ,    . .: Bolotova A. Loving and Conquering Nature: Shifting Perceptions of the Environment in the Industrialised Russian North // Europe-Asia Studies. 2021. Vol. 64. 4. P. 654.].            ,       [236 -             ,    ,           . .: Brain S. Song of the Forest: Russian Forestry and Stalinist Environmentalism, 19051953. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011. . :  .         1950? . // - . 2012. . 4. 1. . 5772.].       ,          ,   ,                  . -,    ,    ,        ,      ,      [237 - Kotkin S. Magnetic Mountain.].          ,       .                .         ,    ,           [238 -    Kritika     ,     ,     . .,  : Sloin A., Sanchez-Sibony O. Economy and Power in the Soviet Union, 191739 // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasion History. 2014. Vol. 15. 1. P. 722; Sanchez-Sibony O. Depression Stalinism: The Great Break Reconsidered // Ibid. P. 2350; Cowley M. K. The Right of Inheritance and the Stalin Revolution // Ibid. P. 103123.].




  


 ,         -    .     ,       . ,     1920? ,     ,       .                 ,        .             ,     ,     .          ,    .          .

            .              ,   . ,      - .         .                 .    ,              1327  [239 -       .:  . . . :  , 2005. . 331;  . .    . .: , 1975; Wall F., Zaitsev A. N. Phoscorites and Carbonites from Mantle to Mine: The Key Example of the Kola Alkaline Province. London: Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 2004; Wall F. Kola Peninsula: Minerals and Mines // Geology Today. 2003. Vol. 19. 6. P. 206211.].            .                 .              .       ,  : ,   .        ,     ,      ,      .   ,   , ,    ,   ,         [240 -     :       / . . . , . . . .: , 1974. . 1.;     / . . . , . . . .: , 1976;  . .   ,    . .:    , 1953;  . .    : - . .:    , 1946.].

     . ,  ,  ,        .        ,              [241 -  . .  . .: , 1968. . 2425;  . .  . : -, 2009. . 56.].   XIX       ,        .   ,          1880? ,     .                 - .    ,           ,          [242 -  . . . . 36;  . .  . . 60.].






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            ,     1917             .              [244 -  . .    // . 1917. 34. . 155160.].         ,    -     .   , , ,       .     ,    ,    [245 -  . .     /  . : , [1907] 1970;  .   : . .:  , [1908] 1984.       ,      , ,              . .: Ely C. This Meager Nature: Landscape and National Identity in Imperial Russia. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2002.].        ,    , ,        1914              [246 -  . .  :   //  . 1977. 7. . 2.].

         ,       ,     .    ,     ,   1930?        ,                 [247 -  . 1932. 8. . 1;  . 1936. 20 . . 2;  . 1938. 5. . 3;  . 1939. 28 . . 2;       :       . .:  - , 1934. . 7;  .,  .    // - . 1933. 12. . 55;  .       //   . . 69.     ,         . .:  .  . .; .:  , 1932. . 48;  . .        //   . 1. . 204.].        ,      ,        .      ,  :   ( )            .  ,             [248 -  . .,  . .  . .:    , 1933. . 91.           . .:  . .       // - . 1934. 12. . 49.].            .

,     ,      ,        ,       .   1920                    .  ,       ,         .         .             , ,           ,         [249 - .    :  . .   , 18831945. 2? . .: , 1983;  . . . .    . .:    , 1953;  : 120-    . .   / . . . . .: , 2003; Bailes K. E. Science and Russian Culture in an Age of Revolutions: V. I. Vernadsky and His Scientific School, 18631945. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.].       ,      ,       .

,     ,    ,      ,        1920? .     1920, 1921  1922      1450 ,  106          .              ,  .           ,            ,       .    ,         .       ,      .      ,       .             ,           .        ,       ,       [250 -  . .     :       19201922 . .:  , 1924;  .  . . 58122.].

   ,     .  ,            ,   ,         . -   ,       ,       [251 -  .      // - . 1929. 1112. . 1719.].    ,         :  .   /      : / , ,  , /     [252 -  :     //  . 2001. 1. . 20.].      , ,     ,                .

,      1920? ,    ,          .     ,           .         .          ,        18  [253 -     //  . 2001. 1. . 17;  .     // - . 1927. 3. . 1113;  .     (   ) // - . 1927. 2. . 813;  .      // - . 1929. 1112. . 1719;  . . .   :      (19291999). .: .    , 1999. . 16;  . . . . 38.].     ,            [254 -  .        // - . 1927. 56. . 9.].

            1928 .     ,      90    .    - ,       ()       (),     ,         36%   ,     [255 -  . .      . . 28;     //  . 2001. 1. . 20;  . . .   . . 16.].       .




 


     .  , ,              1920? .               ,      .            ,  ,        ,           .    ,                 ,    .   ,    ,               ,             [256 -  .         //   . . 222.].    ,     ,  , ,      .

       ,                          [257 - . . 3106. . 1/2. . 367. . 6281;  . .   .]. ,      ,        .             ,     .    ,            ,            .     1930?   ,   ,   [258 - Piper L. The Industrial Transformation of Subarctic Canada; Stuhl A. Empires on Ice. PhD diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2013.   ,          .        .].       ,           ,              .    ,              .

       ,         .        ,   ,  ,    .  1920?       ,        ,      .      ,                 .      ,      , , ,    [259 -  . .      //   . . 8286;  .       // - . 1926. 21. . 14; . . 544. . 1. . 161. . 10;  .    //   . . 151157;  . .   . . 204211.].     ,      ,         ,         .    1930?          ,     ,     .  ,       ,           [260 - . . -163. . 1. . 141. . 926.].

       1930    .      ,           ,         ?   [261 -  . .            //   / . . . . .:    , 1932. . 2. . 446.].       ,               .          ,    ,    ,    ,  .             ,       .  ,                 .         ,       ,     .       ,       .      [262 - . . 544. . 1. . 161. . 1926;  . .    . . 446451.].

        .              ,       ,      .  ,      ,        .                      220   ,    -     [263 -   //  . . 1. . 3941.].           ,         .                     ,   [264 -  . .         //     / . . . , . . . :   ;   .  , 1971. . 2. . 2. . 305310.].

         .         ,    1928 ,      ,             ,      [265 -     (). . 3106. . 1/2. . 367. . 6279.]. ,   ,                    . ,   ,          ,         [266 -   //  . . 1. . 281283.].        ,           .        ,   ,   ,       ,              .           [267 - . . 773. . 1. . 1. . 89.].           .    1929 ,    ,        ,     ,          ,  ,        [268 -      19201945 . /. . . , . . , . . . :  . . ., 2006. . 33.].

         ,               [269 -           .: Harris J. R. The Great Urals: Regionalism and the Evolution of the Soviet System. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999; Baron N. Soviet Karelia. .  .:  .              .: Filtzer D. Soviet Workers and Stalinist Industrialization: The Formation of Modern Soviet Production Relations, 19281941. London: Pluto Press, 1986; Kuromiya H. Stalins Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers, 19281932. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988; Kotkin S. Magnetic Mountain; Shearer D. Industry, State, and Society in Stalins Russia, 19261934. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.].               .       ,         ,       .  1927         ,          [270 -  . .  :    -    (2030? . XX .) //   . . 101103.]. ,         .   1929   ,           ,         .    ,      ,      [271 - . . 773. . 1. . 1. . 68.].      ,       [272 -      :  .  . . .; .: , 1932;  . .   . .:    , [1940] 1960. . 920;  . 1946. 27 . . 23.             . .: Hellebust R. Flesh to Metal: Soviet Literature and the Alchemy of Revolution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.].      ,       ,      [273 -  .   //   / . . . , . . . .: , 1984. . 68.].

   , [274 -                    19171932 . . .]             13  1929      [275 - . . 773. . 1. . 1. . 18;     . . 3839;   //  . . 286291.].      ,      ,        [276 -   .: Fitzpatrick Sh. Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union; Eadem. The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992.]. ,   ,     , :   ?[277 -   :  . . - //  . 1986. 13 . . 34.]

                    .   1929           ,      ,  ,    .         ,        [278 -  . .   . .: , 2000.].        -        ,              .        , ,   ,     ,     ,  -    [279 - . . 773. . 1. . 1. . 103.].           .         .  :   ,     ,      :       .      ,   .       .      [280 -     //  . 2001. 1. . 32.].




    


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  . . 117.         .  :  . .,  . .          //    . 1916. 3. . 145;  . .          //  . 1916. . 37. 8. . 116.




116


Holquist P. Making War, Forging Revolution.




117


 . .     . . 20; Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. S. 198; Russia Route Zone A: Murman Railway and Kola Peninsula. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918. P. 25.




118


  . . 4665.




119


 . . 31; Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. S. 39;  . . . . 18.




120


  . . 43.




121


 . . . . 22; Russia Route Zone A. P. 25; Stone N. The Eastern Front, 19141917. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1975. P. 158.




122


  . . 59; Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. S. 41, 60.




123


 .      // :  ,    . 1917. . 11. 78. . 240; . . -72. . 1. . 3. . 158.




124


. . -72. . 1. . 1. . 2426; . 1. . 6466; . 3. . 37; . 33. . 12;  . .    30. . 10.




125


Russia Route Zone A. P. 26.




126


Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. S. 197198.            .: Knox A. With the Russian Army. 2vols. London: Hutchinson and Company, 1921.




127


Maynard C. The Murmansk Venture. New York: Arno Press and the New York Times, [1928] 1971. P. 42.




128


 . . . . 1820; Gatrell P. Russias First World War: A Social and Economic History. Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2005. P. 113117.




129


Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. S. 101; . .       // . 1916. . 8,  12 (15 ). . 484.        5500       , .:   . . 61.          .    102 344 ;  . . . . 20.




130


Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. S. 198.




131


Ibid. S. 4253.




132


  . . 64.




133


Nachtigal R. Murman Railway // Encyclopedia of Prisoners of War and Internment / Ed. by J. Verne. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2000. P. 195.




134


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135


Brandstrom E. Among Prisoners of War in Russia and Siberia / Trans. by Mabel Rickmers C. London: Hutchinson and Co., 1929. P. 139.




136


    .: Watts M. J., Bohle H. G. The Space of Vulnerability: The Causal Structure of Hunger and Famine // Progress in Human Geography. 1993. Vol. 17. 1. P. 4367; Blaikie P. et al. At Risk: Natural Hazards, Peoples Vulnerability, and Disasters. London: Routledge, 1994; Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development, and People / Ed. by G. Bankoff, G. Frerks, D. Hilhorst. London: Earthscan, 2004.




137


Blaikie P. et al. At Risk P. 106108.




138


Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. S. 50, 8486.




139


 .     . . 242243.




140


    (). . -72. . 1. . 2. . 1214, 1617.




141


 . . 3. . 1519, 29, 37, 112, 137138.




142


 . . 119, 158.




143


 . . 4. . 62, 99; . 3. . 153, 166.




144


Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. S. 83, 8789.




145


. . -72. . 1. . 33. . 65; Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. S. 87.




146


  . . 72.




147


. . -72. . 1. . 1. . 181183, 191; . 1. . 2426; . 33. . 97, 99.          . ,  1916        ,           . . .      . . 459460.




148


. . -72. . 1. . 33. . 50.




149


Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. S. 125131.




150


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151


 . . . . 2628.




152


Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. S. 7175, 90123;  . . . . 17, 28;   . . 7, 6971.




153


 . .         . . 1;   . . 23. . :  .     . . 232244.




154


  . . 31.




155


. . -72. . 1. . 13. . 202;   . . 6.




156


 M.   . . 7.




157


 .     . . 232244; . . -72. . 1. . 1. . 165.




158


. . -72. . 1. . 1. . 232;  . . . . 32.




159


Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. S. 139144; . . -488. . 1. . 13. . 56;        :    . :   , 2006. . 24.




160


. . -72. . 1. . 16. . 86; . 17. . 174177; . 14. . 152; . 4. . 6768; . 33. . 128131; . -488. . 1. . 13. . 56.




161


. . -72. . 1. . 4, . 180;  . .    30. . 10.




162


. . -72. . 1. . 1. . 86; . 17. . 96, 98.




163


 . . 4. . 161.




164


 . . 3. . 394.




165


. . -488. . 1. . 15. . 8, 3132.




166


 . . 13. . 55, 58.




167


Nachtigal R. Die Murmanbahn 1915 bis 1919. S. 123.




168


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169


Lincoln W. B. Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989. P. 270286.




170


Willett R. L. Russian Sideshow. P. 131138.




171


NARA. Record Group 182. Box 1594.




172


NARA. Record Group 120. Boxes 13 [Letter from W. Delano Osborne, February 21, 1919].




173


Ibid. [Situation in North Russia Theater, February 26, 1919]. P. 9.




174


        .:  .  . .140141.




175


Bentley Historical Library. Polar Bear Collection. Harry Duink Papers. P. 4041.




176


Bentley Historical Library. Russia Route Zone A. P. 22.




177


. . -621. . 1. . 22. . 32, 7376.




178


 . . 32, 50, 75, 105.




179


 . . 18, 67.




180


 . . 49.




181


 . .   :  , ,  //  . 1992. 7. . 3;  .  . . 201202.




182


. . -621. . 1. . 22. . 32.




183


. . -483. . 1. . 2. . 23, 2124, 2932, 169171; . 3. . 3138, 5354, 6162; . 36. . 35, 1316.




184


 . . 2. . 21, 42.




185


 . . 2. . 46, 22 ., 25; . 3. . 6, 1620.




186


 . . 100. . 26, 30, 32, 37, 88, 94, 138.




187


. . -482. . 2. . 295. . 12.




188


.   .  //    . 1923. 2. . 1516.




189


Baron N. Soviet Karelia.




190


  //    . 1923. 1. . 1.




191


 . .        -  //  . 1970. 4. . 114.                , .: Heywood A. Modernising Lenins Russia: Economic Reconstruction, Foreign Trade and the Railways. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.




192


 . .,  . .     . .:  , 1926. . 4.




193


 . .     //      . . 231;  .     //    . 1923. 1. . 3.




194


 .   (- ) //   :      . 1929. 3. . 3.




195


 .    . . 225.




196


 .     // - . 1927. . 5. 3. . 79.




197


 .  :    . : , 1922. . 56.




198


 . .     :       19201922 . .:  , 1924;  .        ( ). .: .   , 1931.    .:  .   // . 1926. 56. . 1526; . . 544. . 1. . 365. . 16.




199


       . ,      . .       , .:  . . . . 4162.




200


Baron N. Soviet Karelia. P. 7778.




201


. . 544. . 1. . 115. . 3.




202


 . . . . 5556.




203


. . 544. . 1. . 115. . 3.




204


Baron N. Soviet Karelia. P. 7278.




205


. :      .




206


    -- . .:    , 1926. . 1617; . . -397. . 1. . 34. . 2528.




207


    -- . . 9;  .     // - . 1927. . 5. 3. . 79;      1925 . , 1925.




208


 .    - :  ,     . .:    , 1925. . 1214.




209


Baron N. Soviet Karelia. P. 77.




210


 . . . . 68;  . .        - . . 115.




211


Hirsch F. Empire of Nations. P. 8798.




212


. . 773. . 1. . 1. . 103.




213


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214


          .: Rees E. A. Stalinism and Soviet Rail Transport, 19281941. New York: St. Martins Press, 1995; Payne M. J. Stalins Railroad: Turksib and the Building of Socialism. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001.




215


:  . 1932. 18 . . 1;  . .       . . 57, 4748;  .  . .; .:  , 1932. . 5354;  . .,  . .  -    2?  // - . 1932. 34. . 14;   . .: -   , 1932.




216


  //  :  / . . . . . 1. .: .  , 1930. . 285.




217


. . 773. . 1. . 1. . 318319.




218


        . .: . -    , 1934. . 35;  . . . . 7881;  . .     . : , 2004. . 147151.




219


 . .    (     )  .    //      / . . . , . . . :    , 2004. . 9092; . . 773. . 1. . 53. . 1516, 6061, 70, 229, 255256, 264265, 309311; . 55. . 132133, 694, 711.   -  .: Baron N. Soviet Karelia. P. 137227.




220


. . 773. . 1. . 53. . 1516.




221


. :  . .   . . 3.




222


 .




223


 . .   . . 91.




224


.. 773. . 1. . 63. . 250252; . 62. . 387.




225


 . . 62. . 160.




226


 . . 63. . 110, 248252; . 62. . 160, 385389; . 64. . 191194, 236237.




227


 -   , 19231960 / . . . . .: , 1998. . 165166, 169170, 296, 397398, 410411, 430433.




228


 . .   . . 3.




229


 .,  . .        . :    /   , 2004. . 1215;  . .   . . 97; :    / . . . . :   , 2005. . 400.




230


 . .   :  . . 215225.




231


 . .  //  . .   . .:   , 1932. . 3.




232


 .    //   / . . . , . . . .:  , 1984. . 21.




233


Rosenholm A., Autio-Sarasmo S. Introduction // Understanding Russian Nature: Representations, Values and Concepts / Ed. by A. Rosenholm, S. Autio-Sarasmo. Aleksanteri Papers. 2005. 4. P. 918; Bolotova A. Colonization of Nature in the Soviet Union; Weiner D. Models of Nature. P. 168171.




234


 .   . . 21.




235


  ,     ,     . ., : Weiner D. Models of Nature. .  .:  .  ; Weiner D. A Little Corner of Freedom; Josephson P. Industrialized Nature; Idem. Would Trotsky Wear a Bluetooth.   ,      ,             .   ,    ,    ,    . .: Bolotova A. Loving and Conquering Nature: Shifting Perceptions of the Environment in the Industrialised Russian North // Europe-Asia Studies. 2021. Vol. 64. 4. P. 654.




236


            ,    ,           . .: Brain S. Song of the Forest: Russian Forestry and Stalinist Environmentalism, 19051953. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011. . :  .         1950? . // - . 2012. . 4. 1. . 5772.




237


Kotkin S. Magnetic Mountain.




238


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239


      .:  . . . :  , 2005. . 331;  . .    . .: , 1975; Wall F., Zaitsev A. N. Phoscorites and Carbonites from Mantle to Mine: The Key Example of the Kola Alkaline Province. London: Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 2004; Wall F. Kola Peninsula: Minerals and Mines // Geology Today. 2003. Vol. 19. 6. P. 206211.




240


    :       / . . . , . . . .: , 1974. . 1.;     / . . . , . . . .: , 1976;  . .   ,    . .:    , 1953;  . .    : - . .:    , 1946.




241


 . .  . .: , 1968. . 2425;  . .  . : -, 2009. . 56.




242


 . . . . 36;  . .  . . 60.




243


Smil V. Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001; McNeill J. R. Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2000. P. 2226;  . .   ,     . .:  -       , 1962; Wines R. A. Fertilizer in America: From Waste Recycling to Resource Exploitation. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1985.




244


 . .    // . 1917. 34. . 155160.




245


 . .     /  . : , [1907] 1970;  .   : . .:  , [1908] 1984.       ,      , ,              . .: Ely C. This Meager Nature: Landscape and National Identity in Imperial Russia. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2002.




246


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247


 . 1932. 8. . 1;  . 1936. 20 . . 2;  . 1938. 5. . 3;  . 1939. 28 . . 2;       :       . .:  - , 1934. . 7;  .,  .    // - . 1933. 12. . 55;  .       //   . . 69.     ,         . .:  .  . .; .:  , 1932. . 48;  . .        //   . 1. . 204.




248


 . .,  . .  . .:    , 1933. . 91.           . .:  . .       // - . 1934. 12. . 49.




249


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250


 . .     :       19201922 . .:  , 1924;  .  . . 58122.




251


 .      // - . 1929. 1112. . 1719.




252


 :     //  . 2001. 1. . 20.




253


    //  . 2001. 1. . 17;  .     // - . 1927. 3. . 1113;  .     (   ) // - . 1927. 2. . 813;  .      // - . 1929. 1112. . 1719;  . . .   :      (19291999). .: .    , 1999. . 16;  . . . . 38.




254


 .        // - . 1927. 56. . 9.




255


 . .      . . 28;     //  . 2001. 1. . 20;  . . .   . . 16.




256


 .         //   . . 222.




257


. . 3106. . 1/2. . 367. . 6281;  . .   .




258


Piper L. The Industrial Transformation of Subarctic Canada; Stuhl A. Empires on Ice. PhD diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2013.   ,          .        .




259


 . .      //   . . 8286;  .       // - . 1926. 21. . 14; . . 544. . 1. . 161. . 10;  .    //   . . 151157;  . .   . . 204211.




260


. . -163. . 1. . 141. . 926.




261


 . .            //   / . . . . .:    , 1932. . 2. . 446.




262


. . 544. . 1. . 161. . 1926;  . .    . . 446451.




263


  //  . . 1. . 3941.




264


 . .         //     / . . . , . . . :   ;   .  , 1971. . 2. . 2. . 305310.




265


    (). . 3106. . 1/2. . 367. . 6279.




266


  //  . . 1. . 281283.




267


. . 773. . 1. . 1. . 89.




268


     19201945 . /. . . , . . , . . . :  . . ., 2006. . 33.




269


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270


 . .  :    -    (2030? . XX .) //   . . 101103.




271


. . 773. . 1. . 1. . 68.




272


     :  .  . . .; .: , 1932;  . .   . .:    , [1940] 1960. . 920;  . 1946. 27 . . 23.             . .: Hellebust R. Flesh to Metal: Soviet Literature and the Alchemy of Revolution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.




273


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274


                   19171932 . . .




275


. . 773. . 1. . 1. . 18;     . . 3839;   //  . . 286291.




276


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277


  :  . . - //  . 1986. 13 . . 34.




278


 . .   . .: , 2000.




279


. . 773. . 1. . 1. . 103.




280


    //  . 2001. 1. . 32.




281


    . . 3334.


