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     .    ,     .      . ,  ,   Delaware Bridge Company  .

        Wikimedia Commons:

   1837  1866 ,     ,              .    , , ,  ,  , ,    .  1860 , , 8000    ,   wildcat ( wildcat    )  broken (), .

 wildcat bank ,           ,   .   ,    ,    .            1863 .

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        .         .   ,    ,        (Federal Express).    , .     Federal Reserve Note,     .

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    ,     !  the United States of America,   ,    ,  ,   ,   .    ,         .  ,          ,    . - United States Note.               (18611865).

,  ,        United States Note,       - ,       Federal Reserve Note.      ?

            1862           Legal Tender Acts,            450  .       .  ,       1971       ,           ,    .      United States Note    .    ,     ,     .

 1862       Legal Tender Act,         United States Note,   1863     ,   National Banking Act (   ),             (National Bank).  National     .      ,      ,    .       ,    ,         .  ,       ,    .   ,    , ,      ,      .

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    ,      ,     ,    ,      1907 .   ,       (. 4748):

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     ,     1907 .          ,     .      ,  ,   ,        ,  ,     .

       Knickerbocker Trust.        .          ,     .  Knickerbocker Trust          ( ) .    ,   ,          .      .     22  1907 .

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       1907     ,     .

      ,      - 18  1906 .  -     ,   -, -  .   , ,      -   .       3000 ,  300      .    .       ,    .        .      Financial times 6 1906 :

San Franciscos $200,000,000 ash heap involves complications which will be felt on all financial markets for many months.

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      .     ,       ,        ,        -  ,       .

              1907    KerryA. Odell  Marc D.Weidenmier     Real Shock, Monetary Aftershock: The 1906 San-Francisco Earthquake and the Panic of 1907 ( ,  :   -  1906    1907 ).      :

  1906    -       1    (  ).        ,     :        1906,           -  .              , ,      ,   .              1907 .

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                   .     1907        ,       .  ,      .        1907.    Knickerbocker Trust Company  -.

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    .            Lessons from the Panic of 1907 (  1907 ).       .

       ,  -  - ,   ,  Knickerbocker Trust Company,      .,          ,      ,     , cornering the market  United Copper.

    cornering the market,  ,   .   InvestorWords.com   :

The illegal practice of attempting to purchase a sufficient amount of a commodity or security to manipulate its price.

:

             .

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,    ?   ,       .       Clearing House.   Online Business Dictionary   :

Affiliated agency or a facility operated by banks within a geographical area to act as a central site for collection, exchange, and settlement of checks drawn on each other.

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      Clearing House Committee,       .

,   ,      ,   ,   ,   United Copper    ,     .      ,     .   ,   ,   ,    Mercantile National Bank.         ,      Mercantile National Bank   . (      bank run  run on the bank).

  Clearing House Committee   ,      .      , Clearing House Committee      Mercantile National Bank,   ,      .           ,        . ,        .

    Knickerbocker Trust Company.       Knickerbocker Trust Company    ,    Knickerbocker Trust Company    ,      ,  ,         Clearing House Committee.   ,       ,        Clearing House,     -.  Knickerbocker Trust Company    National Bank of Commerce.  ,       Clearing House Committee,   Knickerbocker Trust Company ,     .    , National Bank of Commerce ,       Knickerbocker.    National Bank of Commerce    .

      Wikipedia:

 1907 ,  (Knickerbocker Trust Company)        .        cornering the market.     -      ,       .    ,   21  National Bank of Commerce ,     Knickerbocker Trust Company,    ,      .       JP Morgan,     ,  JP Morgan  . -    ,   14  1907.

 ,       ,  JP Morgan    Knickerbocker Trust Company.    21               ,         .        ,        .

      . ,     U. S. Steel     50%, ,   ,      .

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     ,      ,  ,      ,     .

             Historical Beginnings The Federal Reserve (    ),    ,       ,      .

   ,     ,       Aldrich-Vreeland Act.     ,          National Monetary Commission,    9   9   .           .    -  .

  1911         .      .    ,     ,           15  ,  ,    .

       ,                    Jekyll Island,       The Creature from Jekyll Island.   ,         .        ,                 .   ,  ,     ,     ,            ,       Jekyll Island  ,   2    ,   ,            .  ,   ,     ,    ,    ,      .

,          ,       1910     ,        -  ,     ,        ,    .  ,       ,  ,           (Progressive Era).         .   -  .

   ,         1912    ,   Pujo hearings   - Arsene Pujo.      money trust.     -, ,    ,     .   1913    ,    ,           .   :

If by a money trust is meant an established and well defined identity and community of interest between a few leaders of finance which has resulted in a vast and growing concentration of control of money and credit in the hands of a comparatively few men the condition thus described exists in this country today.

:

  money trust                                       .

      money trust ,  ,   .    ,   1912        ,       .      .             Federal Reserve Education,   History of the Federal Reserve (   ). :

The 1912 election of Democrat Woodrow Wilson killed the Republican Aldrich plan, but the stage was set for the emergence of a decentralized central bank.

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 1912         ,         .

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  ,                   .         The New Freedom: A Call for the Emancipation of the Generous Energies of a People,   1913       ,       ,        .  ,    , ,    ,      ,       .    .      ,    ,    ,   .      VIII (MONOPOLY, OR OPPORTUNITY?): http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14811/14811-h/14811-h.htm#VIII.

,       ,          ,          ,                  Carter Glass     H.Parker Willis.           .

  1912  Glass  Willis   , -,         ,       Glass-Willis.  ,          ,      ,    Glass  Willis. Glass  Willis       ,    ,       12  ,       .     ,        ,  ,              (Federal Reserve Board).             .

     ,     ,        ,        . ,   1913         ,    ,        ,     ,    ,  the banks may be the instruments, not the masters, of business and of individual enterprise and initiative.

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