     
  


                ,      ,    ,      ,   .               .              .               .             ,            .             . The monograph studies decisions of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea concerning disputes on the immediate release of detained vessels, interim measures of legal protection, maritime delimitation, as well as advisory opinions of the Seabed Disputes Chamber. Investigated is the issue of participation of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in the development of international maritime law. The role of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in the system of settlement of international maritime disputes is demonstrated. The features of the competence of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in relation to other courts and arbitration are reflected. Terms and recommendations of the study can be used in practical work of the governmental bodies of the Russian Federation responsible for conducting the foreign policy activities in the exploration and use of the oceans. The text of the monograph may also be the basis for the corresponding special course in the teaching of international law.





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Introduction


It has been almost 35 years since the mankind has decided to honor the difficult task of setting up the universal legal framework in the oceans. In 1982 the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted, which is called the Constitution of the Oceans, because it establishes the basic provisions governing virtually all maritime activities, and in which the vast majority of states participate.

One of the many innovations introduced by the Convention is a mandatory dispute resolution procedure, which involves the choice of each party to the Convention of one or more of the judicial mechanisms, listed in the Convention, to resolve a dispute regarding the interpretation and application of its provisions. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea is a new judicial body, which, along with optional competencies that all international courts and tribunals are endowed with, also has compulsory jurisdiction in respect of certain categories of disputes.

The comprehensive nature of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea has made inevitable its compromise nature, that is, incomplete clarity of many of its provisions. Therefore, almost immediately after the formation of the Tribunal, states began to turn to the Tribunal because of the different legal positions held by them on certain aspects of the Convention. Pursuing resolution of disputes on the merits and establishing a procedural framework of the proceedings, the Tribunal is constantly faced with the need to interpret the many articles of the Convention, sometimes down to individual terms.

The Tribunal is of great importance because it also assesses the legal regulation of the extraction of mineral resources of the deep seabed which received the status of the common heritage of mankind, a completely new legal concept.

The Tribunal also has direct relevance for our country, as the Tribunal considers cases directly affecting the interests of the Russian Federation, as evidenced by the fact that in a number of cases decided by the Tribunal, the Russian Federation has performed both as a plaintiff and as a defendant. Knowledge of the basics of the Tribunal will also be important to protect the interests of the Russian Federation in the future. For proper evaluation of the Tribunal as a place in the system of peaceful settlement of international disputes, and its effectiveness in facilitating the establishment of a reliable rule of law in the oceans should carefully consider its methods of work and the position it occupies on specific issues.



The purpose of this paper is to examine the activities of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and the elucidation of its effectiveness as a new international judicial institution.

For this purpose the author has dealt with the following issues:

To analyze the place of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in the system of settlement of international maritime disputes;

Consider the competence of the Tribunal;

Explore the role that international judicial institutions in general and in particular the Tribunal play in the development of international law;

Trace the part of the Tribunal in the settlement of international disputes in different areas of ocean activities;

To establish the specificity of the Tribunals decisions regarding the prompt release of vessels;

To consider the role of the Tribunal on the issue of interim measures of legal protection;

Analyze the process of resolving disputes regarding the interpretation and application of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea;

To investigate the activities of the Chamber for disputes concerning the international seabed area, in ensuring the cooperation of States in the use of resources in the area.




 I

           





1.              


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    [1 -    90%     ,       40%       .]     ,        . ,                ,       [2 - .:  . .  -    :  . . . ., 2003.].    .,          ,                ,         .

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         :  ,    ,    . ,       :                 [7 - Statement of the United Kingdom, 189th meeting. Official Records of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. Vol. 17. P. 79. Para. 200.       : 186th meeting. P. 25. Para. 2325; : 186th meeting. P. 16. Para. 84.].

     . . .          ,      :   ; ,          ;         ;    ;   ;     ;    ;                      ;                ;     ;         ; ,     ,  .[8 -  . .       XXI  (-   ). . 2. ., 2010. . 7.]

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                            .

 20  ,   1990- ., .   . .   ,        ,       , ,  ,  ,       ,     [9 - Caron D. D., Shinkaretskaya G. Peaceful Settlement of Disputes Through the Rule of Law // Beyond Confrontation / FislerDamrosh L., Danilenko G. M., M?llerson R. eds. Westview Press, 1995. P.309334.].

    ,       ,   .                     .     .    .    ,   -     ,            .

          -   ,           .           [10 -   . : Ian Brownlie. Principles of Public International Law (6th ed, 2003). P. 672.].       ,   1990- .      .

               .     . . ,  ,   30     (     )    .      50      ,      .           .     (       ),    (       ,    /,  ).         - ,   [11 -  . .      ( ): .  . . . ., 2010. . 5.].

   .   , ,       ,        ,     ,     [12 - Jenny S. Martinez. Towards an International Judicial System // Stanford Law Review. V. 6. 2003. P. 440.].

  ,  . ,   ,             ,          ;  ,     ,   ,         [13 - Jenny S. Martinez. Op. cit. P. 441.].

    .    . ,     ,                :                  ,   ,     [14 - Judge Gilbert Guillame. The Proliferation of International Judicial Bodies: The Outlook for the International Legal Order. Speech to the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly of the United Nations (Oct. 27, 2000), available at http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/ipresscom/SPEECHES/iSpeechPresidentuscore; GuillaumeuscoreSixthCommitteeuscore20001027.htm), at 4.]. .      ,   ,                  [15 - Cesare P. R. Romano, The Proliferation of International Judicial Bodies: The Pieces of the Puzzle // New York University Journal of International Law and Policy. V. 31, 1999. P. 709.].

    ,    ,           ,     .  . 3. 1   ,              , ,    .  ,       ,   ,    -      [16 -   ,         , ,    United Nations,    ,  .];              ,   ,     ,         [17 - .:  . .   . ., 2000. . 288; Amerasinghe C. F. Principles of the Institutional Law of International Organizations. Second edition. L., 2005. . 134.].

  ,   ,       ,       ,     . ,          .   ,    ,   ,     ,     .      . ,     ,      ,      .

 ,            :       ,         ,      .           ,       . ,              .

           [18 -        non-frustration of adjudication.        ,        .].   ,          -   .

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                            .

                  ,                      ,     .       [19 - .: Shigeru Oda. The International Court of Justice Viewed from the Bench // 244 Recueil des Cours, 1993. P. 127.].

       ,     ,           .

         ;   ,            -    [20 -  . .        . ., 2009. .7078; Shabtai Rosenne. The law and practice of the International Court of Justice. 2nd rev. ed. Leyden, 1985. V. II. P.549557; Ian Brownlie. Principles of Public International Law (6th ed, 2003). P.45.].            ,          [21 - ., .: . 36 (6)   , . 288 (4)     , . 41 (1)              . . 18  1965 .].

   ,       .      ;     [22 - .: . 41   , . 290     , . 47  , . 36     (Protocolon the Statute of the Court of Justice, Consolidated Version of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, OJC 325/33, 167 (24 December 2002).],         [23 - . 6263   , . 3132  , . 37   .],      [24 - . 6C  , . 33 (3)  , . 50  , . 4C  .],    [25 - . 61   , . 51  , . 41   .].

        ,        .              1920.   ,      ,           [26 - Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice // PCIJ Publications, Ser D (1), 7; Manley Hudson. The Permanent Court of International Justice: A Treatise. 1934. P. 258.].            ()[27 - . 3C  ; . 16  ; . 245   ; . 14      ; . 15       .].           . ,           [28 -   . . 66.    : http://www.icj-cij.org].            [29 - European Court of Human Rights, Rules of Court, available at http://www.echr.coe.int, Rule 32.].

              [30 - ITLOS Rules of the Tribunal, available at http://www.itlos.org, art 126.]. ,        ,   ,  ,  . ,        ,   -   ,          ,         ,          ,  .        ,       .    . ,                (. 44),       :           (. 48).           ,    ;          ,     ,              .                ,           Swordfish[31 - Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Swordfish Stocks in the South-Eastern Pacific Ocean (Chile v European Community) (Order of 20 December 2000).].

  ,               . ,     .   .            [32 - Edward Gordon. The World Court and the Interpretation of Constitutive Treaties // American Journal of International Law. V. 59. 1965. P. 804.].      ,      -     -         ,     [33 - Ibid.].

        ,        ,   .   .               [34 - Shany Y. The Competing Jurisdictions of International Court and Tribunals. 2004. P. 138.].     :       ;     ,     .           ,     ,       ,    ,             [35 - Bin Cheng. General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals. 1987. P. 19, 22.].

 ,           [36 -      .  23  1969. 1155 UNTS 311.]      ,     ,   . .     ,        . 2 3 . 31  ,           ( ,  ,      );           ,     [37 - Shany Y. Op. cit. P. 143.].     ,      ,         ,      ,            .  ,              ,     ,       ,         .

    ,        ,        [38 - Chittharanjan F. Amerasinghe. Principles of the Institutional Law of International Organizations / 2nd edn 2005. P.2465.].                 .            ,           Reparation for Injuries[39 - Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations (Advisory Opinion) [1949] ICJ Rep. 174.].  ,           ,     .   , ,   ,   ,      .   ,   ,    ,     , ,       ,          .




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1


   90%     ,       40%       .




2


.:  . .  -    :  . . . ., 2003.




3


          ,                ,       . .:     . ., , 19861991.




4


     (10 December 1982) // 1833 UNTS 3.    16  1994.




5


Tommy T B Koh A Constitution for the Oceans Remarks made by the President of the Third United Nations Conference on the Lax / of the Sea, in Official Text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea with Annexes and Index (1983) E 83V5. XXXIII.




6


Trevers T. Compulsory Jurisdictrion under the Law of the Sea Convention: the Basic Article // International Law of the Sea / Essays in Memory of Anatoly L. Kolodkin. M., 2013. P. 140.




7


Statement of the United Kingdom, 189th meeting. Official Records of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. Vol. 17. P. 79. Para. 200.       : 186th meeting. P. 25. Para. 2325; : 186th meeting. P. 16. Para. 84.




8


 . .       XXI  (-   ). . 2. ., 2010. . 7.




9


Caron D. D., Shinkaretskaya G. Peaceful Settlement of Disputes Through the Rule of Law // Beyond Confrontation / FislerDamrosh L., Danilenko G. M., M?llerson R. eds. Westview Press, 1995. P.309334.




10


  . : Ian Brownlie. Principles of Public International Law (6th ed, 2003). P. 672.




11


 . .      ( ): .  . . . ., 2010. . 5.




12


Jenny S. Martinez. Towards an International Judicial System // Stanford Law Review. V. 6. 2003. P. 440.




13


Jenny S. Martinez. Op. cit. P. 441.




14


Judge Gilbert Guillame. The Proliferation of International Judicial Bodies: The Outlook for the International Legal Order. Speech to the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly of the United Nations (Oct. 27, 2000), available at http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/ipresscom/SPEECHES/iSpeechPresidentuscore; GuillaumeuscoreSixthCommitteeuscore20001027.htm), at 4.




15


Cesare P. R. Romano, The Proliferation of International Judicial Bodies: The Pieces of the Puzzle // New York University Journal of International Law and Policy. V. 31, 1999. P. 709.




16


  ,         , ,    United Nations,    ,  .




17


.:  . .   . ., 2000. . 288; Amerasinghe C. F. Principles of the Institutional Law of International Organizations. Second edition. L., 2005. . 134.




18


       non-frustration of adjudication.        ,        .




19


.: Shigeru Oda. The International Court of Justice Viewed from the Bench // 244 Recueil des Cours, 1993. P. 127.




20


 . .        . ., 2009. .7078; Shabtai Rosenne. The law and practice of the International Court of Justice. 2nd rev. ed. Leyden, 1985. V. II. P.549557; Ian Brownlie. Principles of Public International Law (6th ed, 2003). P.45.




21


., .: . 36 (6)   , . 288 (4)     , . 41 (1)              . . 18  1965 .




22


.: . 41   , . 290     , . 47  , . 36     (Protocolon the Statute of the Court of Justice, Consolidated Version of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, OJC 325/33, 167 (24 December 2002).




23


. 6263   , . 3132  , . 37   .




24


. 6C  , . 33 (3)  , . 50  , . 4C  .




25


. 61   , . 51  , . 41   .




26


Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice // PCIJ Publications, Ser D (1), 7; Manley Hudson. The Permanent Court of International Justice: A Treatise. 1934. P. 258.




27


. 3C  ; . 16  ; . 245   ; . 14      ; . 15       .




28


  . . 66.    : http://www.icj-cij.org




29


European Court of Human Rights, Rules of Court, available at http://www.echr.coe.int, Rule 32.




30


ITLOS Rules of the Tribunal, available at http://www.itlos.org, art 126.




31


Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Swordfish Stocks in the South-Eastern Pacific Ocean (Chile v European Community) (Order of 20 December 2000).




32


Edward Gordon. The World Court and the Interpretation of Constitutive Treaties // American Journal of International Law. V. 59. 1965. P. 804.




33


Ibid.




34


Shany Y. The Competing Jurisdictions of International Court and Tribunals. 2004. P. 138.




35


Bin Cheng. General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals. 1987. P. 19, 22.




36


     .  23  1969. 1155 UNTS 311.




37


Shany Y. Op. cit. P. 143.




38


Chittharanjan F. Amerasinghe. Principles of the Institutional Law of International Organizations / 2nd edn 2005. P.2465.




39


Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations (Advisory Opinion) [1949] ICJ Rep. 174.


