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     propago  .         1622.   XV       (. Congregatio de Propaganda Fide),          [1 - .: SmithB.L. Propaganda // Encyclop?dia Britannica. URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda ( : 03.09.2022).].   .-,        propagare,      ;         [2 - Diggs-BrownB. Strategic public relations: An audience-focused approach. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2012. P. 48.].

              , ,    [3 - ..  ,  , :      . .: , 2004. . 163.].     -    XIX.      ,          ,        [4 - Propaganda // A dictionary of science, literature, and art: in 3 vols. Vol. 3 / ed. by G.W.Cox. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1867. P. 114.].

   ,  , ,         ,       , , ,     ,         .          - ,   ,   ,         ,  ,      ,  - . , .          [5 - LasswellH.D. Teh theory of political propaganda // The American political science review. 1927. Vol. 21, no. 3. P. 627.],         . , .   :    ,       ,    ,      [6 - .  / . . .. .: Hippo publishing, 2010. . 1415.].  :         , ,      ,       ,    [7 -  . . 15.].

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         ,     ,         ,             , , -,    ,                  ,    .

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,              ,        ,  .  ,     ,     . , , ,                          , , ,              -  .

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         XIX., ,    ,     ,               ..,    18631866.:  . .  - , ;   ,   , [18 - ..     : 4. . 3. .: . . -   (.), 1865. . 458.].        ,      1880.,      :       , ,   , .            : , , ,  [19 - ..     : 4. [2- .] . 1. .; .: . - .., 1880. . 4.]. ,                   1870- .,      .                        ,   19031914.   ..  [20 - .: ..     : 4. 3- ., . . .;  . [  .] ..  . . 1. .; .: - .., 1903. . 11; . 3. .; .: - .., 1907. . 1309.].        ,      ,     1891.,    ,     : ,         -   [21 -   ,       / [. ..]. [. 1.] . 1. .: .   , 1891. . 11.].

              .     ,          ,  ,   ,     .    ,        .

,  17-     ,   19501965.,    ,   - , ,         ,                    ,    ..        ..           3  1920.,     -[22 -     : 17. .XI. .; .: -   , 1961. . 1250.].

    ,        ,         1980- ,     .       ,      - , , ,         ,   -    .                     ,     ,      ,   ,   :     .   ,     -    -, ,  ,      -      ,         ..     :           ,    [23 -   : 4. / . ... 3- . . 3. .:  , 1987. . 508.].

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        .  ,       -   . ,   1990-           -     .  ,       [26 - .: ..        // . 2012. 8. . 5053; -., .  . .:  , 1999; ..  . .: , 2000; ..      //     . .  . 2007. . 149, 3. . 215226; ..       :   //     . .    . 2013. 1. . 5762.],       ,     , ,  ,   [27 - .: ..          XX  //   . 2012. 41. . 374382; ..      //   . :  . 2006. 4 (44). . 9092.]        [28 - .: ..           // : , , . 2012. 1. . 2227.].                     PR,     ,      [29 - .: .., .., ..  PR   :   //    :  X . . . ., 2627  2018. /.  . ... .: -, 2018. . 171173; ..  PR       //   . 2019. . 3, 3. . 1523; .., .. PR-    :   //     ,   :   . XVII        (IMS-2014). .: .-. . . - . ,   , 2014. . 204212; ..            // - :    :     - . : . . . - . .., 2017. . 280281; ..          //  . 2010. 2. . 218227; ..           // . 2019. . 4, 2. . 6572. URL: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NVeLuCJi-GCIFaPz6tcdHKSfTvi_AaAL/view ( : 03.09.2022).].

               .               ,   ,   ., ,                 ,  ,  . , ..          ,      ,      [30 - ..    ,   fake-news:      //      . 2018. 4. . 89.].    .., , ,   -      , ,    public relations,                  [31 - ..      -     //  : . 2017. . 13, 3. . 58.].         :  :        ,             . , ,             .          [32 -  //   :  .  /  . ... .: - . -, 2019. . 181.].         ,            [33 -  //  . . 105.].      ,              .




1.2.    


            .   ,          ,           ,    .    ,   . , . ,    ,      ,          ,           [34 - HughesG.C. Freedom to think // ARSP: Archiv f?r Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie / Archives for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy. 1968. Vol. 54, no. 3. . 289.].  ,     .

,             ,  ,       ,    .      ,       ,   ,     ,            -           .  ,     ,              .              , -,  ,          , , -,  ,        ,     .          .:     ,             ,     ,  ,     ,         ,     [35 - .  ,    .      . // ., . : 50. /. . 2- . . 21. .: . - . ., 1961. . 177.].

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      ,           ( XVIII.  ..):            ,      (. 2).      ,         ,  ,     :   ,     ,      !   ,  ,      [38 -   / . . .. //   :    /  . ... .:  , 2002. . 188.].






. 1. : ..  //   : : 2. /. . ... . 2. .: . ., 1988. . 585






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         ,             ,   ,    .        .  ,  ,            ,         ,         ,     ,    .          ,  ,    .[61 - .: .   :   / . . .;  . .. .: Ad Marginem, 1999. . 710.]            ,    . ,               ,    :   I      ,    .        ,       XVI  -;   ,          ,          ,  [62 - .. . .: . . . (), 1997. . 256.].

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   ,    - , .      : , ,   [63 - MannM. Teh sources of social power. 2


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1.3.        (  XX   XXI.)[79 -           . .: ..         (  XX   XXI.) //     :  . . 11 / . . ... .:      , 2018. . 2540.]


        ,       ,       軠 ,      ,       .              ,           .         .,    ,        ,      ,            ,            [80 - LasswellH. Propaganda technique in the World War. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1927. P. 221.]. ,         , ,   ,       ,        ,    ,        .

         , ,      ,          .  ,       ,        ,         ,            ,      ,      ,  ,   . ,           ,    ,       -       .  ,         ,    ,         ,   ,      ,         ,    ,         ,               - .

   ,                 ,      ,             .   ,         [81 - LasswellH. Propaganda technique in the World War. P. 9.],            ,             ,       ,       .

   ,   ,   ,     ,         .       ,     ,         , ,     , ,     .   ,     ,  ,     ,                  ,   ,     ,      .         ,    ,    , ,                  .                 [82 - Ibid. P. 76.],    -      .

       ,  ,     ,     .,      ,   ,        ,  ,      ,    ,    1918.,        ,                , ,        ,      [83 - Ibid. P. 217.].

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           ,              ,              .            ,    1930-  1950-    .  .[86 - LazarsfeldP., BerelsonB., GaudetH. Teh peoples choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. New York: Free Press, 1944; BerelsonB., LazarsfeldP., McPhee W. Voting: A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954.].

 ,    ,     ,      .   , ,           1940.,   ,        -          : 53%             ; 24%       ,   ,       ; 15% ,    ,  ,        ;  8%  ,         ,    ,     [87 - LazarsfeldP., BerelsonB., GaudetH. Teh peoples choice P. 103.].      ,                ,   ,     .

,        ,    ,          .     ,     ,             ,       ,      , , ,   ..      .            ,                 .  ,             : ,     ,    ,          [88 - Ibid. P. 152.].

 ,   ,       ,         -   :    ,       ,              .            : ,   ,      ,  ,      ,    ,         ,     .  ,      ,                   ,       ,     ,           (, , ,   ..)         ,       ,                  .

           ,                 ,    . ,       ,            ,          .             (uses and gratifications theory),     ,   ,             ,              .       .,    , ,  ,        ,      ,  ,      [89 - KatzE. Mass communications research and the study of popular culture: An editorial note on a possible future for this journal // Studies in public communication. 1959. Vol. 2. P. 2.].

            ,     ,        ,          .           ,    .  ,  ,              ,     ,             [90 - .. SMM        PR //     :  . . 7. .:      , 2015. C. 86.].

,          ,   1970-        ,       ...   ,      ,    - ,          ,               .        ,     (78% ),      (27%),    (24%),    (23%);            (43%),      (28%),    (21%);         (63%),   (59%), -  (36%);     (65%),      (65%),   (42%),   (38%).    ,      ,      -  :        45%       1% ,  -  2% ,  1%       0,4%   [91 - ..        .      , ,   : 4 . [. 2].  2-:  . . 2. .: -, 2006. C. 554557.].

       ,          , ,  ,    ,               .               ,                 ,        .

  ,      ,      ,           ,        .      .,     1920-       ,        :        .   ,   ,     [92 - .   / . . ... .: -   , 2004. C. 38.].

         ,                 ,      .          .      ,            ,          .      ,   ,          .

    ,        : -,  ,       ,        ( ,   ),     . -,  (       )            ,      .     ,   ,  ,   ,      [93 - GerbnerG., GrossL., MorganM., SignorielliN., Jackson-BeekM. The demonstration of power: Violence profile 10 // Journal of communication. 1979. Vol. 29, no. 3. P. 180.].

  ,       ,        ,      .   ,               ,    ,     ,      ,               .          ,    ,      .,  .

 ,  -    ,         .      ,          .       ,  ,         ,         , ,    ,        .  ,         ,    ,       .             ,   -         ,      .

                          (agenda-setting).   ,       .  .[94 - McCombs M. E., ShawD.L. The agenda-setting function of mass media // Public opinion quarterly. 1972. Vol. 36, no. 2. P. 176187; McCombs M. E., ShawD.L. Structuring the unseen environment // Journal of communication. 1976. Vol. 26, no. 2. P. 1822.],         .        ,        ,     - , ,         .    ,         ,          .   ,    ,       ,    ,         ,        ,      ,   .

           ,   ,         ,                       [95 - McCombs M. E., Llamas, J. P., Lopez-EscobarE., ReyF. Candidate images in Spanish elections: Second-level agenda-setting efefcts // Journalism and mass communication quarterly. 1997. Vol. 74, no. 4. P. 703716.].  ,     ,    ,         ,    ,  ,         [96 - TakeshitaT. Exploring the medias roles in defining reality: From issue-agenda setting to attribute agenda setting // Communication and democracy / eds M.Mc-Combs, D.L.Shaw, D.Weaver. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997. P. 23.].

        , ,  ,   ,         .                 ,              ,          ;    ,      , ,  ,       ,           ,     [97 - ..         //  . 2018. 2. . 2. . 96.]




  .


   .

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notes








1


.: SmithB.L. Propaganda // Encyclop?dia Britannica. URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda ( : 03.09.2022).




2


Diggs-BrownB. Strategic public relations: An audience-focused approach. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2012. P. 48.




3


..  ,  , :      . .: , 2004. . 163.




4


Propaganda // A dictionary of science, literature, and art: in 3 vols. Vol. 3 / ed. by G.W.Cox. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1867. P. 114.




5


LasswellH.D. Teh theory of political propaganda // The American political science review. 1927. Vol. 21, no. 3. P. 627.




6


.  / . . .. .: Hippo publishing, 2010. . 1415.




7


 . . 15.




8


   13.03.2006 38- (.  13.07.2020)  .                -. URL: http://www.consultant.ru ( : 03.09.2022).




9


.: .. :  . : - . . . - . .., 2011. . 1318.




10


..   . .: , 2000. . 100101.




11


KrisE., LeitesN. Trends in twentieth century propaganda // Psychoanalysis and social sciences. 1947. Vol. 1. . 393.




12


.: .  :      // RT  . 2018. 10 . URL: https://russian.rt.com/science/article/534942-obezianiy-process-ssha ( : 03.09.2022).




13


 :    //  . 2007. 22 . URL: https://ria.ru/20070222/61128912.html ( : 03.09.2022).




14


II:      //  . 2007. 29 . URL: https://ria.ru/20070129/59841605.html ( : 03.09.2022).




15


 //   : 30. . 21. .:  , 1975. . 110.




16


..  //  . . 95.




17


..          // .. : 24. / . . .. . 3. .; .: . -, 1923. . 397.




18


..     : 4. . 3. .: . . -   (.), 1865. . 458.




19


..     : 4. [2- .] . 1. .; .: . - .., 1880. . 4.




20


.: ..     : 4. 3- ., . . .;  . [  .] ..  . . 1. .; .: - .., 1903. . 11; . 3. .; .: - .., 1907. . 1309.




21


  ,       / [. ..]. [. 1.] . 1. .: .   , 1891. . 11.




22


    : 17. .XI. .; .: -   , 1961. . 1250.




23


  : 4. / . ... 3- . . 3. .:  , 1987. . 508.




24


..     :  ,     : . . . . , 2008. . 1617.




25


 . . 6.




26


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27


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