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Original English language edition first published byPenguin Books Ltd, London

Lucy Delap, 2020

Theauthor has asserted his moral rights

All rights reserved

  , , .   , 2024


* * *














  1886      ( )       Western Echo  :



,  ,    ,       ,         ,    ,    Ӡ     ,       ,   [1 - Western Echo (3 January1886), cited inAudrey Gadzekpo, TheHidden History ofWomen inGhanaian Print Culture, Oyeronke Oyewumi, African Gender Studies: AReader (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005),282.].


   ,   -    -,    ,      .    .      Just Ass 黠  Justice, .  ,            .   ࠖ  , , ,         ,  ,      .

1886-     .        .    ,         ;       ,  .          ,   ( )  ,       ,       堖   .           .   250  (,  1886)   .

,    ,     . , , ,       .    , , ,  , , , .     -   ,    .  ,       ,      . 젖        ,  ࠫ , ࠫ ,         .     ,   ,  .   (,  XIX  , )  ,   (   )     XX.     ,      ,  , ,  .   , ,        .      ,   .      ,              ,  .

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       ,   ,      .  ,    .    蠖    :  ,  ,       - ,     .      ,      .   ,   , , - , ,      砫 [2 - Chela Sandoval, Methodology ofthe Oppressed (University ofMinnesota Press, 2000).] (  ).   ,    ,      . ʠ ,      ,  ,      . ,   (     )    ,     .   :      ,     ,    [3 - Adele Murdolo, Safe Homes forImmigrant andRefugee Women: Narrating Alternative Histories ofthe Women's Refuge Movement inAustralia, Frontiers: AJournal ofWomen Studies 35:3 (2014),146.].

 ,   蠖              ,     .  1990-     ,     ,    .   ,    ,    ,   ,    .  2013      ,   TED Talks, :    .     Flawless -  (2013        FEMINIST).                .        .  2016  ,    ,    .  -      (   , ,    :   ! 蠫-  ?).    2017       .   ,   [] ,      (pussy grabs back).             (pussy hat),   ,  ,    .   2017     Merriam-Webster ,       .   ,      : ߠ    . ߠ   ,     ,        [4 - https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/201703/global-advisorfeminismcharts-2017.pdf.]. Ѡ  -     .

  XIX     .   , , 젖   ,  ,     : !   [5 - Emporia Daily Gazette, Kansas, USA (27 November1897), vol.7.].    ,      堖 ,     .  ,  1911 (    )    Freewoman, ,     ,    ,     .   (-   )  .

    ,     .      ,   ,         .      XIX,      ,    .  1906        , ,       .   , ,  ,      [6 - TheTimes (18 June1906),6.].  XX    ,    .   (   ) 1906    ,     , ,  1913   . ,       ,   ,   .  1913 ,  ,      ,      -.  ,   ,    (   ) :  ().  2016      .        .

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 ,   ,      .     Freewoman  1911   ,   ,     .   Freewoman ,      ,        .  ,  . , ,  ( ),      .   .  ,     ,  ,      ,   claireuse (, , )[10 - Mary Louise Roberts, Disruptive Acts (University ofChicago Press, 2002),39.].      Frauenbewegung ( ),  ,     ꠫     [11 - Johanna Gehmacher, In/Visible Transfers: Translation asa Crucial Practice inTransnational Women's Movements around 1900, German Historical Institute London Bulletin 41:2 (2019), 344.].    ,        . , 1910   feminizumu.      軠     ,     1905[12 - Natalia Novikova, Early Historical Accounts ofthe Russian Women's Movement: APolitical Dialogue ora Dispute?, Women's History Review 20:4 (2011), 509519.].      컠      .

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      ,      ,   .        ,   . , 1851             ࠖ  ,     1848      .   1852    L'Almanach desFemmes      -    . Ѡ XIX        . ,           (18101892): , , , , -.        [15 - Bonnie S. Anderson, Joyous Greetings: TheFirst International Women's Movement, 18301860 (Oxford University Press, 2001).].

      (   ,  ,    )     .      ,    ,  XIX      .   (,   )       ,       (1937).   XX          .        ,   ,  (1975),  (1980),  (1985)  (1995)[16 - Francisca de Haan, Writing Inter-Transnational History: TheCase ofWomen's Movements andFeminisms, Barbara Haider-Wilson, William D. Godsey andWolfgang Mueller (eds.), Internationale Geschichte inTheorie undPraxis/International History inTheory andPractice (Verlag derOsterreichischen Akademie derWissenschaften, 2017), 501536.].           ,       [17 - Kathy Davis, TheMaking ofOurBodies, Ourselves: HowFeminism Travels across Borders (Duke University Press, 2008).]. ,      Π    1869,  ,   ,       .     .  ,  1872   ,    Revista de Santiago.       ,   .  ,     ,        ,    ,      .

     ,   , ,     .    .    ,    [18 -             . .:Nancy A. Hewitt (ed.), NoPermanent Waves: Recasting Histories ofU. S. Feminism (Rutgers University Press, 2010).].        , ,    ,   . ,              ,   [19 - Kathryn Gleadle, TheImagined Communities ofWomen's History: Current Debates andEmerging Themes, aRhizomatic Approach, Women's History Review 22:4 (2013), 524540.].   :             .           [20 - Kathryn Gleadle andZoeThomas, Global Feminisms, c. 18701930: Vocabularies andConcepts AComparative Approach, Women's History Review 27:7 (2018), 12091224.].   ,   ,     ,  .     ,     , .      ,      ,       .     ,          .  ,     ,   :  ,  ,  .   ,  ,   ,    .

       ,    軠      . (,   XX       .)       ,     ,   , .   ,    . ߠ           ,    .             .       ,       ,    .      (    )   ,  ⠫     .              ,       ,   [21 - Kimberly Springer, Living forthe Revolution: Black Feminist Organizations, 19681980 (Duke University Press, 2005).].       ,       ,      .     ,    ,   .  ,  ,  ,     ,      ;    ,  -       .

       .        ,  .  -  ,         [22 - bell hooks, Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black (Sheba Feminist, 1989).].    ,       ,        , ,   ,  , .      . , XXI,      ,         .    :        ,     [23 - Mrinalini Sinha, Mapping theImperial Social Formation: AModest Proposal forFeminist History, Signs 25:4 (2000), 10771082.].     ,   ,    黠  ,   .




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     ,       .         [25 - Kathleen A. Laughlin etal., IsItTime toJump Ship? Historians Rethink theWaves Metaphor, Feminist Formations 22:1 (2010),97.].         .  ,              .  ,      ,  ,  ,  #CuntaLo (. )  #MeToo     .        ,    . ,   ,    ,       ,   ,  -  .

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-         :      ?              ,     ,        [28 - Bharati Ray, Early Feminists ofColonial India (Oxford University Press, 2012).]. -           頖   .  -,  ,     ,           . -    -,    Indian Ladies Magazine,    .   ,   -    .     ,     .  -      ,        Anjuman-e-Khawateen-e-Islam.         ,       [29 - Barnita Bagchi, Ladylands andSacrificial Holes, inBarnita Bagchi (ed.), ThePolitics ofthe (Im)Possible: Utopia andDystopia Reconsidered (Sage, 2012).].

    -        .  - (18601935)       XX.     ,     ,    ,  ,    .  -, -     .   ࠖ     (     -). ,    ,      .   ,  ,       ,    (1884).     ,  1888  ࠖ   ꠖ .      :     . Ѡ1909 1916 -    Forerunner,      , ,  ,   ,   .    1909  Holeproof Hosiery Company: ߠ, , ,   , ,      ,  !

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notes









1


Western Echo (3 January1886), cited inAudrey Gadzekpo, TheHidden History ofWomen inGhanaian Print Culture, Oyeronke Oyewumi, African Gender Studies: AReader (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005),282.




2


Chela Sandoval, Methodology ofthe Oppressed (University ofMinnesota Press, 2000).




3


Adele Murdolo, Safe Homes forImmigrant andRefugee Women: Narrating Alternative Histories ofthe Women's Refuge Movement inAustralia, Frontiers: AJournal ofWomen Studies 35:3 (2014),146.




4


https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/201703/global-advisorfeminismcharts-2017.pdf.




5


Emporia Daily Gazette, Kansas, USA (27 November1897), vol.7.




6


TheTimes (18 June1906),6.




7


Π   .:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_GBrIntUq8 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_GBrIntUq8).




8


Mina Roces, Isthe Suffragist anAmerican Colonial Construct? Defining "the Filipino Woman" inColonial Philippines, Louise P. Edwards andMina Roces (eds.), Women's Suffrage inAsia: Gender, Nationalism andDemocracy (Routledge, 2005),29.




9


Asuncion Lavrin, Women, Feminism, andSocial Change inArgentina, Chile, andUruguay, 18901940 (University ofNebraska Press, 1995), 2636.




10


Mary Louise Roberts, Disruptive Acts (University ofChicago Press, 2002),39.




11


Johanna Gehmacher, In/Visible Transfers: Translation asa Crucial Practice inTransnational Women's Movements around 1900, German Historical Institute London Bulletin 41:2 (2019), 344.




12


Natalia Novikova, Early Historical Accounts ofthe Russian Women's Movement: APolitical Dialogue ora Dispute?, Women's History Review 20:4 (2011), 509519.




13


Frances Watkins Harper, WeAre All Bound Up Together: speech atthe 11th National Woman's Rights Convention inNewYork, May1866.




14


June Edith Hahner, Emancipating theFemale Sex: TheStruggle forWomen's Rights inBrazil, 18501940 (Duke University Press, 1990), 2630, 209210.




15


Bonnie S. Anderson, Joyous Greetings: TheFirst International Women's Movement, 18301860 (Oxford University Press, 2001).




16


Francisca de Haan, Writing Inter-Transnational History: TheCase ofWomen's Movements andFeminisms, Barbara Haider-Wilson, William D. Godsey andWolfgang Mueller (eds.), Internationale Geschichte inTheorie undPraxis/International History inTheory andPractice (Verlag derOsterreichischen Akademie derWissenschaften, 2017), 501536.




17


Kathy Davis, TheMaking ofOurBodies, Ourselves: HowFeminism Travels across Borders (Duke University Press, 2008).




18


            . .:Nancy A. Hewitt (ed.), NoPermanent Waves: Recasting Histories ofU. S. Feminism (Rutgers University Press, 2010).




19


Kathryn Gleadle, TheImagined Communities ofWomen's History: Current Debates andEmerging Themes, aRhizomatic Approach, Women's History Review 22:4 (2013), 524540.




20


Kathryn Gleadle andZoeThomas, Global Feminisms, c. 18701930: Vocabularies andConcepts AComparative Approach, Women's History Review 27:7 (2018), 12091224.




21


Kimberly Springer, Living forthe Revolution: Black Feminist Organizations, 19681980 (Duke University Press, 2005).




22


bell hooks, Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black (Sheba Feminist, 1989).




23


Mrinalini Sinha, Mapping theImperial Social Formation: AModest Proposal forFeminist History, Signs 25:4 (2000), 10771082.




24


    . .:Sara Ahmed, What's theUse? Onthe Uses ofUse(Duke University Press, 2019).




25


Kathleen A. Laughlin etal., IsItTime toJump Ship? Historians Rethink theWaves Metaphor, Feminist Formations 22:1 (2010),97.




26


Charles Fourier, Marriage andthe Family System, quoted inCharles Fourier, Jonathan Beecher andRichard Bienvenu (ed. andtrans.), TheUtopian Vision ofCharles Fourier: Selected Texts onWork, Love, andPassionate Attraction (Beacon Press, 1971),177.




27


Cited inShirin Akhtar, East Bengal Women's Education, Literature andJournalism, inFrancisca de Haan etal. (eds.), Women's Activism: Global Perspectives from the1890s tothe Present (Routledge, 2013),110.




28


Bharati Ray, Early Feminists ofColonial India (Oxford University Press, 2012).




29


Barnita Bagchi, Ladylands andSacrificial Holes, inBarnita Bagchi (ed.), ThePolitics ofthe (Im)Possible: Utopia andDystopia Reconsidered (Sage, 2012).


