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           ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,      ,    .

       ,   -    .     ,     .       .    ().      . , .           . Ƞ    :  .   .   . (      , ,  , ). , 2003. 419.

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   ... 1993,  -  1996 .        .        ,  .



:

vk.com/vinogradov.moscow

AlexeiVinogradov@yandex.ru

WhatsApp, Viber, Telegram:

8(977) 142-99-15, 8(963) 991-05-10

Skype (Alexei Vinogradov, alexeivinogradov@yandex.ru)



22 2023   

vinogradov-design.narod.ru

   5 ,   :

1)    (2010., 404 ),

2)        (2017., 112 ),

3)    . .  3.0 (2024., 484 ),

4)  .  (2023., 55 ),

5) Numerical methods ofsolving stiff and non-stiff boundary value problems (2019, 65pages).

 vinogradov-design.narod.ru   ,        ,  蠖   .



  :



     :   resh.edu.ru    111       ,    .









 1. 


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       .        .    ,     .Ƞ     ,     .          .

 :

[i: ] . :   .   .

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 :

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 :

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[j?]   ,

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[je]   .

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 ,    :

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[n]     .  ,  ,     ,      .

 `       :

[`d?blju:].

           堖    :

1:

ship [],   [??p] ,

sheep [-],   [?i: p] ; .

2:

bin [],   [b?n] ; ,

bean [-],   [bi: n] ; .

3:

hit [],   [h?t] ,

heat [-],   [hi: t] .

        .   , ,   ()  ( )      ࠖ [].    -    :

1:

send [],   [send] ,

sent [],   [sent] ; .

2:

led [],   [led] ; ,

let [],   [let] ; .

Ƞ     ,   -    :

:

port [-],   [p?: t] ; ,

poured [-],   [p?: d] ; .

      ,       .       , : /, / ..   .       ,   ,   .

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impact [`],   [`?mp?kt] ;  ,

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     :













 ,     3- .

         (, date [de?t] [] ).

           (, he [hi: ] [: ]).

     2       ( y  堖 [a?]),     (, boat [b??t] [] ).

  ,     3- .

           (, sun [s?n] [] ).

      2 (, kiss [k?s] [] ).

      3 (, bottle [b?tl] [] ).

      :

i[?] [] bandit [`b?nd?t] [`] 

y [?] [] carry [`k?r?] [`] , 

a[?] [] capable [`ke?p?bl] [`] 

e [?] [] calendar [`k?l?nd?] [`] 

o[?] [] bacon [`be?k?n] [`]   , 

u[?] [] bogus [`b??g?s] [`] 

    :

c   [s]   e, i, y, , balance [`b?l?ns] [`] , cinema [`s?n?m?] [`] , bicycle [`ba?s?kl] [`] .

c   [k]   , , across [?`kr?s] [`] , act [?kt] [] .

g   [?]   e, i, y, , age [e??] [] , agitate [`???te?t] [`] , analogy [?`n?l???] [`] .

: begin [b?`g?n] [`] , get [get] [] , give [g?v] [] .

g   [g]   , , again [?`gen] [`] , agree [?`gri: ] [`: ].

   :

ch [t?] achieve [?`t?i: v] [`: ] 

ck [k] back [b?k] [] 

kn [n] know [n??] [] 

ng [n] thing [??n] [?n]  ( ?, n   )  []

nk [nk] drink [dr?nk] [n]  ( n   )  []

ph [f] phone [f??n] [] 

qu [kw] quality [`kw?l?t?] [`w]  ( w  )  [`]

sh [?] shop [??p] [] 

tch [t?] catch [k?t?] [] 

th [?] think [??nk] [?n]  ( ?, n   )  []

th [?] this [??s] [?]  ( ?   )  []

wh + o[h] who [hu: ] [: ]?

wh +   [w] what [w?t] [w] ? ( w  )  []

wr [r] write [ra?t] [] 

              ,   ,       ,             .




 2.  


 堖  ,         ? ()   ? ().



      (,  ),    . , 렖  , ࠖ  ,   .        .       .



Ƞ     (,    )  (   ).



,  :

book [b?k] [] 

table [`te?bl] [`]

pen [pen] [] 

pencil [`pens?l] [`]  (  ?   ,                 )

lamp [l?mp] [] 

boy [b??] [] , 

girl [g?: l] [] , 

dog [d?g] [] 

cat [k?t] [] , 



, ,  :

water [`w?: t?] [`w: ]  ( w    [`:])

rain [re?n] [] 

wind [w?nd] [w]  ( w    [])

snow [sn??] []

weather [`we??] [`w?]  ( w?     [`])

milk [m?lk] [] 

cheese [t?i: z] [: ]

oil [??l] [] , 



        .



           -s:

book [b?k] [] ࠖ books[b?ks] [c] 

pen [pen] [] ࠖ pens [penz] [] 

table [`te?bl] [`] 렖 tables [`te?blz] [`] 

film [f?lm] [] 젖 films [f?lmz] [] 



    -s :

 [s]    ,

 [z]      .



      .



,       ch, -s, -ss, -sh, -x, -z,        ,         es.    es   [iz]:

bus [b?s] []  buses [`b?s?z] [`] 

match [m?t?] [] ,  matches [`m?t??z] [`] , 

box [b?ks] [] ࠖ boxes [`b?ks?z] [`] 



      -y,    ,       -y   ies,    [iz]:

lady [`le?d?] [`] , 蠖 ladies [`le?d?z] [`]

city [`s?t?] [`]  ( ) cities [`s?t?z] [`] 



     ࠗy,     ,  ,          s,   [z]:

day [de?] []  days [de?z] []



       e   c, -g, -s, -z,         ,         s   es   [?z]:

place [`ple?s] [`]  places [`ple?s?z] [`] 

judge [???] []  judges [`????z] [`] 

horse [h?: s] [: ]  horses [`h?: s?z] [`: ] 

prize [`pra?z] [`] 砖 prizes [`pra?z?z] [`] 



      o,          es,    s:

potato [p?`te?t??] [`]    potatoes [p?`te?t??z] [`]  

video [`v?d???] [`] 젖 videos [`v?d???z] [`] 



     -f (-fe),           ࠗves,        s:

knife [na?f] [] 栖 knives [na?vz] []

leaf [li: f] [: ]  leaves [li: vz] [: ] 

roof [ru: f] [: ] ࠖ roofs [ru: fs] [: ] 



          s (),       .         .



   ,       :



,    :

man [m?n] [] , ꠖ men [men] [] ,

woman [`w?m?n] [`w] ࠖ women [`w?m?n] [`w]  ( w )

foot [f?t] []  feet [fi: t] [: ] 

tooth [tu: ?] [: ?] ᠖ teeth [ti: ?] [: ?]  ( ?  )

mouse [ma?s] []  mice [ma?s] []



, ,   en:

child [t?a?ld] [] ꠖ children [t??ldr?n] []



, ,     :

formula [`f?: mj?l?] [`: ] ࠖ formulae [`f?: mj?li: ] [`: : ]



 ,       , :

advice [?d`va?s] [`]  ()

knowledge [`n?l??] [`]  ()

news [nju: z] []  ()



 ,       , :

afish [? f??] [] ࠖ fish [f??] []

afruit [? fru: t] [: ]  fruit [fru: t] [: ] 

asheep [? ?i: p] [: ] ,  sheep [?i: p] [: ] , 

        a[?],    .



     ,            ࠖ   ,    :

brother-in-law ,  brothers-in-law , 

    :

brother [`br???] [`?]  ( ?  )

in[?n] [] ()

law [l?: ] [: ]



postman  postmen 

    :

post [p??st] [] 

man [m?n] [] , 



       (   )    , :

apiece ofbread ( ࠖ  )

 :

piece [pi: s] [: ] 

of[?v] []  ,   ,       ,   ,     (? ?)

bread [bred] []

          a[?],    .



three pieces ofbread (  ࠖ  )

 :

three [?ri: ] [?: ] ( ?  )

pieces [`pi: s?z] [`: ] 



aslice ofbread ( ࠖ  )

 :

slice [sla?s] [] 



apiece ofadvice (  )

 :

advice [?d`va?s] [`]  ()



apiece ofmusic ( 堖  )

 :

music [`mju: z?k] [`: ] 



       (  ) ,    (..   ), :

awind [w?nd] [w]  ( w  ) winds [w?ndz] [w]

atoast [t??st] []  toasts [t??sts] [] 

          a[?],    .



     ,  蠖  , :



agreement [?`gri: m?nt] [`: ]  ()

an agreement ,  (,  )

          an [?n],    .

agreements [?`gri: m?nts] [`: c] ,  (,  )



business [`b?zn?s] [`] ,  ()

abusiness ,  (,  )

businesses [`b?zn?s?z] [`] ,  (,  )



     .    6:

 (? ?)

 (? ?)

 (? ?)

 (? ?)

 (? ?)

 (? ?)



     (  )  (  ).



      -   .



  :



     s,       s, :

girls dress   ( girl [g?: l] [] , , dress [dres] [] ) [g?: lz dres]



boys father   ( boy [b??] [] , , father [`fa: ??] [?]  ( ?   )) [b??z `fa:??]



   s   [s],     s   [z],    ,     ch, -s, -ss, -sh, -x, -z  s   [?z].           .



,   -s,     , :

the girls phones   ( the [??]  ,    , girls [g?: lz] [] , , phones [f??nz] [] )

the boys notebooks    ( boys [b??z] [] , , notebooks [`n??tb?ks] [`]  )



     ࠗs,        s,       s, :

the mens cars [?? menz ka: z]   (car [ka: ] [: ])



 ,  ࠗs,       s,       s, :

Jamess daughter   (daughter [`d?: t?] [`: ] )



     ࠗs,          , :

Keats works   (work [w?: k] [w] ,  ( w )



  (    堖  )      젖  堖    of[?v] [], :



Shakespeares poetic works = the poetic works ofShakespeare    (poetic [p??`et?k] [`] )



the schoolboys desk = adesk ofthe schoolboy    (schoolboy [`sku: lb??] [`: ] , desk [desk] []  ).



   ,   ,   s,   s ,    1)   2) .     ofthe.



 2    

Shakespeares poetic works

the schoolboysdesk



 



the end ofthe day   (end [end] [] , day [de?] [] ).



 -  ,     ,  s       ,    : John and Sallys flat (flat [fl?t] [] ).



 ,        ,    .



         -   .         (.. -    ).



:



an iron saucepan  

an [?n] []  ,    

iron [`a??n] [`] 

saucepan [`s?: sp?n] [`: ] 



sugar cane  

cane sugar  

sugar [`??g?] [`] 

cane [ke?n] [] 



         .      ()   , 堖   .



:

the cotton market prices   

the [??] [?] ( ?   )  ,    

cotton [`k?t?n] [`]  ( ?         )

market [`ma: k?t] [`: ] 

price [pra?s] []

prices [`pra?s?z] [`]




 3. 


   .



       a an   the.



    .



    a  [e?] [],     an   [?n] [].



  the   [?i: ] [?: ] ( ?   ).



1)     ,    ,    a    a [?] ([]    蠫).



: atable [? `te?bl] [ `] .



2)      ,    ,    an     an  [?n] ([]    蠫).



: anarm [?n `a:m] [ `:] .



1)   the   ,    ,   the   [??] [?] ( ?   ).



: thetable [?? `te?bl] [? `] .



2)   the   ,    ,   the   [?i: ] [?: ] ( ?   ).



: thearm [?i: `a:m] [?: `:] .



      a/an,   the   .



    a/an.



  a/an   one [w?n] [w]  ( w  )        .



 堖   ,   ,   . , , , , , , ,  ..



  a/an ,           .



      , -  .



,    ,       , ,  , -,  :



apencil [? `pens?l] [ `] ,



Please give me apencil. ,    (     ).

Give me apencil, please.   , .

 ,   please   ,      .  please   ,   please  .

:

please [pli: z] [: ] ,

give [g?v] [] ,

me [mi: ] [: ].



  a/an  ,     ,  ,    ,     .



     ,     ,  .



:

He is agood boy.   .

:

He [hi: ] [: ],

is [?z] []  ( , -),

good [g?d] []  (),

boy [b??] [] .



  a/an  ,       , .



:

Ababy can understand this.   .

:

baby [`be?b?] [`] ,

can [k?n] [] ,

understand [?nd?`st?nd] [`] ,

this [??s] [?]  ( ?   ).



   the.



   ,   (  )   ,    the,     ,   ( )  .



  the    that [??t] [?]  ( ?   ).



:

Ihave adog. Ӡ  .

The dog is big.  ( ) .

:

I[a?] [],

have [h?v] [] ,

dog [d?g] [] ,

the [??] [?] dog   the    ,

is [?z] []  ( , -),

big [b?g] [] .



  the    ,     .



:

the Earth [?i: ?:?] [?: ?]  () ( ?, ?   ).

the Sun [?? s?n] [? ] .

the Moon [?? mu: n] [? : ] .



  the     :



the North [?? n?: ?] [? : ?]  ( ?, ?   ).

the South [?? sa??] [? ?].

the West [?? west] [? w]  ( w  ).

the East [?i: i: st] [?: : ] .



  the    . (   ,     ,    .)



:

the first [?? f?: st] [? ]  ( ?   ).

the second [?? `sek?nd] [? `] .

the third [?? ??: d] [? ?]  ( ?, ?   ).



  the    , , ,   .



:

the Black Sea  .

:

Black [bl?k] [] ,

the [??] [?] Black   the    ,

Sea [si: ] [: ] .



  the     .



:

the Russian Federation  .

:

Russian [`r???n] [`] ,

the [??] [?] Russian   the    ,

Federation [fed?`re???n] [`] .



the United Kingdom  .

:

United [ju: `na?t?d] [`] ,

Kingdom [`k?nd?m] [`n]  ( n   ).



the United States ofAmerica   .

:

United [ju: `na?t?d] [`] ,

States [ste?ts] [] ,

of[?v] [] ,      .

America [?`mer?k?] [`] .



:

  the   the United   [??],    United  [j].



,   u h    ,   . Ƞ ,      (  a/an   the).



:



aunion [? `ju: nj?n] [ `: ]  (    [j]),

an umbrella [?n ?m`brel?] [ `]  (   [?]),

the union [?? `ju: nj?n] [? `: ] ,

the umbrella [?i: ?m`brel?] [?: `] ,



ahunter [? `h?nt?] [ `]  (   [h]),

an hour [?n `au?] [ `]  (   [a]),

the hunter [?? `h?nt?] [? `] ,

the hour [?i: `au?] [?i: `].



  the  ,       ,        ,   .



:

This is the book Iwant tobuy.   ,    .

:

This [??s] [?]  ( ?   ),

is [?z] []  ( , -),

book [b?k] [] ,

the [??] [?] book   the    ,

I[a?] [],

want [w?nt] [w]  ( w  ),

tobuy [tu: ba?] [: ]    ()  buy     to[tu: ],     to[tu:].



  the  ,    .



:

Igo tothe library.   .

:

I[a?] [],

go [g??] [] ,

to[tu: ] [: ],

library [`la?br?r?] [`] ,

the [??] [?] library   the    .



We went tothe bank.   .

:

We [wi: ] [w: ]  ( w  ),

went [went] [w]  (   go [g??] [] ),

bank [b?nk] [n]  ( n  )

the [??] [?] bank   the    .



  the   ,     1)   2)    .



Could you pass me the salt?     ? (    ,   .)

:

Could [k?d] []    can [k?n] [] ;  ,

you [ju: ] [: ],

pass [p?: s] [: ] ,

me [mi: ] [: ],

salt [s?: lt] [: ] .



  the    ,        : airport [`e?p?: t] [`: ] (), castle [`k?: sl] [`: ] (), college [`k?l??] [`] (), palace [`p?l?s] [`] (), school [sku: l] [: ] (), station [`ste???n] [`] (, ), university [,ju: n?`v?: s?t?] [,: `] ():



London University  . (  the.)

:

London [`l?nd?n] [`] .



  .



  ,  ,   ,   ,   -    . , , , , , ,  ..



 ,      , :



water [`w?: t?] [w]  ( w  ).



Please give me water. ,    (   ,  , , ).

:

please [pli: z] [: ] ,

give [g?v] [] ,

me [mi: ] [: ].



History is very interesting.  ( )  .

:

History [`h?st?r?] [`] ,

is [?z] []  ( , -),

very [`ver?] [`] ,

interesting [`intr?st?n] [`n]  ( n   ).



   a/an, the     ,       ,     .



:



the history ofRussia  .

:

history [`h?st?r?] [`] ,

the [??] [?] history   the    ,

Russia [`r???] [`] .



Air is agas.  .

:

Air [e?] [] ,

is [?z] []  ( , -),

gas [g?s] [].



  a/an      .



:

Please give me pencils. ,    (  -  ,  ).

:

please [pli: z] [: ] ,

give [g?v] [] ,

me [mi: ] [: ].

pencils [`pens?lz] [`]  ( ).



 a/an  the    .



:

It is an apple.   ( ,  ).

It is my apple.   .

It is your apple.   .

:

It [?t] [],

is [?z] []  ( , -),

apple [?pl] [] ,

my [ma?] []  ().

your [j?: ] []  ().



  a/an   ,      , , , ,  ..



 a/an the     ,   .



:

inspring [?nspr?n] [ n]  ( n   ).

inJanuary [?n`??nj??r?] [ `] .

on Monday [?n `m?nde?] [ `] .

:

in[?n] [] (),

on [?n] [] ().



 a/an the   no [n??] [].



:

They have no interesting books. Ӡ   .

:

They [?e?] [?]  ( ?   ),

have [h?v] [] ,

interesting [`?ntr?st?n] [`n]  ( n   ),

books [b?ks] [] .



    .



      ,       a/an,       the,      .



    a:



inaday  .

inaweek  .

inamonth  .

inayear .

:

in[?n] [].

day [de?] [] .

week [wi: k] [w: ]  ( w  ).

month [m?n?] [?]  ( ?   ).

year [j??] [].



for along time   .

tohave agood time   .

once upon atime , -.

What abeautiful day!   !

:

for [f?: ] [: ]  (),

long [l?n] [n]  ( n   ),

time [ta?m] [] ,

tohave [tu: h?v] [: ]   have  (  )     to[tu: ],     to[tu:],

good [g?d] [] ,

once [w?ns] [w]  ( w  ),

upon [?`p?n] [`]      ,

what [w?t] [w]  ( w  ),

beautiful [`bju: t?f?l] [`] ,

day [de?] [] .



    the :



inthe morning , . (the [??] [?])

inthe afternoon . (the [?i: ] [?:])

inthe evening , . (the [?i: ] [?:])

inthe country  (). (the [??] [?])

:

in[?n] [] ().

morning [`m?: n?n] [`: n]  ( n   ).

afternoon [a: ft?`nu: n] [`: ] .

evening [`i: vn?n] [`: n]  ( n   ).

country [`kantr?] [`] .



at the airport 

at the station 

at the doctors 

at the dentist 

at the hairdressers 



    the:

the same [?? se?m] [? ]   ( ?   ).

the following [?? `f?l???n] [? `n]  ( ? n   ).

the next [?? nekst] [? ] .

the last [?? la: st] [? : ] .

the all [?i: ?:l] [?: :] ,.

the wrong [?? r?n] [? n]  ( n   ).

the right [?? ra?t] [? ] .

the only [?i: `??nl?] [?: `] .

the whole [?? h??l] [? ] .



  :

Where is the key?  ? (the [??] [?])

Where is the book?  ? (the [??] [?])

Ƞ ,  :

Where is the ? 堅?

:

Where [we?] [w]  ( w  ),

is [?z] []  ( , -),

Where is [we?`r?z] [w`]  where   [r],         ࠖ     ,        [r]    [we? ?z] [w],

key [ki: ] [: ] ,

book [b?k] [] .



  :

What alovely day!   !

What abeautiful car!   !

Ƞ ,  :

What a!

:

What [w?t] [w] , ,

lovely [`l?vl?] [`] ,

day [de?] [] ,

beautiful [`bju: t?f?l] [`: ] ,

car [k?: ] [: ] .



     :



at school . at [?t] [] , school [sku: l] [: ] .

at work . work [w?: k] [w]  ( w  ).

at home . home [h??m] []  ( ).

at university .

at college .



He is at work.  .

She is at home.  .

They are at school.  .



togo toschool  () .

togo towork  () .

togo tochurch  () .

togo tobed  .

togo home  .   go home to.

:

togo [tu: g??] [: ]    go  (  go )     to[tu: ],     to[tu:].

to[tu: ] [: ] () (toschool, towork, tochurch, tobed)      to,    ,    .

school [sku: l] [: ] .

work [w?: k] [w]  ( w  ).

church [t??: t?] [] .

bed [bed] [] .

home [h??m] []  ( ).



     :

prison [`pr?z?n] [`] ,

hospital [`h?sp?t?l] [`] ,

town [ta?n] [] ,

       (),    ,    ().



    ,  ,  .



:

at, from, to(school, university, work)

in, out of, to(bed, church, hospital, prison)



:

They took her toprison.    .

:

They [?e?] [?]  ( ?   ),

took [t?k] []  (   take [te?k] [] ),

her [h?: ] [],

to[tu: ] [: ] (),

prison [`pr?z?n] [`] .



She is ill. She is inhospital.  .  .



      (school, work, church, bed, home, prison, hospital, town)         ().



:

The walls ofthe prison are high.   ( ) .

:

walls [w?: ls] [w: ]  ( w  ),

of[?v] [] ,     ,

prison [`pr?z?n] [`] ,

the [??] [?] prison   the    ,

are [a: ] [: ]  ( , -  ),

high [ha?] [] .



    :



after breakfast  .

tohave breakfast .

after lunch  .

tohave lunch .

before dinner .

tohave dinner .

toprepare breakfast  .

tomake coffee  .



:

after [`a: ft?] [`: ] .

breakfast [`brekf?st] [`] .

tohave [tu: h?v] [: ]  (  have)     to[tu: ],     to[tu:].

lunch [l?nt?] [] .

dinner [`d?n?] [`] .

toprepare [tu: pr?`pe?] [: `]  (  prepare).

tomake [tu: me?k] [: ]  (  make).

coffee [`k?f?] [`] .



    breakfast, lunch, dinner   ,   .



      breakfast, lunch, dinner       ,  .



    :



He travels bytrain (bybus, byplane, bycar, on foot).    (, , , ).

:

He [hi: ] [: ],

travel [`tr?v?l] [`] ,

by[ba?] [] ,

train [tre?n] [] ,

bus [b?s] [] ,

plane [ple?n] [] ,

car [k?: ] [: ] ,

on foot [?n f?t] [ ] .



         :








:

pen[pen] [] 

pens[penz] [] 

juice[?u: s] []




 4.  


 堖  ,       ?



    ,       ,  ,  ,  .



:

big [b?g] [] ,



abig table [? b?g `te?bl] [  `]   ( ),

abig cup [? b?g k?p] [  ]   ( ),

abig apple [? b?g ?pl] [  ]   ( ),

big cups [b?g k?ps] [ ]   ( ),

inabig cup [in? b?g k?p] [   ]  ,

inbig cups [inb?g k?ps] [  ]  ,



      ,   .



     ,       ,   .     ,    6.       (  )  (  ).       ,  .      ,  .



 ,   (    a)   .



    ,   (a/an, the)     .



:

abig black pencil   .

:

big [b?g] [] ,

black [bl?k] [] ,

pencil [`pens?l] [`] .



alittle green apple   .

:

little [l?tl] [] ,

green [gri: n] [: ] ,

apple [?pl] [] .



 :

Ihave abig black pencil. Ӡ    .

You have alittle green apple. Ӡ    .

:

I[a?] [],

have [h?v] [] ,

You [ju: ] [].



      ,   (  ) : ,  .



     -  ,     .



      .



      .



         .



        er [?] [] 蠗est[?st] []. (     [?]       [] [].)



 -est     [] [],         .








         the,   -     (-, ).



   er [?] [] 蠗est[?st] []    :



1)     e,      ( )     r  st, :

simple [s?mpl] [] ,

simpler [`s?mpl?] [`] ,

the simplest [?? `s?mpl?st] [? `]  .



2)    ,     ,      ( )     , :

hot [h?t] [] ,

hotter [`h?t?] [`] ,

the hottest[?? `h?t?st] [? `]  .



3)    ࠗy   ,      ( )   y    ࠗi, :

busy [`b?z?] [`] ,

busier [`b?z??] [`]  ,

the busiest [?? `b?z??st] [? `]  .



4)    ࠗy   , ,      ( )   y  .



 er -   ,     .



     ,   er   [?], :

asmallerbox [? `sm?: l? b?ks] [ `:  ]  ,

:

small [sm?: l] [: ] ,

box [b?ks] [] .



     ,   er   [?r], :



asmallerapple [? `sm?: l?r ?pl] [ `:  ]  ,

:

small [sm?: l] [: ] ,

apple [?pl] [] .



               .



       :

more [m?: ] [: ] ,

less [les] [] .



:

more interesting  ,

less interesting  .

:

interesting [`?ntr?st?n] [`n] .



       :

most [m??st] []  ,

least [li: st] [: ]  .



:

the most difficult  ,

the least difficult  .

:

difficult [`d?f?k?lt] [`] .



        :























 most [m??st] []           .     , ,  .      most    a,   .          ( a the).



:

It is amost interesting story.    .

:

It [?t] [],

is [?z] []  ( , -),

interesting [`?ntr?st?n] [`n] ,

story [`st?: r?] [`: ] .



These are most interesting stories.    .

:

These [?i: z] [?: ],

are [a: ] [: ]  ( ,    ),

stories [`st?: r?z] [`: ] .



  most ( mostof[?v] [])     , .



:

Most young people like music.     .

:

young [j?n] [n] ,

people [`pi: pl] [`: ] ,

like [la?k] [] ,

music [`mju: z?k] [`] .



  ,  ,      ,     .        the   s ( ,   ).



:

The young never understand the old.    .

:

the young [?? j?n] [? n] ,

never [`nev?] [`] ,

understand [?nd?`st?nd] [`] ,

the old [?i: ??ld] [?: ] .



     :

1) more [m?: ] [: ]    ,

2) bigger [`b?g?] [`]  larger [`la: ??] [`: ]    .



      :

1) less [les] []    ,

2) smaller [`sm?: l?] [`: ]    .



:

Ihave more (less) money than she does.

Ihave more (less) money thanher.

Ӡ  () ,  .

:

I[ai] [],

have [h?v] [] ,

money [`m?n?] [`] ,

than [??n] [?],

she [?i: ] [: ].



My box is bigger (smaller) than yours.    (),  .

:

My [ma?] [],

box [b?ks] [] ,

is [?z] []  ( , -),

yours [j?: z] [:] .



               as as [?z ?z] [ ],    , 兠.



:

My room is as big as yours.    ,  .

:

My [ma?] [],

room [ru: m] [: ] ,

is [?z] []  ( , -),

big [b?g] [] ,

yours [j?: z] [:] .



       as  so [`s??] [`] .     .     ,      as as, soas.



:

My room is not so big as yours.    ,  .

:

not [n?t] [].



       ,  ,  :



My room is twice as big as yours.      .

:

twice [twa?s] [w] .



My room is three times as big as yours.      .

:

three [?ri: ] [?: ],

times [ta?mz] [].



    :

1)     (  )

2)       (  -).



:

It is afunny picture.    ().

:

It [?t] [],

is [?z] []  ( , -),

funny [`f?n?] [`]  (  picture),

picture [`p?kt??] [`] , .



The picture is funny.   .

:

is funny  ,

funny    .



  ,     .



  ,     ,       ,  ( ,     ,     ,   ,    .)   :



appear [?`p??] [`] , ,

be [bi: ] [: ] ,

become [b?`k?m] [`] ,

feel [fi: l] [: ] ,

get [get] [] ,

look [l?k] [] , ,

seem [si: m] [: ] ,

smell [smel] []  ; ,

sound [saund] [] ,  ,

taste [te?st] []  ;  .



:

The tea tastes bad.    .

:

The [??] [?]    ,

tea [ti: ] [: ],

tastes [te?sts] []   (s     ),

bad [b?d] []  (   bad,  badly [`b?dl?] [`] ).



You look happy.   .

:

You [ju: ] [: ],

happy [`h?p?] [`]  (   happy,  happily [`h?p?l?] [`] ).



      (appear taste)    .    3.   2,      and [?nd] [] ().   3,     ,   and.



:



You look tired and unhappy.    .

:

tired [`ta??d] [`] ,

unhappy [?n`h?p?] [`] .



,         3.     . ,    ,     .    : , , , , ,  .



:

He is handsome and slim.   .

:

He [hi: ] [: ],

is [?z] [] ,

handsome [`h?ns?m] [`]  (),

slim [sl?m] [] .




 5. :   (  )


堖   ,       .



  1) 2) ,       .



   :








       :








 I[a?] []     .



    . Ƞ      you [ju: ] [:].



 he [hi: ] [: ]  she [?i: ] [: ]       (),        it [?t] [] , ,.



 they [?e?] [?]             .



  :

Ihave apen. Ӡ  .

:

I[a?] [],

have [h?v] [] ,

pen [pen] [] .



       .



Ӡ      .               (, , , ).



        (  ? ? ? Π?):








       (  ):








:

Bring apen toher. Bringherapen. .

:

bring[br?n] [n] ,

pen[pen] [] ,

to[tu: ] [: ] , , ࠖ ,   ,    ,

her[h?: ] [].



Give the book tome. Givemethe book. .

:

Give[g?v] [] ,

book[b?k] [] ,

to[tu: ] [: ] , , ࠖ ,   ,    ,

me[mi: ] [: ].



Iknowthem.  .

:

I[a?] [],

know[n??] []  (   ࠖ k ),

them[?em] [?].



Wewant toinvitehim.   .

:

We[wi: ] [w: ],

want[w?nt] [w] ,

toinvite[tu: ?n`va?t] [: `]  (,   invite,  to),

him[h?m] [].




 6.    


        .



   ,    .



      ,   - .



    .



     .



    ,  .



堖   ,   ,   .     : ??



堖   ,    ,    .   :   ?    ?  ?     ?



堖   ,     ,    ( ,    ).



   .      ( )   (  ).



    ,  ,   ,  .    : ? ? ( ).       .



:

  .

:

ߠ ,

렖 ,

   ( )



 .

:

帠   ( ).



   ?

 

:

蠖   ( ).



    .

:

   (   ,     ).



         ,        .



   (   )   ,  ,   ,  .     : ? ? ( ).           .



:

   

:

    ( )

   .

:

    ( ).



   (  )   , : Π? Π?  ?  ? Ѡ? Ѡ? ..         .



:

   

:

 頖    ( )

  .

:

頖    ( ).



          ,        .



   ,        ,  .    ,        : ? ? ? ? ? ..



  : 1)   (?) 2)  (?) 3)  (?) 4)  (?) 5)  (?) 6)  (  ?) 7)  ( ?).



:

  

:

    (?).



   .

:

堖   (?).



   .

:

   (?).



  - .

:

- 껠   (?).



 ,  .

:

    (?).



  .

:

   (  ?).



  ,  .

:

   ( ?)



   : 1)   2)  3)  (   ) 4)  (     ) 5)   (    ).



:

   

:

堖 ,   .



   .

:

 ,  .



 ,     ,      ,    .     : ? ? ? ..



  ,  .

:

 ,    ,     -    .



 ,     ,       ,      .



 ,     ,     , . , , , .



  :



  ,   .

:

  ,    ,     .



         . Π    (    ).



堖   ,    .   : ? ? ? ?      (     )    ,     ( ).



    ,    ,  , , ,   ,   ,  ,   .        .



  , ,  .



         .



       .



         .             .



:   .   .   .   .   .   .



           .              .



     ,           .



   :



The boy bought abook.   .

:

boy [b??] [] ,

bought [b?: t] [: ]  (   tobuy [tu: bai] [: ] ),

book [b?k] [] .



      .      boy.



      .       bought.



   ,      ,  ,      , .



     ,    book.



       ,      .



:

Abook bought the boy.   .



   ,        book     .  boy           bought.



     . : Bought abook theboy.

Bought the boy abook.

The boy abook bought.

Abook the boy bought.



        :

1) , 2) , 3) , 4) .



   :

3.1)   

3.2)  ,

3.3)   .



   :

4.1)   

4.2)  ,

4.3)  .



     :








:

He gave me apen.    .

He gave apen tome.   .

We received aletter from him.    .

We met her bychance at the cinema yesterday.      .

:

He [hi: ] [: ],

gave [ge?v] []  (   togive [tu: giv] [: ] ),

me [mi: ] [: ],

pen [pen] [] ,

to[tu: ] [: ] ,   ,    (  me),

We [wi: ] [w: ],

received [r?`si: vd] [`: ]  (   toreceive

[tu: r?`si: v] [: `: ] ),

letter [`let?] [`] ,

from [fr?m] []  ,   ,    (  him),

him [h?m] [] , ,

met [met] []  (   tomeet [tu: mi: t][: : ] ),

her [h?: ] [],

by[ba?] [] ,    ,    ,

chance [t?a: nts] [: ] ,

bychance ,

cinema [`s?n?m?] [`] ,

yesterday [`jest?de?] [`] .



      ,      :



We met her at the cinema yesterday.

Yesterday we met her at the cinema.



      ,     2  (  )      ,       .



:



She never talks tohim.   .

(: 2  蠖  堖  젖 never.)

  She does notnever talk tohim   does not never ( ).



Nobody talks tohim.  .

(: 2  蠖  堖  젖 nobody.)

  Nobodydoes not talk tohim   nobody does not ( ).



:

She [?i: ] [: ],

never [`nev?] [`] ,

talks [t?: ks] [: ]  (  totalk [t?: k] [: ]       she),

to[tu: ] [: ],

him [h?m] [] ,,

nobody [`n??b?d?] [`] ,

does not [d?z n?t] [ ]  ,        she.



Π   (Present Simple Tense)   ,    .




 7.   tobe ,    


 ,    ,       ?   ? : , , , .



 ,     ,     ,    .    ()     ?   ? : , .



       ࠖ . : , .



        (    )  to[tu: ] [:].



 (  ) tobe [tu: bi: ] [: : ]  .



 ,   ࠖ    ( )    .



        :








      tobe [tu: bi: ] [: : ]   .



  (Simple Tense) :



1)   (Present Simple Tense),

2)    (Past Simple Tense),

3)    (Future Simple Tense).



:

Simple [s?mpl] [] ,

Tense [tens] []  ,

Present [`prez?nt] [`] ,

Past [pa: st] [: ] ,

Future [`fju: t??] [`: ] .



  (Simple Tense)     ,  .



   (Present Simple Tense)        ,      ,     -,   ,   ,    (),  . ( ,  ,    ,   ,      ,    .)



   (Past Simple Tense)     ,   ,   .        ,      .          .     ,  -   ,   ,          .



   (Future Simple Tense)     ,   ,    .        ,      .     ,  -   ,    ,          .



- tobe [tu: bi: ] [: : ]        :



 .  .  . ()



  .   .   . ( )



  .   .   . ( )



  ,    - ,     .



     -  .



       - tobe.



     tobe:








     ,     ,   shall ,  will.    shall    shall   .



 :



Iam astudent.  . (  .)

Iwas astudent.   .  

Iwill be astudent.   . 

:

student [`stju: d?nt] [`: ] .



He is ateacher.  . (  .)

He was ateacher.   .

He will be ateacher.   .

:

teacher [`ti: t??] [`: ] .



     :








:

Imastudent. ߠ.

Werestudents.  .








:

Hell be astudent.   .

Theyll be students.   .



 ,    (    tobe)           ,   ,       .     he, she, it, they.



:

The apple is green.   .

:

apple [?pl] [] ,

green [gri: n] [: ] .

    apple     it, , - tobe     is (It is green.).



Lemons are yellow.  .

:

Lemons [`lem?nz] [`] ,

yellow [`jel??] [`] .

    lemons     they, , - tobe    are

(They are yellow.).




 8.   tohave ,    


   ,   ࠖ    ( )    .



         ( ).



      tohave [tu: h?v] [: ]   .  ,       .      tohave  :













     ,     ,   shall  ,  will.    shall    shall   .



 :

Ihave adog. Ӡ  . (  .)

Ihad adog. Ӡ  . (  .)

Ishall have adog. Ӡ  . (   .)

:

dog [d?g] [] .



He has adog. Ӡ  . (  .)

He had adog. Ӡ  . (  .)

He will have adog. Ӡ  . (   .)



      tohave      have got  has got (  ).  got [g?t] []    (    toget [get] [] ).     :

Ive got (Ihave got ) [a?v g?t] [ ] (Ive got adog.)

Hes got (He has got) [hi: zg?t] [: ] (Hes got adog.)



    had.  had got   . , , He had adog. Ƞ He had got adog.



     have  has, have got hasgot:



He has abath every evening.     . (  have abath  .)



  He has got abath,     젖 Ӡ  .



  :

have abath  ,

have ashower ,

have breakfast ,

have lunch ,

have dinner ,

have agood time   .








  ,       will:








 ,    (    tohave)           ,   ,       .     he, she, it, they.



:

Acar has four wheels. Ӡ  .

:

car [ka: ] [: ] ,

four [f?: ] [: ] ,

wheels [wi: lz] [w: ] .

    car     it, ,  tohave     has (It has four wheels.).



Cars have four wheels. Ӡ  .

    cars     they, ,  tohave     have (They have four wheels.).




 9.    tobe tohave


   tobe [tu: bi: ] [: : ] ()      not [n?t] [] (),       tobe (am not, are not, is not, was not, were not, shall not be, will notbe).



:

Iam astudent.  . ()

Iam not astudent.  . ()

:

student [`stju: d?nt] [`: ] .



      .        .








        tobe ,   .     7.

































   


















      tobe.



      tohave [tu: h?v] [: ] ().



   tohave   :



1)       not [n?t] [] (),       tohave (have not, has not, had not, shall not have, will not have).     ,      tobe.      .



 ,           a/an,   any [`en?] [`] ().   a/an       .  any  )       )   .



2)         no [n??] [],       tohave (have no, has no, had no, shall have no, will have no),         ,   any,     ,     no    ,     .   no ( any)     .



      ,         tobe,    ,   no    tohave   ,    .



 ,      no   ,      not.



:

Ihave apen. Ӡ  . ()

Ihave not apen. Ӡ  . (堖 1)

Ihave not any pens. Ӡ  . (堖 1)

Ihave no pen. Ӡ  . (堖  2   any)

Ihave no pens. Ӡ  . (堖  2   any)



Ihad apen. Ӡ  . ()

Ihad not apen. Ӡ  . (堖 1)

Ihad not any pens. Ӡ  . (堖 1)

Ihad no pen. Ӡ  . (堖  2   any)

Ihad no pens. Ӡ  . (堖  2   any)



Iwill have apen. Ӡ  . ()

Iwill not have apen. Ӡ  . (堖 1)

Iwill not have any pens. Ӡ  . (堖 1)

Iwill have no pen. Ӡ  . (堖  2   any)

Iwill have no pens. Ӡ  . (堖  2   any)



:

pen [pen] [] .



     :


















         ,     havent hasnt, havent got hasnt got (   6):



She hasnt gotit. Ӡ .

We havent gotthem. Ӡ .

:

them [?em] [?]  (   ).



     tohave      have got  has got (  ).  got [g?t] []    (    toget [get] [] ).     :

Ive got (Ihave got ) [a?v g?t] [ ] (Ive got adog.)

Hes got (He has got) [hi: zg?t] [: ] (Hes got adog.)



Idont have adog. Ihavent got adog. Ӡ  .

:

do not [du: n?t] [: ] = dont [d??nt] []  ,

dog [d?g] [] .




 10.    tobe tohave


   tobe [tu: bi: ] [: : ] () tohave [tu: h?v] [: ] ()    ,          () .



       tobe   tohave   .       .



        tobe ,   .     7.








:

student [`stju: d?nt] [`: ] .


















   tohave     ,     tobe.       tohave  젖   .    :



Ihave apen. Ӡ  . ()

Have Iapen? Ӡ  ? (;   )

Had Iapen? Ӡ  ? (;   )

Will Ihave apen? Ӡ  ? (;   )



   tohave    젖     todo [tu: du: ] [: : ] (),    .



    tohave      have got  has got (  ).  got [g?t] []    (    toget [get] [] ).     :

Ive got (Ihave got ) [a?v g?t] [ ] (Ive got adog.)

Hes got (He has got) [hi: zg?t] [: ] (Hes got adog.)



Do Ihave adog? Have Igot adog? Ӡ  ?

:

Do [du: ] [: ]  ,

dog [d?g] [] .




 11. :  


  ,  ,   ,    .



   ,      ,   ?  ,   .



      .



      .       .



      :








:



Take my pen.   .

:

Take [te?k] [] ,

pen [pen] [] .



This is your pencil.   .

:

This [??s] [?],

is [?z] []  (-),

pencil [`pens?l] [`] .



,        ( ),   ,             ().



      ,         ,     .



:



It is myred pencil.



   ,   ,    all [?:l] [:] () both [b???] [?] (, ).



:



Allmy pencils are red.    .



Bothhis pencils are red.    .



      :








:



This is your pencil.   .

Mine is red. 頖 .

Take hers. .

:

red [red] [] ,

Take [te?k] [] .



   ,         .        .



        (5- )  :













          (, , ),    .           .



:

  . Take your pencil.

   . She has broken her pencil.

:

has broken [h?z `br??k?n] [ `]  (    tobreak [tu: bre?k] [: ] ;     ).




 12. :  


    4    it     .



     :



1)this [??s] [?] , ,  (    )

2) these [?i: z] [?: ] ,  (    )

,   2      .   2    .



:

This is apen.  .

These are pens.  .

:

is [?z] []  (-),

pen [pen] [] ,

are [a: ] [: ]  (-).



   ,       ,     ,      -.



         (pen),    this is.



       (pens),    these are.



3)that [??t] [?] , ,  (    )

4) those [???z] [?]  (    )

 2     .



:

That is apen.  .

Those are pens. 堖 .



 堖        (pen),    that is.



       (pens),    those are.



      ,      .         (      ).



:

This pen is red.   .

Those pens are red.   .

:

red [red] [] .



 ,    it     this,    it     this.     it    ,  .



:

This is apen.  .

It is apen.  .



     Its [its] []:

It is apen = Its apen.



Its me. .

:

me [mi: ] [: ] , ,  (     I[a?] []).



 ,   ,          this these,        that those.



:

Iwill go tothe library this evening.    




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/aleksey-vinogradov/prostoy-uchebnik-angliyskogo-yazyka-samouchitel-versi-37942452/chitat-onlayn/)  .

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