  :     
 


    ,  -        ,  ,         . Ƞ     ,   .

       Homo   .    , 50000      ,  .   . . . ,  ,        .         ,  ,   .

, ,          ?     ?      ?        ,            . ʠ  ,  90000    -,    .         ,       . Ƞ         ,      ,          .

 2016.  ,   ,        7,5,       .  ,         ,  3500040000 ,   . ߠ   ,   ,         ,    . ,    2123,  ,   ,    1700 . ߠ ,   ,  ,  , ,     .





,      ,    .





 

 :    



:  

 :  , - . 

:  

:  

 :  

 :  

  :  

:  ,  

:  

 : Shutterstock

  : Tom Higham



  .         () .  , ,  ,  ,  ,       .  ,   ,    , ,        ,     ,  ,     .

,     , ,  ,      () ,      ,   .



TomHigham, 2021

This edition ispublished byarrangement with Hardman andSwainson andTheVan Lear Agency LLC

  , , .   -, 2024


* * *








		 , ,  
		   ,  ,
		       .

 [1 -  . . .]






 


     ,         .

,    ,    3,3 5000  ,  ,   99%   .   :   , ,   , ,   , .   ,      (),   () .

        .

      ,              3,3.    300000350000       -  4000050000 .      ,      頖 ,            .  䠖  ()      ,    , ,    .

       , ,    .

   15000 ,     ,   .      ,     ,   ,       .         ⠖    .

,   10000 ,    .      ,        .      ,   ,   ,     .




1




, 22 2015., 9:10 .     . ߠ    -    ,   20.           ,   120000 .

              ,   -  (ZooMS).  ,             ,      ,  .

,  2,4 ,  ,  ,  .         ,       .    ,  .      ,    2010.         ,    .           ,     25000040000 .

         (F1).      ,      ,          .      , ,   ,     ?

   , ,  ,     .    ,          ,      .            .

        (    ),        ,   30000040000 ; ,  , Homo sapiens,  ,  .         ,           ,     .   ,    ,     ;          :       ?      , , ,    : , , ,    ,  - ,  ,    ,   .          .

    ,      ⠖ , , ,    (,  ,   ..),          ,         -.      . ʠ2020.        :     (   ,       ),       . Ƞ,    ,         .      堖   ,             ,      ,   .     , -       ,      . -    .         ,  ,     ,  .

      ,    , , ,       ,    ,        ,      . ,    ,         , .

       .        Homo   .    , 50000      ,  .   . . . ,  ,        .         ,  ,   . ߠ      ,       ,     .

      ,  2     ,     250000300000 , ,       .  ,      ,             .   ,        :      ,  ,  ,   , . ,  ,         .

 ,      .  , ,      ,    .        -  (4 7),   ,    ,   ,  , ,  ,   (Homo floresiensis),     ,      ,   ,  2019. (12).       Homo erectus,   1,6,  ,       ,   ,      ,     -  (14). ,         :    (13),    , ,    ,    (10).     ,    ?           ,    ?

   , ,         .    ,  ,    ?   ?  ?          ?                  ?     (15)?

,   1990.,     ,             .    ,    . ,          ,   ,   ,  10000, 20000, 30000    . Ƞ  .

     젖   ,       ,      ,  ,   ,   .

 XXI.       ,          .     ,    ,    30         .    ,      -        ,    .    ,      ,    .      ,     ,  .    .

        ,    .  堖     ,       1950- .,      . Ѡ    ,  50     .  9  , ,       ,          .      ( 10000 ),       .        , -  ,    ⠖   .         ,      ,     . ,    ,        ࠖ        .

    , , , ,       ,              .  3  ,           .  ,  -   , ,      ,      ,         [1 - Smith, T.M. etal. 2018. Wintertime Stress, Nursing, andLead Exposure inNeanderthal Children. Science Advances, 31 October2018: EAAU9483.].   ,      蠖     [2 -    


N  


N           :   .   ,     ,   ,     ,   .       ,  ,           0,3 0,5%,  , ,      .    ,    ,  , , ,    .      ,   ,    ,     .     , ,     .             .          .        .        ,   ,    4.].            . , ,      , ,    701     ,     [2 - .].

           ,   ,  ;    , , ,    ,    ,       .       ,         ,  ,   ,      ,     .  6  ,                ,         . Ѡ       ,                .            ;     16,    ,         .

            , ,        ,    , ,   - .

        ,  .    ,     .   ,     ,       .           ,     , .

    ,     ,      .  9                 .

Ѡ ,   (LIDAR, light detection andranging   ,     )          , .         -, , .               ,     ,  -   .

      ,    ,   , , ,   ..,       ,   ,   .         ,    ,   ,  ,   .               (7).           .       ,   .         ,     ,    ,  .

   ,  ,    ,   .    堖 .                      .    ,     .          ,   . ʠ,         ,     ,       .

,     , ,   ,  ,    .




2




      ,  ,      ,      蠖   .           1920- .  1921.   - (   )    .      ,        ,    Homo rhodesiensis.   , 1924.,      ,     2    (Australopithecus africanus).       ,          . Ѡ   ,    ࠖ Homo   ,  .   ,    ,  ,  - ,     .   ,     2,5           Homo,   Homo sapiens.

        19701980- .       Homo sapiens   [3 - Stringer, C. B. andAndrews, P.1988. Genetic andFossil Evidence forthe Origin ofModern Humans. Science 239: 12638.]. ,       ,       (蠫 II),           .    ,     .         , Homo erectus,   1,6 .      ,  Homo erectus     650 800


   .         - ,      1,5.

 ,        . ,        .    ,    ,     ,          530000 [4 - Hajdinjak, M. etal. 2018. Reconstructing theGenetic History ofLate Neanderthals. Nature 555: 6526.].






.1.     



,   , ,   ,      .   ,         Homo erectus [5 - Wolpoff, M. H. etal. 1994. Multiregional Evolution: AWorld-Wide Source forModern Human Populations. InM. H. Nitecki andD. V. Nitecki (eds.), Origins ofAnatomically Modern Humans. Interdisciplinary Contributions toArchaeology, Boston, MA: Springer, pp. 17599.].              ,    .






.2.     



          ,  Nature 1987. [3 -  ,   .]  147       ,      .    ,         [6 - Cann, R. L., Stoneking, M. andWilson, A. C. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA andHuman Evolution. Nature 325: 316.].      ,   ,    頖  90%.      .                   [7 - Henn, B., Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. andFeldman, M. W. 2012. TheGreat Human Expansion. Proceedings ofthe National Academy ofSciences 109(44): 1775864.].    ,        ,   ,      .

,          ,     ,   .   . Ӡ       ,   ( )    ( ).   Helicobacter pylori   ,      .      ,     ,  ,      [8 - Linz, B. etal. 2007. AnAfrican Origin forthe Intimate Association Between Humans andHelicobacter pylori. Nature 445(7130): 91518.].   ,       H. pylori.       ,       .          [4 -      Plasmodium falciparum   ,    H. pylori.].

  ,  ?    ? Ƞ     ?

,         .    ,     ,       ,  ,   . ʠ       :        .  , ,  ,  ,      蠫.

,   ,           ,  ,     .       ,   .  ,  ,  , ,  .      :  ,    300000 ,     [9 - Scerri, E. M. L. etal. 2018. DidOurSpecies Evolve inSubdivided Populations Across Africa, andWhyDoes It Matter? Trends inEcology & Evolution 33(8): 58294.].

- ()    ,      .  1961. ,    ,     . , 2004.,   ,      .  -  ,  ,  ,      [10 - Hublin, J.-J. etal. 2017. NewFossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco andthe Pan-African Origin ofHomo sapiens. Nature 546: 28992.].   ,    , ,     300000[11 - Richter, D., Gr?n, R., Joannes-Boyau, R. etal. 2017. TheAgeofthe Hominin Fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, andthe Origins ofthe Middle Stone Age. Nature 546: 2936.]  ,  . , -      ,       .         Homo sapiens,       .

   ,     ,   .  1967.,       ,           ,  ,  ,  195000[12 - McDougall, I., Brown, F. andFleagle, J. 2005. Stratigraphic Placement andAgeofModern Humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature 433: 7336.]. Ӡ     ,     ,   ,  .       . ʠ- -,   ,       1997.    ,    .          .     젖  150000  [13 - White, T., Asfaw, B., DeGusta, D. etal. 2003. Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 423: 7427.],        Homo,  ,   -,  , ,    ,    [14 - .].

        ,    ,     ,   .    .             ,  ,    ,     .        ,     ,  .    , , ,             ,  - ,  100000 150000 ,    Homo sapiens,    .






.3.  .       Homo sapiens  -.        .       ,    ,        (  )  ,    ,   



 ,     ,    ,  300000       .    -   ,         ,  .      ,    ,   . (    .)  ,     , ,        .       ,   ;  ,            .    , ,     ,     :    ,   ,     ,   ,     ,   .           [15 - Scerri etal. 2018.].

        ,       ,  . ,    ,  ,  ,         ,   .         ,    -       .         . , , Homo sapiens,    .

      2013.,        ,    (   ),      .  ,      ,  ꠫ ,   .     .          .      ,             .        18. ,        .         -. ,    ꠫ ,            1500   ,   2014. 1700. 206 ,   ,     20[16 - https://isthmus.com/news/news/anthropology-prof-john-hawks-and-uw-madison-students-dig-up-crucial-remnants-of-early-hominids/ (https://isthmus.com/news/news/anthropology-prof-john-hawks-and-uw-madison-students-dig-up-crucial-remnants-of-early-hominids/)   18 2020.].   12   ,    1,5, 4055 , 460 560


, [17 - Berger, L. R. etal. 2015. Homo naledi, aNewSpecies ofthe Genus Homo from theDinaledi Chamber, South Africa. eLife 4(e09560).].  ,    , -:   Homo,     .      Homo,           Homo naledi (naledi     ).

     .   ,    ,     : 236000 335000[18 - Dirks, P. H. etal. 2017. TheAgeofHomo naledi andAssociated Sediments inthe Rising Star Cave, South Africa. eLife 6(e24231).]. ,    Homo sapiens    Homo naledi .






.4.      ,     Homo naledi



 ,           ,     .  2020.       ,        .       -,       [19 - Durvasula, A. andSankararaman, S. 2020. Recovering Signals ofGhost Archaic Introgression inAfrican Populations. Science Advances 6(7): eaax5097.]. (Π  -    ,        Homo erectus - .)         -.   ,   -  1965.[20 - Harvati, K. etal. 2011. TheLater Stone Age Calvaria from Iwo Eleru, Nigeria: Morphology andChronology. PLoS ONE, 6(9): e24024.],     ,      . ,   ,        Homo erectus ꠫ . , ,  : 11000 16000 .            ,   ,          .  2020.      (),   1921.     Homo heidelbergensis ,       .  ,   299000  25000,    Homo sapiens Homo naledi[21 - Gr?n, R. etal. 2020. Dating theSkull from Broken Hill, Zambia, andItsPosition inHuman Evolution. Nature 580: 3725. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2165-4 (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2165-4).], ,      .  , 200000300000         .

, , 1980- .,   .    , ;          .

   ,  ࠖ ,    ,   ,  ,   .      ,     ,  ,   .        . ,  , ,   5000060000 [22 - Mellars, P.2006. Going East: NewGenetic andArchaeological Perspectives onthe Modern Human Colonization ofEurasia. Science 313: 796800.].     ,          ,      ,       [23 - Klein, R. G. 2000, Archeology andthe Evolution ofHuman Behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology 9: 1736.].  ,         ,   ,   L3[5 -     , ,      .       ,    . ,            . ,   ,           ,       ,  ,       .].      ,      ,   [24 - Soares, P. etal. 2012. TheExpansion ofmtDNA Haplogroup L3 Within andOutofAfrica. Molecular Biology andEvolution 29(3): 91527.].   ,      ,     6000070000 .    ,  ,     ,      [25 - Groucutt, H. S. etal. 2015. Rethinking theDispersal ofHomo sapiens Out ofAfrica. Evolutionary Anthropology 24(4): 14964.].   ,       , ,         .         5900065000 [26 - Clarkson, C. etal. 2017. Human Occupation ofNorthern Australia by65,000 Years Ago. Nature 547: 30610.] (    13).

            蠖 120000130000    . Π,       ,  ,      . , , 6000070000 ,      ;          .               120000,   , ,   ,    [27 - Groucutt, H. S. etal. 2015. Stone Tool Assemblages andModels forthe Dispersal ofHomo sapiens Out ofAfrica. Quaternary International 382: 830.]. ,        ,   .

           ,      . ʠ,         ,   47      85000[28 - Liu, W. etal. 2015. TheEarliest Unequivocally Modern Humans inSouthern China. Nature 526: 6969.].        ,    . ߠ,     .     ;     ,      .        , ,     , ,        .

       ,    ,       ,  렖   Homo sapiens,   - .    ,         ,     .     , ໠       .

  ,   ,     ,  Homo sapiens     . Ƞ    .

 2019.         ,   ().  1970- .,   ,      ,    1.     . ʠ,         .  40            [29 - Harvati, K. etal. 2019. Apidima Cave Fossils Provide Earliest Evidence ofHomo sapiens inEurasia. Nature 571: 500504.].     ,        . ,        Homo sapiens, .      ,   210000[6 -   ,   ,     , ,        ,  ,          500000.       ,   


U, , ,   


U   


Th.      ,     .      


U  


Th. ,  ,  ,  ,      ,   ;   


Th,  .      ,    ,   ,   . ,       ,   ,    ;           .     ,     , ..         ,    .  ,    ,   .    ()    , ,     ,    .].           Homo sapiens.  ,       .   ,   1    ,  2, ,  ,    .    廠   170000.   , ,    ,      .

      Homo sapiens        ,  [30 - Hershkovitz, I. etal. 2018. TheEarliest Modern Humans Outside Africa. Science 359: 4569.].   ,    ,        .  2002.    . Ѡ        177000 194000, -         .

   , Homo sapiens       60000   160000 .  ,    ,    ,    .     ,   ,    .

,       .     .  ,      ࠖ ,   , , ,  .    ,        .  ,           - .  ,    ,      , , , ,  . , ,   ,         :      ,    . ߠ ,           ;    ,   ,   ,     .

        蠖  -- ,    [7 - ,        .].   ,    ,    515,      . ,     ,   ,     .    , ,        ,  150000   ,    ;     ,   [31 - Petraglia, M. D., Breeze, P. S. andGroucutt, H. S. 2019. BlueArabia, Green Arabia: Examining Human Colonisation andDispersal Models. InN. Rasul andI. Stewart (eds.), Geological Setting, Palaeoenvironment andArchaeology ofthe Red Sea, Cham: Springer, pp. 67583.].          ,    [32 - Drake, N. A. etal. 2011. Ancient Watercourses andBiogeography ofthe Sahara Explain thePeopling ofthe Desert. Proceedings ofthe National Academy ofSciences 108(2): 45862.].     . ,  , ,           .         .             , ,    ,       .    ,     , , ,  .  ,     ,    ,          , .  ,      ,        .       ,        .

    ,      85000 ,   ,      (5000060000 )[33 - Groucutt, H. S. etal. 2018. Homo sapiens inArabia by85,000 Years Ago. Nature Ecology andEvolution 2: 800809.]. --     ,      ,    ,   .

 ,    頖     -- ⠖   ?        ,      ,       ,  ,      .            ()  ,     .     ࠖ  ,      .  -        90 䠖     .   ,          200000 250000 ,   ,  130000 , ,  ,     90.  --   300000         ,  65000    30000[34 - Beyer, R. M. etal. 2020. Windows Out ofAfrica: A300,000-Year Chronology ofClimatically Plausible Human Contact with Eurasia. bioRxiv,    14 2020.; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.12.901694 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.12.901694).]. ,    , ,  ,   ,   .

           (   ,       , ),    ?   ,   ,   ,        ?

,         ,  , ,  ,  ; ,     .           ,        5000060000- ,   ,   120000130000.             [35 - Mallick, S. etal. 2016. TheSimons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations. Nature 538: 2016.]. ,        (~ 2%)  , ,   ,         [8 -         (xOoA extinct Out ofAfrica)     (OoA).][36 -  ; Pagani, L. etal. 2016. Genomic Analyses Inform onMigration Events During thePeopling ofEurasia. Nature 538: 23842.].  ,           .  ,        ( 5)  ꠫ ,     .     100000 [9 -       (  5),     ,     120000 ,   ,  Homo sapiens   100000 , .  , 45002100             (Peter, 2020).    ,     . . ..][37 - Kuhlwilm, M. etal. 2016. Ancient Gene Flow from Early Modern Humans into Eastern Neanderthals. Nature 530: 42933.]. ,    ,      Homo sapiens,     ,    .    ,    . ,     , ,          ,    ,             ,    .

     ?      ,      ,      ,  ,       . ߠ,      .    - ,    .          [38 - Grove, M., Pearce, E. andDunbar, R. I. 2012. Fission-Fusion andthe Evolution ofHominin Social Systems. Journal ofHuman Evolution 62(2): 191200.].     ,      . ,           .     ,    ,   ,       , ,      .        .          .         .

,  ,    ,       :    ,     ,        ⠖ ,  ,    ⠖  .       ,   ,      .          ,     ,    , .         ,     ,      .

 2003.  ,     ,    ,      ().         ,     ,    15   - .  1950- .    ,         19501960-.

       -  .    ,      ,      ⠖  ,         .           1500  .                  [39 -        : TheMost Offending Soul Alive: TomHarrisson andHisRemarkable Life (   :    . . .);    .].

  1958.      頖     ,  ꠫ . ߠ     ,     . ,     4200044000, ,  ,     Homo sapiens,   .     ,          .      ?    ,  ,   ,  , ,     ,      ;       - .  ,       ,  . ,            [40 -  ,  , ,     Justicia       .     Justicia        ,  ,           .].     , , - . ,  ,  ,   (,  ), , ,  .  ,   ,   , , ,      .  ,  ,    ,   ,        [41 - Barker, G. etal. 2007. The'Human Revolution' inLowland Tropical Southeast Asia: TheAntiquity andBehavior ofAnatomically Modern Humans atNiah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo). Journal ofHuman Evolution 52: 24361.].

         . ʠ, -         48000 ,         [42 - Wedage, O. etal. 2019. Specialized Rainforest Hunting byHomo sapiens ~45,000 Years Ago. Nature Communications 10,739.].   , , ,       .   ,     .           ,  ,       ,    [43 - Langley, M. C. etal. 2020. BowsandArrows andComplex Symbolic Displays 48,000 Years Ago inthe South Asian Tropics. Science Advances 6(24): eaba3831.].        65000 [44 - Westaway, K. etal. 2017. AnEarly Modern Human Presence inSumatra 73,00063,000 Years Ago. Nature 548: 3225.       - ,    XIX.       .         ,     ,      ,  - ,     .          .      ,      ,   63000 73000 .],      ,           .     ,       ,  .

  ,            -  ,     ,    .  ,      ,      蠫,   ,              [45 - Roberts, P. andStewart, B. A. 2018. Defining the 'Generalist Specialist' Niche forPleistocene Homo sapiens. Nature Human Behaviour 2: 54250.].

,    ,       ,     II,   120000 䠖 , ,    [46 - Bae, C. J., Douka, K. andPetraglia, M. D. 2017. Onthe Origin ofModern Humans: Asian Perspectives. Science 358(6368): eaai9067.].          .  ,    ,      , -  蠫    5000060000 .

 ,      ,   . ,           . ߠ,    ,   .  ,         Homo sapiens      ,  ,     .  ,            ,     .   ,     ,   ,    ,    ,    ,  [47 - Langley etal. 2020.],  ,  [48 - Dennell, R. 2017. Human Colonization ofAsia inthe Late Pleistocene: TheHistory ofan Invasive Species. Current Anthropology 58 (Supplement 17): S383S396.].         ,   .   ,    , ,    ,      . , ,   ,          ,      [49 - Shipman, P.2015. TheInvaders: HowHumans andTheir Dogs Drove Neanderthals toExtinction, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/chitat-onlayn/?art=70113811)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes









1


 . . .




2


   


N  


N           :   .   ,     ,   ,     ,   .       ,  ,           0,3 0,5%,  , ,      .    ,    ,  , , ,    .      ,   ,    ,     .     , ,     .             .          .        .        ,   ,    4.




3


 ,   .




4


     Plasmodium falciparum   ,    H. pylori.




5


    , ,      .       ,    . ,            . ,   ,           ,       ,  ,       .




6


  ,   ,     , ,        ,  ,          500000.       ,   


U, , ,   


U   


Th.      ,     .      


U  


Th. ,  ,  ,  ,      ,   ;   


Th,  .      ,    ,   ,   . ,       ,   ,    ;           .     ,     , ..         ,    .  ,    ,   .    ()    , ,     ,    .




7


,        .




8


        (xOoA extinct Out ofAfrica)     (OoA).




9


      (  5),     ,     120000 ,   ,  Homo sapiens   100000 , .  , 45002100             (Peter, 2020).    ,     . . ..










1


Smith, T.M. etal. 2018. Wintertime Stress, Nursing, andLead Exposure inNeanderthal Children. Science Advances, 31 October2018: EAAU9483.




2


.




3


Stringer, C. B. andAndrews, P.1988. Genetic andFossil Evidence forthe Origin ofModern Humans. Science 239: 12638.




4


Hajdinjak, M. etal. 2018. Reconstructing theGenetic History ofLate Neanderthals. Nature 555: 6526.




5


Wolpoff, M. H. etal. 1994. Multiregional Evolution: AWorld-Wide Source forModern Human Populations. InM. H. Nitecki andD. V. Nitecki (eds.), Origins ofAnatomically Modern Humans. Interdisciplinary Contributions toArchaeology, Boston, MA: Springer, pp. 17599.




6


Cann, R. L., Stoneking, M. andWilson, A. C. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA andHuman Evolution. Nature 325: 316.




7


Henn, B., Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. andFeldman, M. W. 2012. TheGreat Human Expansion. Proceedings ofthe National Academy ofSciences 109(44): 1775864.




8


Linz, B. etal. 2007. AnAfrican Origin forthe Intimate Association Between Humans andHelicobacter pylori. Nature 445(7130): 91518.




9


Scerri, E. M. L. etal. 2018. DidOurSpecies Evolve inSubdivided Populations Across Africa, andWhyDoes It Matter? Trends inEcology & Evolution 33(8): 58294.




10


Hublin, J.-J. etal. 2017. NewFossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco andthe Pan-African Origin ofHomo sapiens. Nature 546: 28992.




11


Richter, D., Gr?n, R., Joannes-Boyau, R. etal. 2017. TheAgeofthe Hominin Fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, andthe Origins ofthe Middle Stone Age. Nature 546: 2936.




12


McDougall, I., Brown, F. andFleagle, J. 2005. Stratigraphic Placement andAgeofModern Humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature 433: 7336.




13


White, T., Asfaw, B., DeGusta, D. etal. 2003. Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 423: 7427.




14


.




15


Scerri etal. 2018.




16


https://isthmus.com/news/news/anthropology-prof-john-hawks-and-uw-madison-students-dig-up-crucial-remnants-of-early-hominids/ (https://isthmus.com/news/news/anthropology-prof-john-hawks-and-uw-madison-students-dig-up-crucial-remnants-of-early-hominids/)   18 2020.




17


Berger, L. R. etal. 2015. Homo naledi, aNewSpecies ofthe Genus Homo from theDinaledi Chamber, South Africa. eLife 4(e09560).




18


Dirks, P. H. etal. 2017. TheAgeofHomo naledi andAssociated Sediments inthe Rising Star Cave, South Africa. eLife 6(e24231).




19


Durvasula, A. andSankararaman, S. 2020. Recovering Signals ofGhost Archaic Introgression inAfrican Populations. Science Advances 6(7): eaax5097.




20


Harvati, K. etal. 2011. TheLater Stone Age Calvaria from Iwo Eleru, Nigeria: Morphology andChronology. PLoS ONE, 6(9): e24024.




21


Gr?n, R. etal. 2020. Dating theSkull from Broken Hill, Zambia, andItsPosition inHuman Evolution. Nature 580: 3725. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2165-4 (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2165-4).




22


Mellars, P.2006. Going East: NewGenetic andArchaeological Perspectives onthe Modern Human Colonization ofEurasia. Science 313: 796800.




23


Klein, R. G. 2000, Archeology andthe Evolution ofHuman Behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology 9: 1736.




24


Soares, P. etal. 2012. TheExpansion ofmtDNA Haplogroup L3 Within andOutofAfrica. Molecular Biology andEvolution 29(3): 91527.




25


Groucutt, H. S. etal. 2015. Rethinking theDispersal ofHomo sapiens Out ofAfrica. Evolutionary Anthropology 24(4): 14964.




26


Clarkson, C. etal. 2017. Human Occupation ofNorthern Australia by65,000 Years Ago. Nature 547: 30610.




27


Groucutt, H. S. etal. 2015. Stone Tool Assemblages andModels forthe Dispersal ofHomo sapiens Out ofAfrica. Quaternary International 382: 830.




28


Liu, W. etal. 2015. TheEarliest Unequivocally Modern Humans inSouthern China. Nature 526: 6969.




29


Harvati, K. etal. 2019. Apidima Cave Fossils Provide Earliest Evidence ofHomo sapiens inEurasia. Nature 571: 500504.




30


Hershkovitz, I. etal. 2018. TheEarliest Modern Humans Outside Africa. Science 359: 4569.




31


Petraglia, M. D., Breeze, P. S. andGroucutt, H. S. 2019. BlueArabia, Green Arabia: Examining Human Colonisation andDispersal Models. InN. Rasul andI. Stewart (eds.), Geological Setting, Palaeoenvironment andArchaeology ofthe Red Sea, Cham: Springer, pp. 67583.




32


Drake, N. A. etal. 2011. Ancient Watercourses andBiogeography ofthe Sahara Explain thePeopling ofthe Desert. Proceedings ofthe National Academy ofSciences 108(2): 45862.




33


Groucutt, H. S. etal. 2018. Homo sapiens inArabia by85,000 Years Ago. Nature Ecology andEvolution 2: 800809.




34


Beyer, R. M. etal. 2020. Windows Out ofAfrica: A300,000-Year Chronology ofClimatically Plausible Human Contact with Eurasia. bioRxiv,    14 2020.; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.12.901694 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.12.901694).




35


Mallick, S. etal. 2016. TheSimons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations. Nature 538: 2016.




36


 ; Pagani, L. etal. 2016. Genomic Analyses Inform onMigration Events During thePeopling ofEurasia. Nature 538: 23842.




37


Kuhlwilm, M. etal. 2016. Ancient Gene Flow from Early Modern Humans into Eastern Neanderthals. Nature 530: 42933.




38


Grove, M., Pearce, E. andDunbar, R. I. 2012. Fission-Fusion andthe Evolution ofHominin Social Systems. Journal ofHuman Evolution 62(2): 191200.




39


       : TheMost Offending Soul Alive: TomHarrisson andHisRemarkable Life (   :    . . .);    .




40


 ,  , ,     Justicia       .     Justicia        ,  ,           .




41


Barker, G. etal. 2007. The'Human Revolution' inLowland Tropical Southeast Asia: TheAntiquity andBehavior ofAnatomically Modern Humans atNiah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo). Journal ofHuman Evolution 52: 24361.




42


Wedage, O. etal. 2019. Specialized Rainforest Hunting byHomo sapiens ~45,000 Years Ago. Nature Communications 10,739.




43


Langley, M. C. etal. 2020. BowsandArrows andComplex Symbolic Displays 48,000 Years Ago inthe South Asian Tropics. Science Advances 6(24): eaba3831.




44


Westaway, K. etal. 2017. AnEarly Modern Human Presence inSumatra 73,00063,000 Years Ago. Nature 548: 3225.       - ,    XIX.       .         ,     ,      ,  - ,     .          .      ,      ,   63000 73000 .




45


Roberts, P. andStewart, B. A. 2018. Defining the 'Generalist Specialist' Niche forPleistocene Homo sapiens. Nature Human Behaviour 2: 54250.




46


Bae, C. J., Douka, K. andPetraglia, M. D. 2017. Onthe Origin ofModern Humans: Asian Perspectives. Science 358(6368): eaai9067.




47


Langley etal. 2020.




48


Dennell, R. 2017. Human Colonization ofAsia inthe Late Pleistocene: TheHistory ofan Invasive Species. Current Anthropology 58 (Supplement 17): S383S396.




49


Shipman, P.2015. TheInvaders: HowHumans andTheir Dogs Drove Neanderthals toExtinction, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.


