Sapiens.   
  


    Homo sapiens        ,    ,    ,       ,  ,   .           Homo sapiens        .      ?      ?     ,   ?     ?        ?         ?       ?    ?

  ,          .                    .

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Sapiens.   


    



Copyright  2011 by Yuval Noah Harari Russian Edition Copyright  by Sindbad Publishers Ltd. 2016; 2018

    ,    , .  , 2016.

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13,8䠠   .      .  

4,5䠠  

3,8䠠  .  

6      

2,5  Homo     

2          

500 000       

300 000   

200 000    Homo sapiens

70 000 .     .     

45 000  .   

30 000 

16 000  .   

13 000 Homo floresiensis.      Homo sapiens

12 000 .    .  

5000 ,   .  

4250     

2500     .          .           

2000   .    . 

1400

500 .         .      .      .  

200 .         .     

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 1

   



 14     , ,   :   .       .

 300                 ,      .  ,      .

 4                .     .

 70    ,    Homo sapiens,          .         .

      .    , 70   .  ,  12   ,   .     - 500           - , .      ,               .


* * *

     . ,     ,   2,5    ,             ,     .

                :      ,     ,     ,        ;      ,      ,       ,        .       ,     ,              , , .      . ,      ,    ,      ,  ,      .    ,     :             ,  , -  .

      .    (species)     ,   .             ,        .      ,       ,   . ,       .  ,      ,    ,             .   ,  ,       .

,    ,    (genus). , ,        Panthera.       ,    ,   . ,   Panthera leo,    leo  Panthera.   ,      Homo sapiens,      sapiens ()  Homo ().

        :  (, ,  ),  (, , )   (, , ).          . ,  ,       ,    ,   25   .

 Homo sapiens     ,          . Homo sapiens       ,    , ,    ,    ,     .   .    ,         ( ).        , ,   ,      .  6         .       ,   -     .




  


Homo sapiens    :       ,       .     ,  -       .        Homo       2,5          Australopithecus,    .                    ,   ,   .           ,       ,      ,      ,        .

      Homo neanderthalensis (   ),    . ,     ,   ,        .     Homo soloensis (   ),      .    ,   ,  ,        .            25 ,      .        ,     .     Homo erectus ( ),          1,5  .

 2010         :          .   ,       ,      , Homo denisova.  ,     ,       ,  ,    !

        ,      .      ,    Homo rudolfensis (   ), Homo ergaster ( )      ,       Homo sapiens ( ).

    ,   .          . -      ,  -   .       Homo,    .

 ,         :   ,   ,        .     ,                      .           VIII   ..     . ,  ?      :  , , ,  . -         .    (,       )     ,    .     ,   Homo sapiens        .






   (  ,  ): Homo rudolfensis ( , 2   ); Homo erectus (, 2   50   )  Homo neanderthalensis (   , 400  30   ).    

 Visual/Corbis




 


          .            .     60      200  ,   Homo sapiens     12001400  . 2,5           ,     , , ,     .       .








- ,        ,      .        ,      ,  .     ,     ,   .         Homo       ?

     ,      .      ,     .     .  Homo sapiens 23%     ,        25%    .  :          8%  .       : -,       ,  -,    .  ,     ,   ,         ,         .       ,        .

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     .   ,   ,    . ,    ,    ,       .      ,       ,                .        ,         .      2,5   .        ,      .

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                  .         ,         .          .       .   ,      .  ,       ,         ,   .         ,      :     ,      .            , ,  ,  ,  .       ,    ,   .


* * *

 ,   ,            .  ,        .        2  ,     ,     .   ,      ,     ,        .       ,      ,        ,          ,     .

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       .     Homo   ,       .               ,      .  400          ,     100  ,   Homo sapiens,      .

            .       ,     .  ,        , ,     ,      .   ,         ,        .     ,      ,     ,               .       .




 


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  ,         ,   .   ,           , , ,       .        ,   .     ,   ;         ,   , ,   .         ,  ,           .

 ,      ,       ,           .        ,       :  ,      ,       .       ,       ,     Homo sapiens[1 - Ann Gibbons, Food for Thought: Did the First Cooked Meals Help Fuel the Dramatic Evolutionary Expansion of the Human Brain?, Science 316:5831 (2007), 15581560.].

         .           ,  ,  .       ,             . ,        ,         ,       ,   ,          .

   ,          .       ,     ,         .  :      ,     .  ,       ,      .     :        ,      .




  


   Homo sapiens    ?        .      ,  150        ,   ,      .           ,      .   ,   70    Homo sapiens      ,          .

 Homo sapiens   ,         .    ?

   .       ,   . ,   ,    ,      ,    .     Homo sapiens  -   ,          .






   (    Homo sapiens,   )



         : , ,    .        .  ,    ,    ,   ,       .   ,    ,   ,  ,    .      ,        ,              ,  70       .

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       :         ,        ,    .    .      ,     ,        .      ,    , -,         .    ,    ,    ,    - .        Homo sapiens,   ,    .     (,    )      30   .    ,  , .

   ,  Homo sapiens    ,  [2 -       Homo sapiens  . . .]     ,      .    ,    :     .      :   ,        ,  , ,         . ,         .     -           ,        .        ,    ,       .

     .        ,      (     ,           ).   2010      :       .       ,       -.    . ,  4%         .    ,     .        ,      :  6%   ,    ,       !

    ( ,           ),       .         .               ,           .         ,     ,         ( ,    ).    ,    .






   -.     , , ,  (  , )   

 Anthropologisches Institut und Museum, Universit?t Z?rich



      ,     ?  :  ,     Homo sapiens.  :     ,      .     ,    ,     .  ,     ,  ,      ,        .         .     .

   :  -      .     .          ,   ,       .           ?   , ,   ,            .

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  30            ,       .          ,        .    ,     ,     ,        .     ,        ?   , -        :  ,   ,  ,   ?


* * *

  ,         ,            .     Homo soloensis  50    . ,   10  ,   Homo denisova.      30   .       12   .    ,  ,          .     -            ,        .

     ?               ?          ?        , ,    ?   .        ,      . Homo sapiens  ,      ,  .




 2

 



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 -  70  30    Homo sapiens     .  70          .              ,        .           . 45           ,  ,      .   ,  ,      (     ).  ,            ,    ,        ,    .






 - ( -)      (30    ).     .           ,     

Photo Thomas Stephan,  Ulmer Museum



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* * *

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 , ,      ,     Homo sapiens.    ,   ,      :       .     ,    ,     .    ,         .   -     500  ,          :    ,   ,        ?

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     150 ,     .      ,  .      ,       .       ,   .

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* * *

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Photo: Itzik Yahav



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* * *

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              .   :      ,    ,   ,     .       .  1789                    ,  .           ,     .        ,      .    Homo sapiens     ,         .

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         .    ,   ,  ,            ,    .        .            , Homo erectus.    ,      ,       .     Homo erectus    ,           !






-         ,       ,   

 Korea.net / Korean Culture and Information Service (Jeon Han)



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       .  ,     ,     ,          .        .   ,  ,        ,          400 [7 - G.R. Summerhayes, Application of PIXE-PIGME to Archaeological Analysis of Changing Patterns of Obsidian Use in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea, in Archaeological Obsidian Studies: Method and Theory, ed. Steven M. Shackley (New York: Plenum Press, 1998), 129158.]. ,     ,       .          ,    .    :   ,  ,   ,         .      ,     .         ,  ,   .          ,   ,    ,     .         ,     .       ,        ,     ,         .

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* * *

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     , ,   ,      .    -    ,  ,      , ,    ,       ,        . , ,                        ,                     .

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* * *

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  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/uval-noy-harari/sapiens-kratkaya-istoriya-chelovechestva-22150614/)  .

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notes








1


Ann Gibbons, Food for Thought: Did the First Cooked Meals Help Fuel the Dramatic Evolutionary Expansion of the Human Brain?, Science 316:5831 (2007), 15581560.




2


      Homo sapiens  . . .




3


Robin Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998).




4


Michael L. Wilson and Richard W. Wrangham, Intergroup Relations in Chimpanzees, Annual Review of Anthropology 32 (2003), 363392; M. McFarland Symington, Fission-Fusion Social Organization in Ateles and Pan, International Journal of Primatology, 11:1 (1990), 49; Colin A. Chapman and Lauren J. Chapman, Determinants of Groups Size in Primates: The Importance of Travel Costs, in On the Move: How and Why Animals Travel in Groups, ed. Sue Boinsky and Paul A. Garber (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 26.




5


Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language, 6979; Leslie C. Aiello and R. I. M. Dunbar, Neocortex Size, Group Size, and the Evolution of Language, Current Anthropology 34:2 (1993), 189.    .: Christopher McCarthy et al., Comparing Two Methods for Estimating Network Size, Human Organization 60:1 (2001), 32; R. A. Hill and R. I. M. Dunbar, Social Network Size in Humans, Human Nature 14:1 (2003), 65.




6


Yvette Taborin, Shells of the French Aurignacian and Perigordian, in Before Lascaux: The Complete Record of the Early Upper Paleolithic, ed. Heidi Knecht, Anne Pike-Tay and Randall White (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993), 211228.




7


G.R. Summerhayes, Application of PIXE-PIGME to Archaeological Analysis of Changing Patterns of Obsidian Use in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea, in Archaeological Obsidian Studies: Method and Theory, ed. Steven M. Shackley (New York: Plenum Press, 1998), 129158.




8


Christopher Ryan and Cacilda Jeth, Sex at Dawn: The Prehistoric Origins of Modern Sexuality (New York: Harper, 2010).




9


Noel G. Butlin, Economics and the Dreamtime: A Hypothetical History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 98101; Richard Broome, Aboriginal Australians (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2002), 15; William Howell Edwards, An Introduction to Aboriginal Societies (Wentworth Falls, N.S.W.: Social Science Press, 1988), 52.


