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Scott Stossel, 2013

  , , . Π -, 2016



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       ,   ,          ,    ,     ,    ,   ;    ,     ,   ,     ,  , , , .

Ѹ .   (1844)[1 -  .  . .: , 1993.]

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 .   (1933)[2 -  .  . .: , 1999.]

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:  ,    ,     .  :  - ,  , ,  .    (  -),       .  .         .   ,         ,    .    ,  .     ,      .  .  ,     ,    .  ?    .   .      . ,    ,  .  ,   ,  ,     :  ,   .

     : , , !    .  .  ,       , , , ,   . ߠ    ,  ,  ,     . ߠ       (   ),    .

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  ,     ,   .   :   ! ?    -     頖 ,  ,  .    .          ,       .

,  ,      ( ,  ,  ), ,   ( , , )    : ?   ? ?   ? ,      ,    .  .      .           .     .

ʠ,   .  ,  ,     ,     .   .  .   ,    ,     , . ߠ ,  ,   . . ߠ       .           .



  ,      ,     .

 .     (Anxiety andIts Disorders, 2004)

         .         ,     . ߠ      ,      . ߠ ,  ,   ,  ,      .    ,      蠖 ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     ,  , ,    .    ,      -   .

   ,      :    ( ),  , ,     ,    , .       堖  ,  , ,     ,  . ,     , ,    ,   ,  .

 ,       .  ,    (),   (),    (),     ( ),   (),  (),   ( ),  (),  () , ,   ().

 ,  ,    ,   ,   ,       (    ,  ). ʠ      ,   -     .            ,     . ʠ     ,       -.        ,  ,     . 젖  젖    ,  ,    (  ),   , , ,     .         .

 ,        ,  .           .

ߠ   ( 30),  ,  , -  (), -  (),    (), , ,  ,     invivo[3 -  (.)] - ,     (),  , , , , ,    砫 .  .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 , , , ,  .

? .

 , .    , .  (,     )   ( )     ,  1980?.  ( )  ,    20.  (    ࠖ )       ,   . ,    ()    ,     30-.    ,    ,     ,   ,   ,     (   ).

        ,         . Ѡ         , ,  ,   .



ࠖ      .

. .    (Magic andCognate Phenomena, 1935)

             ,        .     ,  40 ,    ,    -   ,     31%     [1 -             1990?. (TheEconomic Burdens ofAnxiety Disorders ofthe1990s),  TheJournal ofClinical Psychiatry 60, no. 7 ( 1999).].    ,       [2 -         . ., ,  Lifetime Prevalence andAge-of-Onset Distributions ofDSM IVDisorders intheNational Comorbidity Survey Replication // Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry 62, no. 6 ( 2005): 593602.]  25%, ,    ,            . Ƞ  :             ࠖ     ,  ,   .  ,  TheAmerican Journal ofPsychiatry 2006.[3 - R.C. Kessler etal., Prevalence andEffects ofMood Disorders onWork Performance inaNationally Representative Sample ofU. S. Workers," TheAmerican Journal ofPsychiatry 163 (2006): 156168. . "Economic Burdens".],      321   -   ,  50    .        2001. ,   ,    ,   25  [4 -     , "Table R67: Number andPercent Distribution ofNonfatal Occupational Injuries andIllnesses Involving Days Away from Work byNature ofInjury orIllness andNumber ofDays Away from Work, 2001."].  2005.,     ,    53      [5 - Drug Topics, March2006.]. (     11     9%   22% -[6 - "Taking theWorry Cure," Newsweek, February24, 2003. . Restak, Poe's Heart,185.].)   2008.   -    :    ,   ,         9%,  堖 11%[7 -    Wolters Kluwer Health, .: Restak, Poe's Heart,185.].

 ,     ,    .    2009.     [8 - Mental Health Foundation, IntheFace ofFear, April2009, 35.],     15%  ,   : 37%    ( )  .   TheJournal oftheAmerican Medical Association          [9 - "Prevalence, Severity, andUnmet Need forTreatment ofMental Disorders intheWorld Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys," TheJournal oftheAmerican Medical Association 291 (June2004): 258190.].     ,  2006. TheCanadian Journal ofPsychiatry[10 - "Prevalence andIncidence Studies ofAnxiety Disorders: ASystematic Review oftheLiterature," TheCanadian Journal ofPsychiatry 51 (2006): 10013.],  ,                .      [11 - , "Global Prevalence ofAnxiety Disorders: ASystematic Review andMeta-regression," Psychological Medicine 10 (July2012): 114.].

,    , ,     ,    ,   .        .  [12 - ., .: "Content ofFamily Practice: AData Bank forPatient Care, Curriculum, andResearch inFamily Practice 526, 196 Patient Problems," TheJournal ofFamily Practice 3 (1976): 2568.],     , .    ,  1985.[13 - "The Hidden Mental Health Network: Treatment ofMental Illness byNon-psychiatric Physicians," Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry 42 (1985): 8994.],      11%    ;  ,   , ,       [14 - "Panic Disorder: Epidemiology andPrimary Care," TheJournal ofFamily Practice 23 (1986): 23339.]. (  ,      20%      [15 - "Quality ofCare ofPsychotropic Drug Use inInternal Medicine Group Practices," Western Journal ofMedicine 14 (1986): 71014.].) Ƞ         (, , 젖    , ). ,           ,     .    .

 -    ,              .      ,   ,        ,      ,   ,   .

Ƞ   30      .  1950.        (TheMeaning ofAnxiety) ,           : Ѹ   .  1927.,   Psychological Abstracts,       , 1941.  14  1950.  37.    ,    ,    1949. Ƞ 1980.,         ,             (DSM III)   ,   .     ,        .

      ,      .       , ,       ,    ,    ,  ,  .  -  ()            ,     .  ,    (, ,             ), ,       .  ,       (  ,    , ,    )     ,      .  -      ,     蠖  .   ,     1980?., ,          堖   ,   15      .

      ,  ,  , , - ,   Y,   . ,      ,     .  2002. (     )    ,     [16 - ., .: Peter D. Kramer, "Tapping theMood Gene," TheNewYork Times, July26, 2003. . Restak, Poe's Heart, 20412.],            ,   .     -,          ,     ,   , ,        .

    ,  ,    ,     ,    ,       .        [17 - Thomas Insel, "Heeding Anxiety's Call" (lecture, May19, 2005).].



        .

  (.1670.)

,    ,      ,          .   ,   ,     ,  -  (   )  ,     .

  -      ,     .   , ,       ,     ,     .    ,     ,    ,   :     .

  -    -  XVII.  ,     .       ,        - . ( ,   , ,     .)   ,     ,    .   1600        - .    ,  ,   I.     ,   .     ⠫  ,   - .  , ,    . ,    ,   ,     , [4 -   .   . .: , 1977.],    20       ,    1950?.[5 -  -       :  ,   .]

       . IV. ..     ,      -.   [],  ,  ,     .       : ,  ,     . (,   ,     :     ,   .)       - ,       [6 -  ,           : , ,    .     : ,       蠫 ,  ,       .   ()  ,   ()  . Ƞ     ,      2000,  XVIII.,     , ꠫ 蠫,        .].

  , ,     ,      .          [18 - Roccatagliata, History ofAncient Psychiatry,38.].  ,        (      ),      .        ,  ,       ,     .  (   [19 - Maurice Charlton, "Psychiatry andAncient Medicine," inHistorical Derivations ofModern Psychiatry,16.]) , ,     , ,    ,    ,    ,  .        .

,  . ,    ,   , [20 - Charlton, "Psychiatry andAncient Medicine," 12.],  [7 - -  .    ,         .    ,  ,    ,  ,   (    ,     ). ߠ       ,      .].

     ,  ,   ?  ,  ,   ?  ,      ,  ?  ,  Ѹ   -? , ,   ,  ,  ,  ,    ,  ,     ?

 ,     ,  ,  ,  . ,     ,      .  , .  , .   ,   蠫 (- -  ),   (  ,   ).    ;   ,     -     ,      .  ,      , ? ,          , ?



     ,     ,    . ,       蠫    ,        .     ,   ,   .       ,         .

 .     (TheNeurotic Personality ofOur Time, 1937)[8 -  .    . .: , 1993.]

  蠖    .   ,       ,  1940?.    (   ,  )  .  30     . Ƞ        ,   .    1960?.     , ,   ,  . , ,   ,      ,  1969.   .

      .   93     ( )   .     ,        ,  -  (),     . , ,        ,  ,       . ,  ,   ,     ,   .    ( ,  ),     . ,   .        .     (  ,  )    :  ,  ,       [9 -   , 15 ,      :    ,   (,  ,      ).].       , ,   .    , ,    , , ,  .  ,      ,       . (        .)

         (    ,         )  ,       .

Ƞ       . ,          , ?  1920?.      .  . ,      -         ,  .          ,     ,  . ,        ,      (      ).       . ,      .    ,  ,  -      ( , , ),   ,   ,   (, )  ,   ,  ?        ,   :  ,  ,   ,  ? ,       ,    ?  [21 - C., .: Rachel Yehuda etal., "Transgenerational Effects ofPosttraumatic Stress Disorder inBabies ofMothers Exposed totheWorld Trade Center Attacks During Pregnancy," TheJournal ofClinical Endocrinology andMetabolisim 90, no. 7 (July2005): 4115 Rachel Yehuda etal., "Gene Expression Patterns Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Exposure totheWorld Trade Center Attacks," Biological Psychiatry 66 (7) (2009): 70811.], ,    ,     [10 -   , ,     11 2001.,           .            頖      .].       ࠖ  ,       ,   1588.  .  -[22 - .: Hunt, Story ofPsychology,72.],  ,      ,   . ,   ,       ,        (,    ,  ),    ,        .

,           ,  堖  ?   , ,  1930?. .        ,       .      ,      . ,  ,       ,      (World atWar).   ,    ,    [11 -     ,    , ,    ,       .].         , ,  ,   [23 - ., .: "The Relationship Between Intelligence andAnxiety: AnAssociation with Subcortical White Matter Metabolism," Frontiers inEvolutionary Neuroscience 3, no. 8 ( 2012). (  IQ :    2007. ,       IQ 108 115.  ,   2004.    ("The Intelligence ofAmerican Jews"), ,    IQ    ,  .   2005.   Natural History ofAshkenazi Intelligence  ,       ,    0, 75 1      ,  IQ 112115.], -     ,    [12 -  ,  ,  IQ         ,         . (  ,  IQ   8 ,    堖 - ,   ,  ,  .)].

 -    :    ,         ,    .

Ƞ  ,    頖   ,        .    :      .

,  - ,    ?       (TheDay After)    ,   .         .     ?    ?   ,  1980?.        .  , ,  ,     ,  , -,    ,    ,  ,  ,      ,       , ,   .      , ,        .      ,     ,      ,  , ࠖ   ( ) ?

- 堖 , ,    ,    ()  .    (    ,         ࠫ), ,  ࠫ ,   . Ӡ, ,      ,  -    .

  100    ,     ,  [24 - "The Relation ofStrength ofStimulus toRapidity ofHabit-Formation," TheJournal ofComparative Neurology andPsychology 18 (1908): 45982.],      , .  , ,  ,   , ,  . 1950?.,    ,   ,     .     ,    ,   [25 - LosAngeles Examiner, November4, 1957,  Tone, Age ofAnxiety,87.]. ,         ,   [26 - LosAngeles Examiner, March23, 1958,  Tone, Age ofAnxiety,87.].  ,  , ,   .

   頖      蠖     ?   ?

  ,   ,          .    , , , , ;    ;    .       ࠖ     .         [27 - Barlow, Anxiety andIts Disorders,9.].



ߠ ,      ,      ,    .

 .     (TheRole ofVigilance intheDevelopment ofAnimal Neurosis, 1949)

 80     ,         .   ,  ,      ࠖ , , , , , ,   , ,  .         .

        -,         .           ,      ?       ,   ໠   (,  ,  )    ?       ,    ,         ,   ?

       ?    ,   ?     , ,     ,    ,  ,   ?   ,   ,     ? ataques denervios () ⠖       ,   ,     ?   ,   ,   ?

              ,      .                (     )    ,    .      ,    . ,        ( ,       300.29         ⻠ DSM V),     . ,  ,    ,       ,        (  ,  ).      ,        (300.22 DSM V).  ,   ,    ,      .       ,    Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry Bulletin oftheMenninger Clinic.

       , ,   - ,        .



  蠖   . ߠ, , , , 䠖     ,       .      , ,        ,  , , , , -   ,    (, )  .        (   , ,   ),      .  1621.          (TheAnatomy ofMelancholy)     1300 ,         - .  1733.       - XVIII.      (TheEnglish Malady),  40-    (   ),        (, , ,   蠫  ,    ),    (     ,   ,     ).   :  ,                   .     ,  ,     ;    ࠫ               ,   ,   ,  .      ,    .       ,    ,    ,       [13 -  .   . .:  , 1910.].

  ,  ,      -  .             .      ,    .            .

ʠ,      . ߠ .   .  ,   .    ,  ,     .     (     )  .  -       . Ӡ,   ,      .        .  (  ,    )  , ,   ,     . ߠ  ,    ,       -    (Your Phobia):     ,    ,     [14 -    ,    ,   ,   ,       "" ,    ,      ,  .     ,       .].

   .       : ,  ,   ,   .



    .

    ( 1897.)

,     .      ,         蠖    .

  ,    ,      ,       .     ,    ,       .  1933.   .      (Conquest ofNerves: TheInspiring Record ofaPersonal Triumph over Neurasthenia)   (   1934.).         :      ,    . ,    .         . Ƞ,  ,  ,   :    ,  .

  . ,  30-    (  ),     ,   .    (    ),        .      :       , ,            [15 -  ,    ,      , ,       -  .         .   ,  ,     ,       ,      .].

 ,   :          ; -      ( ),       (   ).    -   -: ,   (  )    ,       렖   .  ! Ƞ  ,                 ?

   . ,   , ,       .   ,       ,  . : ,       . Ƞ, ?

.  ,   ,   (     ),      [16 -     1997. Journal ofAbnormal Psychology   . Π     .].       ,     , :  ,   , ,  ,          .



ߠ,   ,         ,    .  : , -          .

 .   (1733)

,   .,      ?

      .      .  ,   ,        ,        .            ,    [17 -   :     ,        .   .].

 .   ,          .    ,  . ߠ ,   蠖       .   ( ,  1973.        )  ,  .       .



      ,      -   ( , ),    . -              ,   -      .

  .     ,      (    ,       ).       ,     ,      ( ).

-       . - ,   , ,     (-      ),      . ʠ ,             [18 -  , 35- .,   - , ,        ,      . .,   40, ,       . (      ࠫ,  ,   .  ,  ,   ,   ,  ,   ,       - .    ,            .)  . ,   ,     . ,  , .  ,      (    ),  ,    ,      .].     ,     [19 -       .      (  .),    40, ,  ,     -  (  ,         ),     . ߠ , .        ,       砫 . Ӡ            .  " "  ,  . ߠ, ,     ,   ,    . ,     ,     . ( ,        ,  .)].

ߠ ,            . ,,      ,    ,    ,   . ,  ,     , ,     ,           [20 -    ,         .].  ,     ,  .

!   .,        .     :    -   ,      . Ƞ    .          . -,     .

ߠ  ,   ,     (      ),     ()      ,     [21 -     ,         ,     ࠖ      ,    ,     , ,  -  ,    .].      .,   -,      . Ƞ   .,   ,               . Ƞ    .,      ,      .

,    . , , . ( .) Ƞ ,  , .  ,        :    [28 - Steve Coll, "The General's Dilemma," TheNewYorker, September8, 2008.],         ,   [22 - ,  .      , ,    -   .].            蠖   [23 -         .  ,   ⠫    Pittsburg Steelers  1970?.,     . , 1970?.    Houston Oilers,      -  .].   ,     :         ,      .

Ƞ      ,       ,      . ʠ,     .,     . , , , ,  , .

Ƞ  . .   . (Ƞ,  ,   ,   ?)

    ,  .



         ,        .          .      . Ƞ    .

 .     (1949)

  -     ?   ( )  ,  ,    ?

.     . ߠ -  ,   ,   .      ,     : ,    .

  ,     ,    -     . Ƞ   ,  , ,       . , ,  ,     ,     ?   -   ?     .   ,  : ,                .      38000, ,   .

Ƞ  .  ,     ,     ,     , ,    ,       .

  ,   ;        , . Ƞ         Psychosomatic Medicine   ,    -   ,     ,         .        , , , ,   ,  ,  . (  .)

Ƞ    ,  ,      ,    .     ,   1844.,  .  ,   ,   ;     ,    [24 -  .  . .: , 1993.].         堖   ( )      .

, ,      ,  蠖      .           .  蠖 ,     :   ,    ,    ,  ,    ,  .  ,    ,  [25 - .].

   . , . Ƞ ࠖ  .




 

  ?


Ƞ                      .

,    ,      ,   (1949)

    ,   []  ,   , ,                ?

, .

 .  13  ,  814  (Thenature ofanxiety: areview ofthirteen (multivariate analyses comprising 814 variables// Psychiatric Reports,  1958.)

  .

 .   (1926)

16 1948. 15 45    ,    20-      ,    -  ( ,    ,   ),       蠫 .    ,   蠫  .   ꠫    ,         .     ,    .

   , 3 1979.,     ,   ,  10- ,       (     ,     ),      .  (, ,    ,    ,     )     蠫   ,  ,          蠫   .

 25   , 13 2004.,    , 34-    TheAtlantic,       ,         .          ( ,   ,  , , ,    ,     蠫  )             蠫.  ,  ,       ,    蠫  .

   ?    1979 2004.   ?       (,     ,      )? Ƞ                ?   ,  (     , ,  )     蠫 ?  ( ) ,  ,      ?   ,        ,  , ,      ,  ,  , -  ?

 .     . ,    1948., 1980.  .  ,   1979.

 1948.       ,    1968.     DSM-II (     )    ,     (DSM-III) 1980.  ⠫ [26 -       ໠ DSM-III-R (1987), DSM-IV (1994), DSM-IV-TR (2000) DSM-V (2013).].

  ,       , , ,  ,  ,      .   ,  2500    melaina chole (  ),     ( ) , , , , , , , , , , ,   ,     , , , , ,  , , , , , , ,  , ,    . Ƞ   ,   (anxiety)       1930?.,       (Angst),    [27 -        angoisse anxiete (  inquietude, peur, terreur effroi)    Angst Furcht ( Angstpsychosen Angstlichkeit) .].

 :    ?

   , ,  . Ѹ   XIX.   (angst -) - , ,     [28 - ,  ,         .         ,   ,  ,    蠫 .     ( , ),   Ѹ   ,    .         ,   ,     .      XVII.  ,     .  ,  , ,  ;  XX.,      - ,     ,  ,  .   , ,    ,        .     ,      . Ƞ     ,    .   ,  ,    ,  ,     .,   ,  .  ,  ,    (  ,   ,   ).                ,      , -    .      ,  ࠖ ,      .].  ,   ,    1913.   ,        ,  -     -  [29 -  .  . .: , 1997.].   ,       XX.,   ,    .   ,       XX.,    : ,     ,   ,   [29 - Lifton, Protean Self,101.].  ,    ,    :      [30 - Niebuhr, Nature andDestiny, vol.I,182.].   ,  ,   (IV. ..)  (II.), ,     ,    ,  ( ) ,   .

  ,      :  ,    ,      ,   - .  1949.         ,  , :  ,       [31 - Hoch andZubin, Anxiety,v.],     ,    .                  .     ""  ,  [32 - Theodore R. Sarbin, "Anxiety: Reification ofaMetaphor," Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry 10 (1964): 63038.]. (,       .)  ,    ,      , , ,       (       ),   ( ,   ),   (   ),   (      )   (  ),    [33 - Kagan, What isEmotion?,41.].

Π      ,     ?

  ,    , ,          ( ),        .   ,      ( ,  [34 - ., .: "Three Essays ontheTheory ofSexuality," inFreud, Basic Writings.],  ,  )[30 -          :  ,  ,     .   (        ),    ,             .   젖       .        .       ,    ,  ,  ,    ,      .     ,  ,   ,  . ( : Roccatagliatia, History ofAncient Psychiatry,204.)].   ,     [31 -          :   ,   ,  젖  ,    .].     ⠫ :   ,        [35 - Freud, Problem ofAnxiety,60.].

   ,   ,      , - ?



  .   .

 . .    (TheOrganism: AHolistic Approach toBiology, 1939)

     ( ,    - - ,    )  ( ,  , ,     )  .  ,   (Furcht -)      ;  ,     ,            ,  (Angst)   .     ,  ,   蠫,  [32 -   Angst    .].

 ,      , ,   -  ,  ;     ,   ,    ,    1937.  -         ,  ;   ,    ,   [33 -  .    . .: , 1993.]. (    , ,    ,  ,   .)

            (      ) 蠫  (      ,  ).

   ,   ?   ? 蠫?        ?     ,  , , -         ,  ,      ,     1980.,  ,    (),  , -  (),   ,    ?

   蠫,       ,      ,        ,     (  ,    , DSM V).      ,   ; ,   ,    ,   (, ,  ),        .        .        ( ,  ,  , ).   DSM II,             3242% [36 - ., .: R. Spitzer andJ. Fleiss, "A Re-analysis oftheReliability ofPsychiatric Diagnosis," TheBritish Journal ofPsychiatry 125 (1974): 34147; Stuart A. Kirk andHerb Kutchins, "The Myth oftheReliability ofDSM," Journal ofMind andBehavior 15, nos. 12 (1994): 7186.]. Ѡ    ,      -,     ,   , [34 -    ,  DSM V (        3? 4? ),        ,  .].

, ,      .     (   )     : ,           ,      . Ӡ   蠖     ,    ,  . (  ,           .)  ,        . (,    ,   , .)     ,  ,   , ,     ,       , ,    .

     ,    ?  ,      :  ,      蠫[35 -         ,   ,  ,    , ,  ,   ,    . 䠫    , 堖    , , XVIII.  ,   . (   .    (Anxiety andtheStress Tradition) : Horowitz andWakefield, All We Have toFear, 2004.)].  ,   IV. ..  melaina chole,       (, ,  ),  ( ).  1621.   ⠫ [37 - Burton, Anatomy,261.]  ,     ,     , fidus Achates [ ]  ,     ;   [36 -  ,       -      , , , , , ,    ,    ,  ,   .]. Ƞ  ,  :    .   ,   ,    .

   ,      ,  ,    ,      젖   , - ().         ,    젖     ,       .      ,     ,        .  , ꠫   蠫  ,   ,     , ,     .      ,  ,   ,   [38 - Breggin, Medication Madness,331.],   ,     .

   ,  ,  ,   ,  . ,     ,  .      ,  ,     ? ,       ,    , ? ,    蠫?

 ,             .  -   .    ,               ,   ,           ,  . ,          堖  ,       .              [37 -   :      ,     ,  .             .].

Ѡ , ,          ,     ,      .

  . Ӡ        (        ),   ,   ?  ,  ,   ,    , [39 - Kagan, What IsEmotion?,83.].        :  ,     .     ,  ,   ,   ,     , 젖  .

     , 젖    -  蠖   .         ,   ,   .



 ,     ,  []  .       .

 .   (TheEmotional Brain, 1966)

ʠ      .  ,       ,      ,     .          (Expression oftheEmotions inMan andAnimals, 1872),      : ,  ,    .  , , ,  ,  [38 -  頖       .  1960?.             (Maudsley reactive),     .].      ,   ,   ,        ,  .    , , ,   ,     ,    . (    .) ,     (       ),   .        [40 - ., .: "Fear andtheAmygdala," TheJournal ofNeuroscience 15, no. 9 (September1995): 587991.]. (       ,   . .,            .)  ,         , ,  , - ,  ..

Ӡ     ,  ,    .  ,  ,   .     ,      , , ,        , ,  .  ,   ,      .        [39 -  . Π   . .: , 2001. (:  .  12. .5:    .    / . . . . .; .: ? ͠, 1953.)].

  -     . ,    ,   ,   ,     , .  1915.  ,      ,         .      ,        ,     ,     . (    .)    ,     .    ,     .  ,      .     ,   ,     (    ),    ,   堖           , ,  .    1915.   , ,   (Bodily Changes inPain, Hunger, Fear andRage)    ,        .        ,         :         ,    .                1913.     12  25[41 - Cannon, Bodily Changes,74.].

 ,   ,  ,    ,     : ,       ,   .  ,      ,       [40 -  ,     :     ( 4, 5%    , , -   ,     ).       蠖      . ,    ,        (  )    .,, !    .    ? (        ,     .)].

      ,    ,    .  ,    ?       ( )    ,   .     ,    ,     ,            .    , , ,      ,   1884.[42 - James, Principles ofPsychology,415.] , ,               [41 -  (   ,      ),  ,       -,  -,    1884.     ,       : -        ,    ,   ,     㠖   "       " [ . . .].         ,  ,     . [.: Fisher, House ofWits, 81.]].

    ,     ( ),         ,  ,    .      ໠   ,     ,  ,  ,   ,    頖  ,     .      ,   ,    ,   .    ,           ,          .    ,     ,    (), ,  ,  砖 ,     ࠖ    (), ,  ,      (  ) ,       ,       ,           .    ,           :       ,  ,    .          ,            .

Ӡ, ,      :        .  1920.              11- ,     .    ,    ,    ( ),         ,  . (       .)        ,     ,     . (     -.)          .         -  ,  ,      [42 -      ( ) ,         , .  - ,      :          -   ,   -      ,       (    9).].

- ࠖ   ,    ,   .    ࠖ  , ,      ,    . Ƞ      , .           ,    .   ,  ,   ,  , ,   [43 - LeDoux, Emotional Brain,107.].

   ,  ,      ( ,  )    ,   ,   ,   ,  ,       ?

 :  Aplysia californica,  ,   ,    ,     ?[44 -   ,  Barber, Comfortably Numb, 19196.]  ,  ,      . ?

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,   ,      .   .  -   - ,     . ( ,   D-,   ,        ,     (     )       ,  , .  ,  ,             ࠖ  , ,    .  ,       2011., ,       - 27 ,     .      [50 - G. Desbordes etal., "Effects ofMindful-Attention andCompassion Meditation Training onAmygdala Response toEmotional Stimuli inanOrdinary, Non-meditative State," Frontiers ofHuman Neuroscience 6 (2012):292.];        :        .  [51 - ., .: Richard J. Davidson andAntoine Lutz, "Buddha's Brain: Neuroplasticity andMeditation," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 25, no. I (January2008): 17476.] ,  ,   ,    ,  ,         [48 -        ࠖ            (., .: R. W. Levenson, P. Ekman, andM. Ricard, "Meditation andtheStartle Response: ACase Study," Emotion 12, no.3 (June2012): 65058;  Tom Bartlett, "The Monk andtheGunshot," TheChronicle ofHigher Education, August21, 2012). ,   , ,  ,        .].       ,  ,    ,  ,    .   ,  ,           [52 - Richard A. Friedman, "Like Drugs, Talk Therapy Can Change Brain Chemistry," TheNewYork Times, August27, 2002.]. ,  , ,    ,  堫 ,       [49 -  , , ,     ,   ,   .  1890?.       ,       , .   ࠖ ,  ,    ,      ,       , ,       .   ,   ,  ,   ,   ,  .       ,    ,     .               .   ,  .,        . ߠ,  ,        ,      .   :   ,   ;    ,  ;    ,    .           ,   ,   ; ,    , ,    (       "What isanEmotion?",    Mind 1884.)    , .  ࠖ      ,         ,       , , ,  , ,          .    ,     ࠖ .  ,       , -  , ,      ,     .  ,   1960?.,  ,  ࠖ    .       ,      ,         (.S. Schachter andJ. E. Singer, "Cognitive, Social, andPsychological Determinants ofEmotional State," Psychological Review 69, no.5 (1962):37999,        ࠖ    Emotional Brain, 4649).  ,     ,  ,        ,       ,     -.    ,        . ,       ,        .       ,         .  ,     ,   ,        .   ;   蠖    .].

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 / ( /),               ?    1944. , Angst     ࠫ , , , ,   [53 - Tillich, "Existential Philosophy," Journal oftheHistory ofIdeas 5, no. I (1944): 4470. (    1959.  , Theology ofCulture.)].      :           ,   ?  ,   ,      ?    堖    ?     ?



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 .   , ,  ,    ,    . ,   ., ,      .       ,  ,     ࠖ ,   ,    ,     ,     ,     .   ,  ,        ,     ,      :   ,   ,     [54 - ., .: Gabbard, "A Neurobiologically Informed Perspective onPsychotherapy," TheBritish Journal ofPsychiatry 177 (2000): 11; A. Ohman andJ. J. F. Soares, "Unconscious Anxiety: Phobic Responses toMasked Stimuli," Journal ofAbnormal Psychology (1994); John T.Cacioppo et. al., "The Psychophysiology ofEmotion," Handbook ofEmotions 2 (2000): 17391.].     , ,      ,      ,    ,  [51 -      ,         .].

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,  ,   ,   .      ( ,  ),   ( )  ( )    ,           .         (  )  ꠖ .       , ,  ,  蠖  ,    1934.[59 - Northfield, Conquest ofNerves,37.]

-   堖  .    , 12%         ()[60 - Harvard Medical School, Sensitive Gut,71.],      ,   ,   ,   . ,   1830.    [61 - Ibid.,72.],     ,  ,  ,    . (         蠫 .)        ,      ,     .          -  堖 ,     .    [62 - William E. Whitehead etal., "Tolerance forRectosigmoid Distention inIrritable Bowel Syndrome," Gastroenterology 98, no. 5 (1990): 1187; William E. Whitehead, Bernard T. Engel, andMarvin M. Schuster, "Irritable Bowel Syndrome," Digestive Diseases andSciences 25, no. 6 (1980): 40413.],           ,        ,   ,        .

   ,  , ,  ,    .      ()        ,       , , ,   ,     , , ,    . -        ꠫   :       ,   ,    ,      (  ?),      .   ,   ,     ,     .    , Journal ofPsychosomatic Research,      ,   ,  ,        ,  ,   ,      . ,            ,   . (   , ,   .)

  ,       .     Gut[63 - Ingvard Wilhelmsen. "Brain-Gut Axis asanExample oftheBio-psycho-social Model," Gut 47, supp. 4 (2000): 57.]      ( )   (   ):        ,      ,         頖           .       ,  ,    .  ,      ,           .

 ,     1909.,     [64 - Walter Cannon, "The Influence ofEmotional States ontheFunctions oftheAlimentary Canal," TheAmerican Journal oftheMedical Sciences 137, no. 4 (April1909): 48086.].            ,             (  ,       ),  .         , ,       : 42 61%        ,    蠫[65 - Andrew Fullwood andDouglas A. Drossman, "The Relationship ofPsychiatric Illness with Gastrointestinal Disease," Annual Review ofMedicine 46, no. 1 (1995): 48396.].   [66 - Robert G. Maunder, "Panic Disorder Associated with Gastrointestinal Disease: Review andHypotheses," Journal ofPsychosomatic Research 44, no. 1 (1998):91.],     40%      [61 -   ,  -   , ,   :         , ,  ,    . (1960?.        .)      ,       ,    . ,       , ,        , . ( 1930?.      entera, , , -    .)     .  ,         .     ,     .  ,     ?].

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         , ,        .       ,   (    ,     ,      )     ,       .    Journal ofClinical Psychology[72 - Angela L. Davidson, Christopher Boyle, andFraser Lauchlan, "Scared toLose Control? General andHealth Locus ofControl inFemales with aPhobia ofVomiting," Journal ofClinical Psychology 64, no. 1 (2008): 3039.] , ,  ,       [67 - -   ,       . Ѡ  30          .    : -     ?          ,   ,    ,     . ,,    ,   : .       ,       ,    ,    ,  :1)   .       . . .      ,      . .         ,          .      .  ,  -  ,  ,     ,  , ࠖ   ? ,      ,   ? :      ,      . ,     , ,    , ,    ,       .Ƞ,   , , ,       ?     ,     ,       ,  .  , ,     ,        .     ,      .].

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   1865.           .  ,   ,         .

 .   . ,       (   ,      , ,   [76 - .: Colp, ToBe anInvalid,84.]),        .

    ,     .    ,             1836.  ,     ,   150.    ,  ,   ,   , ,   ,  , ,  ,  , ,  ,  , , ,   , ,  [69 -       " "?      ,   .   ,  ,  ?   ,     ? (Hooker, Life andLetters ofJoseph Dalton Hooker, vol.2,72.)],   (  ,   ),   (,    ),   ,    ,     ,    ࠫ, 蠫  .               2005.[77 - Anthony K. Campbell andStephanie B. Matthews, "Darwin's Illness Revealed," Postgraduate Medical Journal 81, no. 954 (2005): 24851.],     [70 -  ,  ,             .].

     ,         .     ,  1970?.    ,    ,       -   ,  -  . (     ,     ,     ,    .)[78 - Bowlby, Charles Darwin,229.]   TheJournal oftheAmerican Medical Association 1997.,     [79 - Thomas J. Barloon andRussell Noyes Jr., "Charles Darwin andPanic Disorder," TheJournal oftheAmerican Medical Association 277, no. 2 (1997): 13841.],   ,         ,  DSM IV꠫    ( 9  13  ⠫,     )[71 -  1918.        ThePsychoanalytic Review          (Edward J. Kempf, "Charles Darwin theAffective Sources ofHis Inspiration andAnxiety Neurosis," ThePsychoanalytic Review 5 (1918):15192),       .    ,   ,  , ,     ,     ,   蠫   ,  ,     . (    ,       ࠖ   蠖 ,     ) (Jerry Bergman, "Was Charles Darwin Psychotic? AStudy ofHis Mental Health" (Institute ofCreation Research, 2010)).].

      ࠫ     ,      [72 -     ,   ,   ,      ,   ,     , .].  ,    , ,      ,    [73 -  .     . .: ? ͠, 1959.],  ,    ,     .

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   ,   , ,    ,   ⠫ ,    ,  ,  ,      .  , 2 1836.    ,     .           . ߠ - ,     ,     [80 - Life andLetters ofCharles Darwin, vol.1,349.].

,     .   ,      ,      :              (   )   .         .      ,     . (           ,  .)      ,           ,  [81 - Quammen, Reluctant Mr. Darwin,62.].

              (      ,    ),  ,   ,  蠫 ,   ,       ,   (  ) ,     [82 - : Bowlby, Charles Darwin; Colp, ToBe anInvalid; Desmond andMoore, Darwin; Browne, ThePower ofPlace; andQuammen, TheReluctant Mr. Darwin; .]. -    -    ,  ,   .    .            [83 - Bowlby, Charles Darwin,300.],     .  ,  䠫 ⻠  ,    ,     . ,      -  ,     1859.,    [84 - Ibid.,335.].         .        1 1859.,   15         20 .

  1859.       20 ,      :   ,  .     ,  [85 - Ibid.,343.].   "":     ,   ,       [74 -   ,    ,  1980?,      ,  ,       ,    . ,  ,  ,   蠫       .].

    . ,      ,    ,   1860.            . (  ,      1864.     [86 - Ibid.,375.].)    :            ,  .



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      .       ,     [87 - Desmond andMoore, Darwin,358.]. ,     ,  ,    ,   [88 - Bowlby, Charles Darwin,282.].

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,     - .     .        . (,   ,         .) ,   ,     , , 20 . (     젖   -,      ,         蠖 , , , ,  ,    蠖    .)  ,     ,  , .    ,         ,    .  ,       ,   . ,     -,      ,  15   ,    ,   .   ,    ,      . ,  ,           ( ,       ,  ),  堖 - () . ߠ         ,     ,     - ,          .      (    ,            ,  ),  ,  : , ;  ,      .  ( )   (   )   ()  [75 -       ,      - ,   -    .].      ,   , ,   . , ,   ?        ,    , , ,   ,   .

,,      .  , .  .      ,  ()       . ,     ,       ,     .

ʠ,   , ,    ,   .  ,     - ,  30-         [89 - Oppenheim, "Shattered Nerves," 114.]. (  ,   .)   -           .  ,     [90 - Davenport-Hines, Pursuit ofOblivion,56.],    [76 - ,      ,   ,    .      , , ,     45.].  , ,            ,          [91 - .: Marshall, Social Phobia,140.].

 , ,  . [77 -  ,    .  ,        ,  ,   . Ѡ     .        ,   .].



  : , ,        .

  ,     ,       .               ,   .          ,  . ,       ,     ,  ,   ,   .

Ӡ     ,       .   XVIII.  ,           ,   ,     . ( ;  .)      ,      ,  .   [92 - "Memoir ofWilliam Cowper," Procedings oftheAmerican Philosophical Society 97, no. 4 (1953): 35982.].

 1889.              .   ,     ,     ,     . ߠ   [93 - Gandhi, Autobiography.           (Nerve).].   ,           ,   .   , ,    -   ,  .    ,   ,             . -       [94 -         (American Obsessives,21).].     ,       .      ,  , ,    蠖 .   ,     Journal ofNervous andMental Disease    .

       ,   ,    ,      .      ,      . Ӡ , , ,   XX.,     ,  15     . ʠ    ,          .

Ӡ        .       ,     ,     .              10000   1981.          ,   -   ,   .        -  . (      - .)    ,       Saturday Night,   ,      [95 - Mohr, Gasping forAirtime,134.]. (   ,        .)            ,   !.    ,   ,   ,    . Ӡ   ,  . . ߠ,    .  ,  ,  .     ,  : ",   . Ѡ "[96 - "Hugh Grant: Behind That Smile Lurks aDeadly Serious Film Star," USA Today, December17, 2009.].  ,  1998.  ,         .      ,       [78 - -     ,       SmithKline Beechman, ,     TheMiami Herald,   10  .].    ,  2004.   ,    ,  -       [97 - "A Gloom ofHer Own," TheNewYork Times Magazine, November21, 2004.].

, , . , , . ,  .    ,   . ,  .  ,  ,   , ,     ? Ƞ    ,        ?



  ,   ,    ?

 . Π    (1872)



       .

 .  (Social Phobia, 1994)

           :   . Ӡ       ,    -   .        ,        ,       . ,            ,    - ,    ,  .

Ӡ        .      ,  ,           .       .   堖       ࠖ  .       .       - .  , , ,      [79 -        ,           . (., .: Kramer, Freud,42.)].

    ,         ,       .   -     蠖  , ,  ࠖ   .   ,  ,    ,     ,       .

      .    (  )   1846.  ,    20- -:      ,   [98 - Casper, Johann Ludwig, "Biographie d'une ide fixe" (translated into French, 1902), Archives deNeurologie, 13, 270287.].         Π      , ,         .     ,  ,   ,  ,  . ,      , ,    ,   [80 - Kramer, Freud,42.].

  . Ӡ   ,   ,     ,  -    .                ,  , . (       ,          .) , ,       ,   ,       .  ,      蠖 ,    .

, ,    頖   , .  1839.         ,    ,           - [99 - Burgess, Physiology orMechanism ofBlushing,49.]. ,  ,       ,  []  ,    . , ,       ,  :    ,  ,   .

    ,   -      ,    ,   (     ,    ),  ,   .       , ,  ,   ,      .           :            .

    ,      .   1980.      ,       ,      ,       [81 -    1903.,      ,   ,    ,    phobies sociales ( ) phobies delasociete ( ). (Pierre Janet, Les obsessions et lapsychiatrie, Alcan, 1903.)].  1901.        [100 - Hartenberg, Les timides et latimidite (Felix Alcon, 1901).],            DSM V.   (timide)  ,  ,   ,      (Lestimides et latimidite)  .           ,  , ,  , , , , , ,  ,  ,  ,     蠫 .  ,   .        ,     , ,     ,   ,    trac (), ,  ,  ,      . (,  ,    :     .)

,        ,       -  .      ⠫ 1980.       .      ,      (   ),      . (          ,      .)  1994. -              [101 - Ken-Ichiro Okano, "Shame andSocial Phobia: ATranscultural Viewpoint," Bulletin oftheMenninger Clinic 58, no. 3 (1994): 32338.].   ,   ,   ,   ,     蠖  ,   ,  ,     [82 - ,  ,     : ,      ,   .].

          ,   ,     ,      .  1985.    Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry    ,  [102 - Michael Liebowitz etal., "Social Phobia," Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry 42, no. 7 (1985): 72936.],         [83 -  ,         .].         . 1994.         50,         [103 - "Disorders Made toOrder," Mother Jones, July/August2002.].     ?     : 1999.           [84 -      , -    .].  SmithKline Beecham     ,  ,  .

,   ,   . , , ,   .      .     :   ,    10 ,    .     ,        .

1980.      ; 20 ,  ,  10 20 . ,       ,          10% ,   30%     . (      .)

    : - 20       .   : -    ,    ,      ,    .     .

 ,  , ,       ,   .    ,    .  2007.    -          :    (Shyness: How Normal Behavior Became aSickness), ,          [85 -      ,        .      .].

Ѡ ,                  .  ,      蠖   .           ?   -  ,    -  ?     .   蠖      .    ,        .

Ѡ ,    ,     :              .                 ,     ? .       ,        ,   ,  ? ߠ, .

   ,   ,   ,   .      :    .   26-  ,     . ߠ ,  ,     .      ,   .    ,       ,      , , . Ӡ   ,   , ,  .      ,     ,   . Ƞ ,    . ,     .

  ,       23%     [104 - Manjula etal., "Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) aReview," International Journal ofPharmacology andToxicology 2, no. 2 (2012): 5559.].  ,     ,    ,    ?



         , .

 .        (APhilosophical Inquiry into theOrigin ofOur Ideas oftheSublime andBeautiful 1756)[86 -  .       . .: , 1979.]

  ,     11.           -   .     ,   ,        ,  .

  ,     ,   . ,    ,      .    , , -,  ,    -  .     ,  ,    ,  [87 -  ,        .              .   ,             ,  .].       ࠖ , ,     .           . ߠ , ,  - .     ,     ,  ,      [88 - ,  ,   .             .].    ,    ,    . ʠ       ,       .      ,   (, )  ,  ,  ,    ( ),    ().

      -  . Ѡ     -.       ,        .    .   ,    ,   24  . Ƞ    . ߠ     . Ӡ     , ,  ,      [89 -        ,   .        - ,      ,   ,      .].

ߠ ,      ,        .  ,  ,      .  ,   ,     . Ƞ   ,    . ,    ,     : .     . , ?  - ,  ,    .

         .    ,  .   -  ,    ,    ,    .    .

 ,      ,    . ,     ,  , ,  - .            ,      ,      . (     .      ,   ,    ,      ,       .    ,           ,  .)

-      ,         (      ).      ,        ,     . ߠ,   ,   -.   , , ,  ,     ,   .

 , ,    .     (     ),    (   ;  ,    ,   ,   ). -          . Ƞ   ,      ,       ,  젖        .



   ,  .

. Π (I.)

         ?

 蠖 -  ,        ,      ( ,     ,   ,   ).           :         - .      ,        ,      .  ,   [105 - Davidson etal., "While aPhobic Waits: Regional Brain Electrical andAutonomic Activity inSocial Phobias During Anticipation ofPublic Speaking," Biological Psychiatry 47 (2000): 8595.],          ,     ,  蠖 -  ,      .          .

 -  ,        .       ( ,  ),   .    -    - ,  ,   I.  Π ( ,        )  , ,        ,    .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/skott-stossel/vek-trevozhnosti-strahi-nadezhdy-nevrozy-i-poiski-dushevnogo-19235942/chitat-onlayn/)  .

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notes









1


 .  . .: , 1993.




2


 .  . .: , 1999.




3


 (.)




4


  .   . .: , 1977.




5


 -       :  ,   .




6


 ,           : , ,    .     : ,       蠫 ,  ,       .   ()  ,   ()  . Ƞ     ,      2000,  XVIII.,     , ꠫ 蠫,        .




7


-  .    ,         .    ,  ,    ,  ,   (    ,     ). ߠ       ,      .




8


 .    . .: , 1993.




9


  , 15 ,      :    ,   (,  ,      ).




10


  , ,     11 2001.,           .            頖      .




11


    ,    , ,    ,       .




12


 ,  ,  IQ         ,         . (  ,  IQ   8 ,    堖 - ,   ,  ,  .)




13


 .   . .:  , 1910.




14


   ,    ,   ,   ,       "" ,    ,      ,  .     ,       .




15


 ,    ,      , ,       -  .         .   ,  ,     ,       ,      .




16


    1997. Journal ofAbnormal Psychology   . Π     .




17


  :     ,        .   .




18


 , 35- .,   - , ,        ,      . .,   40, ,       . (      ࠫ,  ,   .  ,  ,   ,   ,  ,   ,       - .    ,            .)  . ,   ,     . ,  , .  ,      (    ),  ,    ,      .




19


      .      (  .),    40, ,  ,     -  (  ,         ),     . ߠ , .        ,       砫 . Ӡ            .  " "  ,  . ߠ, ,     ,   ,    . ,     ,     . ( ,        ,  .)




20


   ,         .




21


    ,         ,     ࠖ      ,    ,     , ,  -  ,    .




22


,  .      , ,    -   .




23


        .  ,   ⠫    Pittsburg Steelers  1970?.,     . , 1970?.    Houston Oilers,      -  .




24


 .  . .: , 1993.




25


.




26


      ໠ DSM-III-R (1987), DSM-IV (1994), DSM-IV-TR (2000) DSM-V (2013).




27


       angoisse anxiete (  inquietude, peur, terreur effroi)    Angst Furcht ( Angstpsychosen Angstlichkeit) .




28


,  ,         .         ,   ,  ,    蠫 .     ( , ),   Ѹ   ,    .         ,   ,     .      XVII.  ,     .  ,  , ,  ;  XX.,      - ,     ,  ,  .

   , ,    ,        .     ,      . Ƞ     ,    .   ,  ,    ,  ,     .

,   ,  .  ,  ,    (  ,   ,   ).                ,      , -    .      ,  ࠖ ,      .




29


 .  . .: , 1997.




30


         :  ,  ,     .   (        ),    ,             .   젖       .

        .       ,    ,  ,  ,    ,      .     ,  ,   ,  . ( : Roccatagliatia, History ofAncient Psychiatry,204.)




31


         :   ,   ,  젖  ,    .




32


  Angst    .




33


 .    . .: , 1993.




34


   ,  DSM V (        3? 4? ),        ,  .




35


        ,   ,  ,    , ,  ,   ,    . 䠫    , 堖    , , XVIII.  ,   . (   .    (Anxiety andtheStress Tradition) : Horowitz andWakefield, All We Have toFear, 2004.)




36


 ,       -      , , , , , ,    ,    ,  ,   .




37


  :      ,     ,  .             .




38


 頖       .  1960?.             (Maudsley reactive),     .




39


 . Π   . .: , 2001. (:  .  12. .5:    .    / . . . . .; .: ? ͠, 1953.)




40


 ,     :     ( 4, 5%    , , -   ,     ).       蠖      . ,    ,        (  )    .

,, !    .    ? (        ,     .)




41


 (   ,      ),  ,       -,  -,    1884.     ,       : -        ,    ,   ,     㠖   "       " [ . . .].         ,  ,     . [.: Fisher, House ofWits, 81.]




42


     ( ) ,         , .  - ,      :          -   ,   -      ,       (    9).




43


    ,    ໠  , ࠫ . ..




44


, ,  DSM IV  :      ,       .    .          (        ): ,  ,  ;   ;  , " "; ;  ;  . (   DSM IV    ,  ,  :      ,     .      , .




45


  .  DSM V2013.




46


       .




47


  ,    : 堖     (,  ),     - ,  , , ,    .         :   , , 頖  ,     ,      .     堖 ,  젖     , -. Ӡ   , ,         (epitheumetikon)   (logistikon).      ,   : ,   ,   ,  ,  ,   ,      ,    ,    .   ,             (.   3 . .3 (1). ., 1971.).  ,     XX., ,   :      ( : Maurice Charlton, "Psychiatry andAncient Medicine," inGladston, Historic Derivations,15.)




48


       ࠖ            (., .: R. W. Levenson, P. Ekman, andM. Ricard, "Meditation andtheStartle Response: ACase Study," Emotion 12, no.3 (June2012): 65058;  Tom Bartlett, "The Monk andtheGunshot," TheChronicle ofHigher Education, August21, 2012). ,   , ,  ,        .




49


 , , ,     ,   ,   .  1890?.       ,       , .   ࠖ ,  ,    ,      ,       , ,       .   ,   ,  ,   ,   ,  .       ,    ,     .               .   ,  .

,        . ߠ,  ,        ,      .   :   ,   ;    ,  ;    ,    .           ,   ,   ; ,    , ,    (       "What isanEmotion?",    Mind 1884.)    , .

  ࠖ      ,         ,       , , ,  , ,          .    ,     ࠖ .  ,       , -  , ,      ,     .

  ,   1960?.,  ,  ࠖ    .       ,      ,         (.S. Schachter andJ. E. Singer, "Cognitive, Social, andPsychological Determinants ofEmotional State," Psychological Review 69, no.5 (1962):37999,        ࠖ    Emotional Brain, 4649).  ,     ,  ,        ,       ,     -.    ,        . ,       ,        .

       ,         .  ,     ,   ,        .   ;   蠖    .




50


 . Π   . .: , 2001.




51


     ,         .




52


 ,      :  ( )  .   .




53


     ,  1960?.  ,  ,         (Joseph Wolpe, Psychotherapy byReciprocal Inhibition (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1958), 5362).




54


-     ., ,   , ,     ,   ,  ,  ,    . ,  .   .




55


 1890?.  ,                  (Breger, Dream,29).




56


     ,     , .     , ,  ,   ("A Phobia Fix," TheBoston Globe, November26, 2006).




57


,     (   ) ,    :       .           . ( ,      ,     2008.:        -,      ,   ,    .




58


  ,  15%  (    )      .




59


    . :     -  -.       .  ,  ,   :           ?    :     ,    ,      ?




60


 . . .: , 1992.




61


  ,  -   , ,   :         , ,  ,    . (1960?.        .)      ,       ,    .

 ,       , ,        , . ( 1930?.      entera, , , -    .)     .  ,         .     ,     .  ,     ?




62


     .  軠  ,  .  ,  ,  . ,    ,  -   ,       ,  ,   ,        .




63


ߠ      ,    .   ,   , 45- ,    ,  , 2007. (Richard W. Seim, C. Richard Spates, andAmy E. Naugle, "Treatment ofSpasmodic Vomiting andLower Gastrointestinal Distress Related toTravel Anxiety," TheCognitive Behaviour Therapist 4, no.1 (2011):3037). ʠ    20    ꠖ         .        10     .      :  ,  .     ,     ,    .    ,      , ,      2008.,       - .




64


              .    -  ,  .      ,     (,  ,11).

-    ,       (, 22). ,      ,    ,    (  - 3 85).  , ,     (, 17),   ,  ,    ,   :     ,   ,  .    , ,  -,   .             . Ӡ       ,    ;   ,    ;           . (     ,       .)    蠫 ,     ,       .




65


       ,      Today  .




66


   ,      .




67


-   ,       . Ѡ  30          .    : -     ?          ,   ,    ,     . ,,    ,   : .       ,       ,    ,    ,  :1)   .       . . .      ,      . .         ,          .

      .  ,  -  ,  ,     ,  , ࠖ   ? ,      ,   ?

 :      ,      . ,     , ,    , ,    ,       .

Ƞ,   , , ,       ?     ,     ,       ,  .  , ,     ,        .     ,      .




68


     :         󅠖         ,  ,   ,     (Tallis, Kingdom ofInfinite Space,193).




69


      " "?      ,   .   ,  ,  ?   ,     ? (Hooker, Life andLetters ofJoseph Dalton Hooker, vol.2,72.)




70


 ,  ,             .




71


 1918.        ThePsychoanalytic Review          (Edward J. Kempf, "Charles Darwin theAffective Sources ofHis Inspiration andAnxiety Neurosis," ThePsychoanalytic Review 5 (1918):15192),       .    ,   ,  , ,     ,     ,   蠫   ,  ,     . (    ,       ࠖ   蠖 ,     ) (Jerry Bergman, "Was Charles Darwin Psychotic? AStudy ofHis Mental Health" (Institute ofCreation Research, 2010)).




72


    ,   ,   ,      ,   ,     , .




73


 .     . .: ? ͠, 1959.




74


  ,    ,  1980?,      ,  ,       ,    . ,  ,  ,   蠫       .




75


      ,      - ,   -    .




76


,      ,   ,    .      , , ,     45.




77


 ,    .  ,        ,  ,   . Ѡ     .        ,   .




78


-     ,       SmithKline Beechman, ,     TheMiami Herald,   10  .




79


       ,           . (., .: Kramer, Freud,42.)




80


Kramer, Freud,42.




81


   1903.,      ,   ,    ,    phobies sociales ( ) phobies delasociete ( ). (Pierre Janet, Les obsessions et lapsychiatrie, Alcan, 1903.)




82


,  ,     : ,      ,   .




83


 ,         .




84


     , -    .




85


     ,        .      .




86


 .       . .: , 1979.




87


 ,        .              .   ,             ,  .




88


,  ,   .             .




89


       ,   .        - ,      ,   ,      .










1


            1990?. (TheEconomic Burdens ofAnxiety Disorders ofthe1990s),  TheJournal ofClinical Psychiatry 60, no. 7 ( 1999).




2


        . ., ,  Lifetime Prevalence andAge-of-Onset Distributions ofDSM IVDisorders intheNational Comorbidity Survey Replication // Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry 62, no. 6 ( 2005): 593602.




3


R.C. Kessler etal., Prevalence andEffects ofMood Disorders onWork Performance inaNationally Representative Sample ofU. S. Workers," TheAmerican Journal ofPsychiatry 163 (2006): 156168. . "Economic Burdens".




4


    , "Table R67: Number andPercent Distribution ofNonfatal Occupational Injuries andIllnesses Involving Days Away from Work byNature ofInjury orIllness andNumber ofDays Away from Work, 2001."




5


Drug Topics, March2006.




6


"Taking theWorry Cure," Newsweek, February24, 2003. . Restak, Poe's Heart,185.




7


   Wolters Kluwer Health, .: Restak, Poe's Heart,185.




8


Mental Health Foundation, IntheFace ofFear, April2009, 35.




9


"Prevalence, Severity, andUnmet Need forTreatment ofMental Disorders intheWorld Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys," TheJournal oftheAmerican Medical Association 291 (June2004): 258190.




10


"Prevalence andIncidence Studies ofAnxiety Disorders: ASystematic Review oftheLiterature," TheCanadian Journal ofPsychiatry 51 (2006): 10013.




11


, "Global Prevalence ofAnxiety Disorders: ASystematic Review andMeta-regression," Psychological Medicine 10 (July2012): 114.




12


., .: "Content ofFamily Practice: AData Bank forPatient Care, Curriculum, andResearch inFamily Practice 526, 196 Patient Problems," TheJournal ofFamily Practice 3 (1976): 2568.




13


"The Hidden Mental Health Network: Treatment ofMental Illness byNon-psychiatric Physicians," Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry 42 (1985): 8994.




14


"Panic Disorder: Epidemiology andPrimary Care," TheJournal ofFamily Practice 23 (1986): 23339.




15


"Quality ofCare ofPsychotropic Drug Use inInternal Medicine Group Practices," Western Journal ofMedicine 14 (1986): 71014.




16


., .: Peter D. Kramer, "Tapping theMood Gene," TheNewYork Times, July26, 2003. . Restak, Poe's Heart, 20412.




17


Thomas Insel, "Heeding Anxiety's Call" (lecture, May19, 2005).




18


Roccatagliata, History ofAncient Psychiatry,38.




19


Maurice Charlton, "Psychiatry andAncient Medicine," inHistorical Derivations ofModern Psychiatry,16.




20


Charlton, "Psychiatry andAncient Medicine," 12.




21


C., .: Rachel Yehuda etal., "Transgenerational Effects ofPosttraumatic Stress Disorder inBabies ofMothers Exposed totheWorld Trade Center Attacks During Pregnancy," TheJournal ofClinical Endocrinology andMetabolisim 90, no. 7 (July2005): 4115 Rachel Yehuda etal., "Gene Expression Patterns Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Exposure totheWorld Trade Center Attacks," Biological Psychiatry 66 (7) (2009): 70811.




22


.: Hunt, Story ofPsychology,72.




23


., .: "The Relationship Between Intelligence andAnxiety: AnAssociation with Subcortical White Matter Metabolism," Frontiers inEvolutionary Neuroscience 3, no. 8 ( 2012). (  IQ :    2007. ,       IQ 108 115.  ,   2004.    ("The Intelligence ofAmerican Jews"), ,    IQ    ,  .   2005.   Natural History ofAshkenazi Intelligence  ,       ,    0, 75 1      ,  IQ 112115.




24


"The Relation ofStrength ofStimulus toRapidity ofHabit-Formation," TheJournal ofComparative Neurology andPsychology 18 (1908): 45982.




25


LosAngeles Examiner, November4, 1957,  Tone, Age ofAnxiety,87.




26


LosAngeles Examiner, March23, 1958,  Tone, Age ofAnxiety,87.




27


Barlow, Anxiety andIts Disorders,9.




28


Steve Coll, "The General's Dilemma," TheNewYorker, September8, 2008.




29


Lifton, Protean Self,101.




30


Niebuhr, Nature andDestiny, vol.I,182.




31


Hoch andZubin, Anxiety,v.




32


Theodore R. Sarbin, "Anxiety: Reification ofaMetaphor," Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry 10 (1964): 63038.




33


Kagan, What isEmotion?,41.




34


., .: "Three Essays ontheTheory ofSexuality," inFreud, Basic Writings.




35


Freud, Problem ofAnxiety,60.




36


., .: R. Spitzer andJ. Fleiss, "A Re-analysis oftheReliability ofPsychiatric Diagnosis," TheBritish Journal ofPsychiatry 125 (1974): 34147; Stuart A. Kirk andHerb Kutchins, "The Myth oftheReliability ofDSM," Journal ofMind andBehavior 15, nos. 12 (1994): 7186.




37


Burton, Anatomy,261.




38


Breggin, Medication Madness,331.




39


Kagan, What IsEmotion?,83.




40


., .: "Fear andtheAmygdala," TheJournal ofNeuroscience 15, no. 9 (September1995): 587991.




41


Cannon, Bodily Changes,74.




42


James, Principles ofPsychology,415.




43


LeDoux, Emotional Brain,107.




44


  ,  Barber, Comfortably Numb, 19196.




45


Kagan, What isEmotion?,17.




46


Barlow, Anxiety andIts Disorders,35.




47


Sapolsky, Zebras,182.




48


.: Stephen Hall, "Fear Itself," TheNewYork Times Magazine, February28, 1999.




49


Gray andMcNaughton, Neuropsychology ofAnxiety,12.




50


G. Desbordes etal., "Effects ofMindful-Attention andCompassion Meditation Training onAmygdala Response toEmotional Stimuli inanOrdinary, Non-meditative State," Frontiers ofHuman Neuroscience 6 (2012):292.




51


., .: Richard J. Davidson andAntoine Lutz, "Buddha's Brain: Neuroplasticity andMeditation," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 25, no. I (January2008): 17476.




52


Richard A. Friedman, "Like Drugs, Talk Therapy Can Change Brain Chemistry," TheNewYork Times, August27, 2002.




53


Tillich, "Existential Philosophy," Journal oftheHistory ofIdeas 5, no. I (1944): 4470. (    1959.  , Theology ofCulture.)




54


., .: Gabbard, "A Neurobiologically Informed Perspective onPsychotherapy," TheBritish Journal ofPsychiatry 177 (2000): 11; A. Ohman andJ. J. F. Soares, "Unconscious Anxiety: Phobic Responses toMasked Stimuli," Journal ofAbnormal Psychology (1994); John T.Cacioppo et. al., "The Psychophysiology ofEmotion," Handbook ofEmotions 2 (2000): 17391.




55


Shawn, Wish,10.




56


David Barlow "Providing Best Treatments forPatients with Panic Disorder," Anxiety andDepression Association ofAmerican Annual Conference, Miami, March24, 2006.




57


Lauren Slater, "The Cruelest Cure," TheNewYork Times, November2, 2003.




58


J. K. Ritow, "Brief Treatment ofaVomiting Phobia," American Journal ofClinical Hypnosis 21, no. 4 (1979): 29396.




59


Northfield, Conquest ofNerves,37.




60


Harvard Medical School, Sensitive Gut,71.




61


Ibid.,72.




62


William E. Whitehead etal., "Tolerance forRectosigmoid Distention inIrritable Bowel Syndrome," Gastroenterology 98, no. 5 (1990): 1187; William E. Whitehead, Bernard T. Engel, andMarvin M. Schuster, "Irritable Bowel Syndrome," Digestive Diseases andSciences 25, no. 6 (1980): 40413.




63


Ingvard Wilhelmsen. "Brain-Gut Axis asanExample oftheBio-psycho-social Model," Gut 47, supp. 4 (2000): 57.




64


Walter Cannon, "The Influence ofEmotional States ontheFunctions oftheAlimentary Canal," TheAmerican Journal oftheMedical Sciences 137, no. 4 (April1909): 48086.




65


Andrew Fullwood andDouglas A. Drossman, "The Relationship ofPsychiatric Illness with Gastrointestinal Disease," Annual Review ofMedicine 46, no. 1 (1995): 48396.




66


Robert G. Maunder, "Panic Disorder Associated with Gastrointestinal Disease: Review andHypotheses," Journal ofPsychosomatic Research 44, no. 1 (1998):91.




67


.: Roccatagliata, History ofAncient Psychiatry,106.




68


.: Sarason andSpielberger, Stress andAnxiety, vol.2,12.




69


Wolf andWolff, Human Gastric Function,112.




70


Alvarez, Nervousness,123.




71


Ibid.,266.




72


Angela L. Davidson, Christopher Boyle, andFraser Lauchlan, "Scared toLose Control? General andHealth Locus ofControl inFemales with aPhobia ofVomiting," Journal ofClinical Psychology 64, no. 1 (2008): 3039.




73


.: Desmond andMoore, Darwin,531.




74


 Colp, ToBe anInvalid, 4353.




75


Desmond andMoore, Darwin,530.




76


.: Colp, ToBe anInvalid,84.




77


Anthony K. Campbell andStephanie B. Matthews, "Darwin's Illness Revealed," Postgraduate Medical Journal 81, no. 954 (2005): 24851.




78


Bowlby, Charles Darwin,229.




79


Thomas J. Barloon andRussell Noyes Jr., "Charles Darwin andPanic Disorder," TheJournal oftheAmerican Medical Association 277, no. 2 (1997): 13841.




80


Life andLetters ofCharles Darwin, vol.1,349.




81


Quammen, Reluctant Mr. Darwin,62.




82


: Bowlby, Charles Darwin; Colp, ToBe anInvalid; Desmond andMoore, Darwin; Browne, ThePower ofPlace; andQuammen, TheReluctant Mr. Darwin; .




83


Bowlby, Charles Darwin,300.




84


Ibid.,335.




85


Ibid.,343.




86


Ibid.,375.




87


Desmond andMoore, Darwin,358.




88


Bowlby, Charles Darwin,282.




89


Oppenheim, "Shattered Nerves," 114.




90


Davenport-Hines, Pursuit ofOblivion,56.




91


.: Marshall, Social Phobia,140.




92


"Memoir ofWilliam Cowper," Procedings oftheAmerican Philosophical Society 97, no. 4 (1953): 35982.




93


Gandhi, Autobiography.           (Nerve).




94


        (American Obsessives,21).




95


Mohr, Gasping forAirtime,134.




96


"Hugh Grant: Behind That Smile Lurks aDeadly Serious Film Star," USA Today, December17, 2009.




97


"A Gloom ofHer Own," TheNewYork Times Magazine, November21, 2004.




98


Casper, Johann Ludwig, "Biographie d'une ide fixe" (translated into French, 1902), Archives deNeurologie, 13, 270287.




99


Burgess, Physiology orMechanism ofBlushing,49.




100


Hartenberg, Les timides et latimidite (Felix Alcon, 1901).




101


Ken-Ichiro Okano, "Shame andSocial Phobia: ATranscultural Viewpoint," Bulletin oftheMenninger Clinic 58, no. 3 (1994): 32338.




102


Michael Liebowitz etal., "Social Phobia," Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry 42, no. 7 (1985): 72936.




103


"Disorders Made toOrder," Mother Jones, July/August2002.




104


Manjula etal., "Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) aReview," International Journal ofPharmacology andToxicology 2, no. 2 (2012): 5559.




105


Davidson etal., "While aPhobic Waits: Regional Brain Electrical andAutonomic Activity inSocial Phobias During Anticipation ofPublic Speaking," Biological Psychiatry 47 (2000): 8595.


