   . 19011914
  


        .                   .     XX .                     .              19101912 .,            .





 10  17

  

    19011914 .



  

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         (  12-61-01400)



:

. .  . . 

. .. . . 







   XIX   XX .           , ,  (-),    ,     .              .  ,           .        ,             ,        .           ,     .      ,          ,     XVIII .     .

   -  1760-90- .    ,           ,           .   ,     :              .                ;         .

          ,                       .           .      -        ,  ,         [1 -           . .:  .        . ., 1887;  . .  . ., 1948; Jelavich . The Ottoman Empire, the Great Powers and the Straits Question, 18701887. Bloomington; London, 1973; Idem. St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy 18141974. Bloomington; London, 1974; Sumner . H. Tsardom and Imperialism in the Far East and Middle East, 18801914. London, s. a.; Saul N. E. Russia and the Mediterranean. Chicago, 1970;  H. .          XIX . ., 1994;     (XVIIIXX ). ., 1999;  . .    -    XVII   XX . //  - . 2009. . 13. . 2. . 1022;  . .   .       (19071914). ., 2010; .].

    -       . ,           .       .  ,       ,        ,     ,                 .    1204 .                .                     .     ,      - .      ,      -.    ,        , . . .            ;           .            ,            [2 -    ,   ,       : Obolensky D. The Byzantine commonwealth. Eastern Europe. 500-1453. London, 1971; . .:  .   . ., 1998.  ,  ,    . .     :  . .  .      ? ., 2003.].

        .     1453 .       .           ,    .           XVII .,              ,        .

        XVIXVII .    ,     ,     .  XVIII .         ,    XIX , ,        .

    XIX .      ,                           .          1821 .    .    XIX .            ,   XIX .       ,      .      ,            [3 -  . .      XVIIIXX . ., 2010. . 371518.].

    XIX .          .        ,     , ,  ,      ,     .      1833 . (   1850 .),   1865 . (  1885 .),   1870 . (  1945 .),   1879 .     .      -        , . .  ,  .     ,     ,    ,       ,                   .       -     ,                               XIX   XX [4 - .: Arnakis G. G. The Role of Religion in the Development of Balkan Nationalism // The Balkans in Transition / Ed. by . and Ch. lelavich. Berkley, 1963. P. 134135; Clogg R. The Greek Millet in the Ottoman Empire I I Christians and lews in the Ottoman Empire: the Functioning of a plural Society. Vol. 1. The Central Lands / Ed. by B. Braude, B. Lewis. N. Y., 1982. P. 185207; Kitromilides P. M. Imagined Communities and the Origins of the National Question in the Balkans I I European Historical Quarterly. 1989. Vol. 19. 2; Kraft E. Von der Rum Milletizur Nationalkirche in Sudesteuropa im Zeitalter des Nationalismus // lahrb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas. 2003. Bd. 51. Hf. 3S. 392396;  . .   . ., 2010.].

      ,              :      .  ,                ,     .   ,      XIX .,       ,  ,        :            .           ,             .  -         I  ;               .       ,  ,       .        ,           ,          ,       .   ,       ,                .

   XIX .,            ,          ,              [5 -  .      (   XVIXIX ,     ). - . ., 1896. . 12.].       III            .    1880-90- .     ;             .  ,      XIX .,    ,   ;         ,     ,    .                ,           .

  XX .      :  ,       ,          .      ,           ,     . .    ,   .   -    19051907 .             ,       .              .        ,  19111912 .      , , ,        ,    .  ,      ,   ,         ,  .              ,       .  1917 ., ,     ,           .

   XX .     -  18771878 .,             ; -                     .   ,            :                                    .                          ,        , ,   ,              .       1910- .    .

                XIX .[6 -  . .   :       (18781898). ., 2006.].           -            .                               XX .           ,      :            ;        ,    ,      ;            (  ),    .           ,         .      - :    -  ,        1872 .;    .           .        III (1901),          ,          1914 .   -     1914 .    1917 .;          .        ,               ,    .     :            ,                [7 -  . .              XIX   XX . ., 2006; .   . . , . .      .].




     19011914 .  



  XIX  XX         .               .                 . ,  ,    ,      ,  ,   ,   -.   XIX .      .  ,     ,         .       ,               .                  ,        -,       [8 -  . .  . . II. ., 1963. . 638640;      .  XVIII   XX . ., 1978. . 291293;  . .           (18881903). , 1955;  . .         XIX . ., 1948;  . .      . ., 1976. . 178188.].  ,         ,  ,       ,        .        -,      :               , -     ,      .  -   ,          

  ;            ,      ,       .                       .  ,   -       .    ,  ,         ,   [9 - M?linen G., von. Die lateinische Kirche im T?rkischen Reiche. Berlin, 1901; Ippen Th. A. Das religi?se Protectorat Oesterreich-Ungarns in der Turkey // Die Kultur. 1902. Bd. III. S. 298316; Das Kulturprotektorat Oesterreich-Ungarns in der T?rken // Fremdblatt. Feb. 2,1913.].      ,      .        .




    


  1878 .      .             ,   .       ,      :        ,      .         , ,    ,  ,         [10 -   XIX .         .   1880-       , . .  ,   -       :      ,        .].               :    -           ,    XX .      .     ?        . . .       ,        .   ,     ,     ,   .          ,  ,   ,    ,      ,   [11 -  . .       . 10  1917 . // . . . . 482. . 4313. . 11.    . .       .].           ;         ,   ; , ,     .  ,   ,  1912 .      ,   -[12 -  .].

             XIX .,      ;      .       1860-70- .    .      ,          . . ,             - .      1872 .           [13 -        . .:  3.  . 18701879. , 1989; , . .  . .     .   . , 1958;  .  -  18561870. , 2010.  ,         ,    1872 .    ;     , , .     -     .   18771878 .   ,   1880- .   .              .       1878 .    .:  . .   . . 225308,      ,    .].                 . -  1878 .    ,       .  -  , ,    ,    ,        ,    [14 -     . ., 1964;  . .  . . II. . 117133;  -.   . . . ., 1916; ?????? ??.? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ? ??????????. ???????????, 1953; Batowsky H. A Centenary: two partitions of European Turkey. San Stefano and Berlin  a comparison // Balkan Studies. 1978. Vol. 19/2. P. 227237.].

  1878 .   ,    -    .           .  ,  ,   ,    - :             , ,      ,        ,         .       (), , , ,   [15 - , . .          18771878. . 1. 18781885. . 2. , 1970; -       18781944. . 3.    - . , 1997;  . .         18941908 . , 2008 ( . 218238)  .        .: ???????????? ?. ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????. ???????????, 1990;  .      //  . . XLIX. . 3. . 2045;  .        18781912 . // . 2007. 56. . 5766. .     . 9 1896 .     ].         ;         ,    -          ,              .                  XIXXX .  ,        ,       ,               . ,   ,     .           ,      ;   ,   1870-80- .        ,    .               ,                .

  1893 .      ;    X. ,  . [16 -  1896 .     ,  1902 .  -  ,  19021905 .  -  ,  1905 .  -   ().].      ,          ,            -  . ,    ,           ,          ;   ,      ,      ,    .    1893 .   - .             1895 .     (   ),       .       ;      ,     .                .       ,           ,                .    ,  ,  ,       .       (. , X. , .   .)     ,    ;     .  1902 .     ,        .        ,       .    1903 .          ,    .   1903 .        ,            XX .






  



    ,               .                         .  1894 .      ]  ( ),        ,    .      ,    18961897 .     .            . ,  . ,  . .          . ,  ,    .  1902 .         (),            .

      ,    .          1901 .  III             ,     ,    :    ,    ,    .          ,          [17 -  .        XIX    XX .  , 2010. . 293.].   -       (19001908).        ,     .                       .             .  19011902 .         ,         ,        [18 - Dakin D. The Greek struggle in Macedonia. 18971913. Thessaloniki, 1966. P. 122125.].           ,    .       ,       ,       (      )[19 -         : ???????????? ?. ? ???????????????. ???????????????. ???????????, 1959.].

          ( . ) -  .          .     . , .   .     ,   ;    ,          [20 - Dakin D. The Greek struggle in Macedonia. P. 144145.].           . ,              1904 .          [21 -  . 21  1904 . 230.].  -                           ,    status quo[22 - Petrus.     //  . 8(21)  1904 . 339.].

  1904 . .            ;           ,     ,    ,    [23 - ????????. ???????????, ?????????. ???????????, 1955; ?????. ???????????. ?????, 1999.].  ,              ,       .        . , . ,     ,    ,     -.            ;         ,      .           .       ,     ,    .  ,   1905 . .   ,         [24 - Ibid. . 214220.].                ,        .   1907 .      . ,     ,    -,     .  ,          ,                ,   [25 -  . j   j. . 287. . :  . .      XVIIIXX . ., 2010. . 433443.].

 19051906 .,        ,    .           , , .        1912 .,                 ,   .




   .   -


  XX .           ,   . ,        1896 .      ,  -    -.   -     ,      1903 .,       ,      [26 -  .  j j. , 1955;  . .    18881903. , 1987; jh. j  h  j XIX    . , 1988; h.  Jj 17901918. , 1989;h. . j   j. , 2007.].                , , ,       .             ;         .           ,     1890- .        status quo     [27 -         . .   1896 . .:  .     1896 . //  . 1931. . 45 (4748). . 6467;  .    // -. 1930. . 20. . 100129;  . . II. . 342343;      . . 270271;  . .   . . 186187.].             -,          .     ,     ,     .         -       1890- .  1896 .,      II,  . . -  .       .   1897 .        status quo  ,           - .          ,           .   -                ,           .           ,     [28 -      . . 290291.].

   XX .        ,         .        ,         - .   ,            .       ,    1902 .     [29 - Helmreich . ., Black . . The Russo-Bulgarian military convention of 1902 // Journal of Modern history. Vol. IX. Dec. 1937. P. 471482.],             1903 .    [30 -  . M.  . . II. . 632635;  . .      18781903. ., 1996.].   1902 .              (,   ).       .        , 8  1902 .        .     ,    .

-            ,           1897 . ,          : ,  1903 .                  .   1903 .        . .          ,            .           .   ,           .       ,     ,      .                [31 -      . . 290294.].




-        


    ,         . - 1903 .         ,    - (     2  19 ,     ). ,      ,           [32 -  X.    . . 1.  . , 1933.          :     . .     ,           . .:  .  . ., . . . 54.].           -    .   1903 .    ,      II   ,       (  2 ).  ,     . .   . ,    ,    .          -    (     -).         ,       .






. . 



      ;          .         ,      ,  ,    ,      .   ,   , 24  1903 . -   [33 -         .: Diplomatische Aktenst?cke ?ber die Reformazion in Mazedonien. Rotbuch I. 19021906. Wien, 1906 ( ); Ruchti]. Die Reformation ?sterreich-Ungarns und Russlands in Mazedonien 19031908. Die Durchf?hrung der Reformen. Wien, 1969;  P. -  pe-    19031908. , 1974; -       18781944. . 3. , 1997. . 825; Dakin D. The Greek Struggle in Macedonia. 18971913. P. 112116.].

 ,      ,      - .     ,    1903 .,    .  ,  -   ,         [34 - Dakin D The Greek Struggle in Macedonia. P. 112113.].   -,                 .       .        ,                        .

  1904 .  - X.       . .  ( .   )  .     .  . 1 ,        -,        ,            [35 - Ruchti J. Die Reformation ?sterreich-Ungarns und Russlands in Mazedonien 19031908. S. 49.].       ;     ,     .   -         ,       . . -    . . .      ,          .          -;       .   ,       1904 .   . -      ,   ,   ,   .   -      ,      .                  [36 - .     //  . 4 (17)  1904 . 305.].

      ;       ,         .                         .           1905 .  ,   -    .  ,       ,          .    ,          -   .  ,     ,      .      ,         .                           .      1905 .                .         ,   . 28  1905 . -       ,       ,           .    ,     ,      ;       ,      [37 - Dakin D. The Greek Struggle in Macedonia. P. 243.].

 1905 .         ,       .                 . 8 1905 .         ;       5 [38 - Ibid. P. 244249.].   1906 .        .       ,   .  ,   1906 .            ,   .   1906 .            .         ,      ,      ;  .        ,    ,         [39 - Ibid. P. 288294.].   1906 .     .           ,   - ,   -     . 27  1907 .               .

  1907 .             .

28  1907 . -          ,   ,             ;           .      ,      .  ,   ,      .  ,   1907 .          ,      ;  ,    -          .      ,  ,              ,       . ,        -      [40 - Ibid. . 328331.].

 1907 .     .    -, ,  ,      ,  .    ,   -      .        ,       .             (,   -)           .  ,     ,    - .          ,         . . ;  1907 .  -     .   -  31  1907 .           .  ,  , ,          ,       [41 -  . .           . 19051912 . ., 1960. . 214.]. 18  1907 .          . .   .         .  ,  ,     ,  ,       ,      [42 - Dakin D. The Greek Struggle in Macedonia. P. 345.].         ,      .             ;           .

  -     1907 .,  -   -           .      ,    . . ,    ,          [43 -     . . 301.].    -            ()      1908 .,      [44 -  . .  . . II. . 640642.].                  .    1908 .






. . 



                       , , ,         [45 -  . .       //    . 1971. 3. . 37.].        1909 .,          ; 24  1909 . (   )   [46 -  . .           . . 215.].

       -     ( 1906 .) . .   ,     -      .       ,      ,     -    .           ,     . . , ,  ,    ,           31  1907 .   -        ,   .                     ,    1856    1871 .      ,         .     ,                (  -)  [47 -      . . 302308;  . .  . . II. . 606617, 642644;  . .       . 19061910. ., 1961. . 3033; Langer W. L. Russia, the Straits question and the European Powers, 19041908 // The English Historical Review. Jan. 1929. Vol. XLIV. 173. P. 5985.].

           .  ,         ,        ,   ,     ,         ,      .    -         , []           ,  . []           ,    ,  ,   [48 -     //  . 2 (15)  1908 . 28.].

          ,         ,    24  1907 .                 .              21  1908 .;        1908 .       . . ,      . . ,       [49 -  . .    . ., 1926. . 9397;  . . II. . 643644.].      :  1908 .        -.




  19081909 .


 25   , -     ;    ,    -   .        ,         .  ,      ,  , -          .   ,   ,       .   -    1897 .    status quo         .                     -[50 -  . .   19081909 . ., 1964. . 1532.].

 1906 .,         . .   . . ,  .      . .   18991906 .   ,            ;      ,       ,      .   ,  1904 .        ,      ;        ; 1907 .        .         ,   ,         ,       .          1906 .,   ,       .              - ,   .          ,         .         ,         ,              .   1908 .  ,      ,    ,  1  1908 .  ,      -   1897 .   9-10  1908 .                . 2      - ,                    [51 -  . . 6074;  . .       . . 103155.].

   1908 .     .      ,      -          1908 . 1516  1908 .       ,          ,           .          ,  ,     [52 -  . .   19081909 . . 7483.]. 8 1908 .          .       .        -     ,   ,     ,             -.

     ,        .     -   ,        [53 -  . .         -  19051914 . //     . , 1959. . VIII. . 144149.].             .   ,         .    1908 .  ,         .          ,       .   ,                .   ,      , ,                        -.   18971908 .   -   -  -      ;     .             ,    .            .   1908 .      :     , . .      -       ,        [54 -  . .       . . 230235, 254.].

 ,      , ,   ,    .  19081909 .          ;      .       - 1909 .     :   ,    2,5 . .  .            .     -      ,                [55 -  . .          1908 . //   - . ., 1958. . 3112.].       1909 .,        ,         [56 -  . .  . . 142150.].

                   :      ,    XX . ,   ,      ;  -          .         ,    ,     ;      [57 -  . .         //  . 1988. 3. . 5863.].         ,     .




    19111912 .


       .       1908 .      ,          .  1909 .                          ,       -.  1910 .     : . .        . . ,    . . ,     . .    1909 .    .               ,     [58 -                II   II   4  1910 .      status quo  ,       ( . .       . . 328336).].   . . ,                -;    ,    1909 .       II  [59 -  . . 336345.].  1911 .         .   1911 . . .            .              ,     .   ,   ,            [60 -  . . II. . 711714;      . . 338345.].






. . 



   -  1911 .  ,              .       .           . . .      ;  ,  -  1877 .  -    ,          [61 - jh . j  h  j XIX    . , 1988. . 57.]. . . , . .   . .             [62 -  . .       . . 336354.].   1908   1909 .               .         ,   -  ,          ,          [63 -  .     . . . ., 1910. . 5455. Helmereich . Chr. The diplomacy of the Balkan wars. 19121913. Cambridge, 1938. P. 147151; Langer W. L. Russia, the Straits Question and the Origins of the Balkan League I I The Political Science Quarterly. September 1928. Vol. XLIII. P. 321363;  . .       . . 278293;  .        . ., 1926. . 214216; Stavrianos L. S. Balkan Federation: A History of Movement towards Balkan Unity in Modern Times. Northampton, 1941; .].           ,   ,    .     ,     . .           [64 - [] . .    //  . 1911. 5152. . 16081615.].

       18  1909 .,        .   1910 .           - . ;          .       :    ,  -      (   ,  (), ,       -),    . . .    ,        .  .    -  .          .   1910 .    -  .  1911 .  -    .        1911 .    ,        II     II[65 -  .      . . , 1938. . 8388,147, 162.].

           . . .       ,           ,     , . .  ;            ,             .      [66 -  . . 162.].         . .   . . ,          .   ,   ,       . .   .      :       -  - ( , ,   .),           . .       (),     .              -  .             ,      .      ,         ,     .   ,   1912 .,         .         II. 1    ,    . . .       ;          [67 -  . .  .   . ., 1915. . 3536.]. , 13  1912 .   -  ; 12       -  [68 -  :    . . 19. . II. . 265268;  . .     19121913 . , 1961. . 165;  . . II. . 734740;      . . 345349; Helmreich . Chr. The diplomacy of the Balkan wars. P. 3668;  M.     . ,  ,     . , 1998.].  -   1912 .         -  [69 - jh . j  h . . 57.].   -   -        ,     .    29  1912 .; 5    :       120 . ,   200 [70 -  . .    . . 174180;  . .   . II. . 742743; Helmreich . Chr. The diplomacy of the Balkan wars. P. 6980.].

      , , ,       [71 -    -    .       ,       ,  ,            .     . . , . .   . . ,       . . .   . . ,   - . . ,          ( . .    . ., 1926. . 104; Helmreich . Chr. The diplomacy of the Balkan wars. P. 153155;  . M.  . . II. . 744; jh . j  h . . 59).].   1912 . . .                       .  ,              ,  ,   .   ,       -  ,  ,  - , -        [72 -  . .   19121913 .  //  . 1985. . 3. . 5869.].

    : 9      , 17     , 18   .        .       ( 45   )    .      ,  ,   ,      ,         .     ,            -  ,              .     ; ,                ,          . 7     .     .              - .              .  ,  ,         ,            [73 -  .             .      ,  ,   ,   . .       (      20  1912 .). . :  . .    . . 106107.].

18  1912 . . .    : 1)        ; 2)      ,       ; 3)         ,    [74 -  . .   19121913 . . . 66.].   . .      .   19, 22, 29   5  1912 .      .   . .     ;   ,       . .     . . , . .   . . [75 -  .          ( 1912   1913 .) //  . 1986. 4. . 5667.].  , ,   .

  1912 .      ,     -;      , -       ,              . 3 1912 .   ,  17         . ,       .     ,     .  ,       ,  ,              [76 -  .      (  19121913 .) //    . 1984. 4. -. . 6375.].

             1913 .    :             ; ,      ,    ; -  ,        , ,   ,      .  ,       ,         ;       [77 - jh . j  h . . 5961.].               ,      . 30  1913 .     ,           -;     , ,      .        ,   ,     ,     [78 -  .  . . II. , 1931. . 483484;  . .      19121913 . , 1961. . 117120;        .: Helmreich . Chr. The Diplomacy of the Balkan Wars. P. 249340. . :   ,      ( 1912   1913). ., 1914;  . .  . . II. . 750754.].

   , ,    :  -,  29  1913 .       ,    ;   ,     ;     ;     39 000 


.        , , ,    ( 10 )        (26 ).        ,      ,    .          ;          [79 -      . . 349367;  . . II. . 754759.].      ,        .   . . ,                .              [80 - ..   . . . 1 (14)  1913 . . :  . .     . . 226.       ,   -,             .       ,      ;     ,       ,       . .:  .    // . 1913. 6. . 214225;  .     // . 1913. . 11. . 264271 ( );  .     . ., 1914;  . .           . ., 1913 ( ); .].

  ,           , ,     .                                  19121913 .              .    ,   ,  ,            [81 -     //  . 16 (29)  1914 . 12.].                       ,    1913 .   -.           .       . .   ,     ,      ,     .  ,    ,                      ;      ,             [82 -  .     // . 1913. . 11. . 271.].           ,     ,   [83 -  . .   19121913 . . . 67.].

        .    ,      ,                .     1913   1914 .,  ,       - ,          . . .               . 23  1913 . . .    II        .         ,     ,      .  ,    .                 . []   ,           .               .   ,  ,   -    ,            [84 -  . .    . . 108111.]. 21  1914 .          . . .      ;     1916  1917 .[85 - jh . j  h . . 65.].             ,     .     ,               ,   ,     ,     ,  .      19131917 .         .       . . ,        軠  - [86 -  . .        19131915 . (    ) //     -      . , 1983. . 108120; . :  . .   . II. . 772773;      . . 378383.]. ,        ,          .  ,    .

    1900-1910- .             .    -,  -   ,    1908 .              status quo  .  19091912 .,       ,    1878 .,       , ,   ,     :       .       ,   1914 . ,     ,      .    ,     ,   :      .      XX .     .               .




    -   XX .


       XIX   XX .             .    ,       ,     XVII .,          .     I        XVIII .                 .           ,         .           .

-      .         ,     ,   ;           [87 -   ,        XVII .,   I     .  XIX .        .      ,         ,      .].   ,           XVI .     , ,     -         .       ,       ,   .           XX [88 -          :  . .  .       (XVXVI .). ., 1998.].     1589 .,        ,     ,   1560 .  ,  ,         .                 XVI    XVII .  XVII .             ;  ,      ,   -  (       )[89 -        XVIXVII .             . . :  . .        XVI  XVII . . 2.  , 1914;  .        (16671707 .). ., 1891;  .         XVI   XVIII . ., 1895.      :  . .      . ., 2003;  . .      XVI . ., 2004;  . .    (         XVII .   ). ., 2010;  . .    .       XVII . ., 2011;  . .    (17371766)  :   //   . 2010. 34. . 271285.].

     ,          ,  XVIII .              .          XVIII .,            ,    -  1774 .,           ,         .    II   -     [90 - Hosch . Das sogennante griechische Projekt Katharinas II // lahrb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas. 1964. Bd. 12. S. 168206;  . .       (80- . XVIII .) //          . ., 1989. . 546;  . .    //  .  . ., 2000. . 209213;  . .       II.       //    . 2002. 4. . 100118.].

            ,        .               XX .,                       , ,            .         1917 .        ,      .  ,   ,           XIX .,           XVIII .,   ,      -   .

            .                     ,  ,  .     .        ,   () ,   .           ;          .   ,   ,        ,   ,         ,    .       ,         .  ,            [91 -    .:  . .    XIX . ., 1904.].                ,   -  -   .  ,   ,    ,     ,     XIX .       ,       .  ,                    ,      ,  -       .

      XVIII   XIX .       ,         , ,   .  ,          ,     II         XIX .     :              ,        .      ,         ,         ,    .       ,  ,   ,      ,         .

  XIX ., ,            .             .           :  I,    ,     1821 .       .    , , ,      .           ,   ,     XIX .,  ,    [92 -  . .    . ., 1970;  . .      XVIIIXX . . 223370.].   I      ,             .

  18531856 .,    -       ,       .              .  1856 . ,    ,          .           .  ,       . . ,          .  -  18771878 .      ,         .      1878 .    ,                ;            .                   .




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1


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   ,   ,       : Obolensky D. The Byzantine commonwealth. Eastern Europe. 500-1453. London, 1971; . .:  .   . ., 1998.  ,  ,    . .     :  . .  .      ? ., 2003.




3


 . .      XVIIIXX . ., 2010. . 371518.




4


.: Arnakis G. G. The Role of Religion in the Development of Balkan Nationalism // The Balkans in Transition / Ed. by . and Ch. lelavich. Berkley, 1963. P. 134135; Clogg R. The Greek Millet in the Ottoman Empire I I Christians and lews in the Ottoman Empire: the Functioning of a plural Society. Vol. 1. The Central Lands / Ed. by B. Braude, B. Lewis. N. Y., 1982. P. 185207; Kitromilides P. M. Imagined Communities and the Origins of the National Question in the Balkans I I European Historical Quarterly. 1989. Vol. 19. 2; Kraft E. Von der Rum Milletizur Nationalkirche in Sudesteuropa im Zeitalter des Nationalismus // lahrb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas. 2003. Bd. 51. Hf. 3S. 392396;  . .   . ., 2010.




5


 .      (   XVIXIX ,     ). - . ., 1896. . 12.




6


 . .   :       (18781898). ., 2006.




7


 . .              XIX   XX . ., 2006; .   . . , . .      .




8


 . .  . . II. ., 1963. . 638640;      .  XVIII   XX . ., 1978. . 291293;  . .           (18881903). , 1955;  . .         XIX . ., 1948;  . .      . ., 1976. . 178188.




9


M?linen G., von. Die lateinische Kirche im T?rkischen Reiche. Berlin, 1901; Ippen Th. A. Das religi?se Protectorat Oesterreich-Ungarns in der Turkey // Die Kultur. 1902. Bd. III. S. 298316; Das Kulturprotektorat Oesterreich-Ungarns in der T?rken // Fremdblatt. Feb. 2,1913.




10


  XIX .         .   1880-       , . .  ,   -       :      ,        .




11


 . .       . 10  1917 . // . . . . 482. . 4313. . 11.    . .       .




12


 .




13


       . .:  3.  . 18701879. , 1989; , . .  . .     .   . , 1958;  .  -  18561870. , 2010.  ,         ,    1872 .    ;     , , .     -     .   18771878 .   ,   1880- .   .              .       1878 .    .:  . .   . . 225308,      ,    .




14


    . ., 1964;  . .  . . II. . 117133;  -.   . . . ., 1916; ?????? ??.? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ? ??????????. ???????????, 1953; Batowsky H. A Centenary: two partitions of European Turkey. San Stefano and Berlin  a comparison // Balkan Studies. 1978. Vol. 19/2. P. 227237.




15


, . .          18771878. . 1. 18781885. . 2. , 1970; -       18781944. . 3.    - . , 1997;  . .         18941908 . , 2008 ( . 218238)  .        .: ???????????? ?. ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????. ???????????, 1990;  .      //  . . XLIX. . 3. . 2045;  .        18781912 . // . 2007. 56. . 5766. .     . 9 1896 .     




16


 1896 .     ,  1902 .  -  ,  19021905 .  -  ,  1905 .  -   ().




17


 .        XIX    XX .  , 2010. . 293.




18


Dakin D. The Greek struggle in Macedonia. 18971913. Thessaloniki, 1966. P. 122125.




19


        : ???????????? ?. ? ???????????????. ???????????????. ???????????, 1959.




20


Dakin D. The Greek struggle in Macedonia. P. 144145.




21


 . 21  1904 . 230.




22


Petrus.     //  . 8(21)  1904 . 339.




23


????????. ???????????, ?????????. ???????????, 1955; ?????. ???????????. ?????, 1999.




24


Ibid. . 214220.




25


 . j   j. . 287. . :  . .      XVIIIXX . ., 2010. . 433443.




26


 .  j j. , 1955;  . .    18881903. , 1987; jh. j  h  j XIX    . , 1988; h.  Jj 17901918. , 1989;



h. . j   j. , 2007.




27


        . .   1896 . .:  .     1896 . //  . 1931. . 45 (4748). . 6467;  .    // -. 1930. . 20. . 100129;  . . II. . 342343;      . . 270271;  . .   . . 186187.




28


     . . 290291.




29


Helmreich . ., Black . . The Russo-Bulgarian military convention of 1902 // Journal of Modern history. Vol. IX. Dec. 1937. P. 471482.




30


 . M.  . . II. . 632635;  . .      18781903. ., 1996.




31


     . . 290294.




32


 X.    . . 1.  . , 1933.          :     . .     ,           . .:  .  . ., . . . 54.




33


        .: Diplomatische Aktenst?cke ?ber die Reformazion in Mazedonien. Rotbuch I. 19021906. Wien, 1906 ( ); Ruchti]. Die Reformation ?sterreich-Ungarns und Russlands in Mazedonien 19031908. Die Durchf?hrung der Reformen. Wien, 1969;  P. -  pe-    19031908. , 1974; -       18781944. . 3. , 1997. . 825; Dakin D. The Greek Struggle in Macedonia. 18971913. P. 112116.




34


Dakin D The Greek Struggle in Macedonia. P. 112113.




35


Ruchti J. Die Reformation ?sterreich-Ungarns und Russlands in Mazedonien 19031908. S. 49.




36


.     //  . 4 (17)  1904 . 305.




37


Dakin D. The Greek Struggle in Macedonia. P. 243.




38


Ibid. P. 244249.




39


Ibid. P. 288294.




40


Ibid. . 328331.




41


 . .           . 19051912 . ., 1960. . 214.




42


Dakin D. The Greek Struggle in Macedonia. P. 345.




43


    . . 301.




44


 . .  . . II. . 640642.




45


 . .       //    . 1971. 3. . 37.




46


 . .           . . 215.




47


     . . 302308;  . .  . . II. . 606617, 642644;  . .       . 19061910. ., 1961. . 3033; Langer W. L. Russia, the Straits question and the European Powers, 19041908 // The English Historical Review. Jan. 1929. Vol. XLIV. 173. P. 5985.




48


    //  . 2 (15)  1908 . 28.




49


 . .    . ., 1926. . 9397;  . . II. . 643644.




50


 . .   19081909 . ., 1964. . 1532.




51


 . . 6074;  . .       . . 103155.




52


 . .   19081909 . . 7483.




53


 . .         -  19051914 . //     . , 1959. . VIII. . 144149.




54


 . .       . . 230235, 254.




55


 . .          1908 . //   - . ., 1958. . 3112.




56


 . .  . . 142150.




57


 . .         //  . 1988. 3. . 5863.




58


               II   II   4  1910 .      status quo  ,       ( . .       . . 328336).




59


 . . 336345.




60


 . . II. . 711714;      . . 338345.




61


jh . j  h  j XIX    . , 1988. . 57.




62


 . .       . . 336354.




63


 .     . . . ., 1910. . 5455. Helmereich . Chr. The diplomacy of the Balkan wars. 19121913. Cambridge, 1938. P. 147151; Langer W. L. Russia, the Straits Question and the Origins of the Balkan League I I The Political Science Quarterly. September 1928. Vol. XLIII. P. 321363;  . .       . . 278293;  .        . ., 1926. . 214216; Stavrianos L. S. Balkan Federation: A History of Movement towards Balkan Unity in Modern Times. Northampton, 1941; .




64


[] . .    //  . 1911. 5152. . 16081615.




65


 .      . . , 1938. . 8388,147, 162.




66


 . . 162.




67


 . .  .   . ., 1915. . 3536.




68


 :    . . 19. . II. . 265268;  . .     19121913 . , 1961. . 165;  . . II. . 734740;      . . 345349; Helmreich . Chr. The diplomacy of the Balkan wars. P. 3668;  M.     . ,  ,     . , 1998.




69


jh . j  h . . 57.




70


 . .    . . 174180;  . .   . II. . 742743; Helmreich . Chr. The diplomacy of the Balkan wars. P. 6980.




71


   -    .       ,       ,  ,            .     . . , . .   . . ,       . . .   . . ,   - . . ,          ( . .    . ., 1926. . 104; Helmreich . Chr. The diplomacy of the Balkan wars. P. 153155;  . M.  . . II. . 744; jh . j  h . . 59).




72


 . .   19121913 .  //  . 1985. . 3. . 5869.




73


 .             .      ,  ,   ,   . .       (      20  1912 .). . :  . .    . . 106107.




74


 . .   19121913 . . . 66.




75


 .          ( 1912   1913 .) //  . 1986. 4. . 5667.




76


 .      (  19121913 .) //    . 1984. 4. -. . 6375.




77


jh . j  h . . 5961.




78


 .  . . II. , 1931. . 483484;  . .      19121913 . , 1961. . 117120;        .: Helmreich . Chr. The Diplomacy of the Balkan Wars. P. 249340. . :   ,      ( 1912   1913). ., 1914;  . .  . . II. . 750754.




79


     . . 349367;  . . II. . 754759.




80


..   . . . 1 (14)  1913 . . :  . .     . . 226.       ,   -,             .       ,      ;     ,       ,       . .:  .    // . 1913. 6. . 214225;  .     // . 1913. . 11. . 264271 ( );  .     . ., 1914;  . .           . ., 1913 ( ); .




81


    //  . 16 (29)  1914 . 12.




82


 .     // . 1913. . 11. . 271.




83


 . .   19121913 . . . 67.




84


 . .    . . 108111.




85


jh . j  h . . 65.




86


 . .        19131915 . (    ) //     -      . , 1983. . 108120; . :  . .   . II. . 772773;      . . 378383.




87


  ,        XVII .,   I     .  XIX .        .      ,         ,      .




88


         :  . .  .       (XVXVI .). ., 1998.




89


       XVIXVII .             . . :  . .        XVI  XVII . . 2.  , 1914;  .        (16671707 .). ., 1891;  .         XVI   XVIII . ., 1895.

      :  . .      . ., 2003;  . .      XVI . ., 2004;  . .    (         XVII .   ). ., 2010;  . .    .       XVII . ., 2011;  . .    (17371766)  :   //   . 2010. 34. . 271285.




90


Hosch . Das sogennante griechische Projekt Katharinas II // lahrb?cher f?r Geschichte Osteuropas. 1964. Bd. 12. S. 168206;  . .       (80- . XVIII .) //          . ., 1989. . 546;  . .    //  .  . ., 2000. . 209213;  . .       II.       //    . 2002. 4. . 100118.




91


   .:  . .    XIX . ., 1904.




92


 . .    . ., 1970;  . .      XVIIIXX . . 223370.


