   
 

 


 
                                .   ?    컠      ,      XX ,     .



  a4.pdf   .





 ,  

   



 Palgrave Macmillan, 2013

  , 2016


* * *





  






   (   )







               ,        .

               ,    1418  2008 .     ,         (1923  2010 ).        ,       .       ,        -  .

 ,     .      ,  ,     ,     .    ,     ,    .        ,     .         .

      ,            .        (    ),                  (       ).                   .

      ,        .  ,       .   ,      ,     ,    ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .







   2008          ,                  (Cheung 2008: 2)[1 -     ,      (Cheung 2009).]. , ,    ;       ,   ,    ,   ,        . ,          ,        .    ,           (Hayek 1967, . 6).

 1982             ?       (Cheung [1982] 1986).          ,    , ,        (Ibid 19).    ,  .     ,  ,        ,    .  ,  ,    ,  ,         ,    .      ,  1986-,    ,     (Cheung [1982] 1986: 66), , ,       ,      ,      (Ibid., 79).      - .           ,          ,           [2 -     ,          (Cheung [1982] 1986).    ,   ,  .              .       ,    .         ,   ,      -   .      30      ,     ,    ,          .   ,   .].       ,     .

              .            .  ,       .         .            .

       .           .          ,      .      .

    ,   ,            (       ).        ,    ;        .    ,          ,     ,    .      ,      .




 1

 



9 1976    ,           1943 .        ,     [3 -               .    ,   ,        ,               .      ., : Wang i 1989; Esherick, Kickowicz, Walder 2006; MacFarquhar, Schoenhals 2006; Gruo Dehong, Wang Haiguang, Han Gang 2009 III.    ,  ,      ,  ,    ,  1  70  , (.: Chen Tung-fa 2001: 846).        ,  659  (Wang Touqin 2004).        (Feng Jicai 1990).            (19661968)   (W?lder 2009).].        ,    ,        [4 -   ,      ,          ,  . ,        ,           ,      1959 .                        .  ,  ,           ,            .].      - ,         .  , ,   ,                ,      ,    ,       [5 -         :           .].         .     ,   ,          ,           .            ,          .  ,           [6 -             : Tang Jisheng 2008; Dik?tter 2010.         ;    ,     .         : Lin Tu-sheng 1979.].         .

, ,    ,          ,      .   ,   The Economist,          .     ,       ,       .     ,     ,     ,     .        , ,   ,     "     [7 -  is Dead // The Economist. 1976. September 11.]. The Economist    ,     ,     ,       ,     .  ,   1972       ,          [8 - New Tork Times. 1976. September 10. Sect. 1. P. 17.]. -    ,     ,   ,    ,   ,     ,    ,    .  ,  ,    ,  [9 - World News Digest. 1976. September 11.   LexisNexis.].

   .        ,      .    ,           60-     .  ,           ,          .

           ,             .  1958               (Wu Jinglian 2005: 4649; Hu Angang 2008: 244253).             (19581961).          1960-     (19661976),         ,    (Hu Angang 2008: 512515).   .

         . 28  1985       -            [10 - Reform is China's Second Revolution [      ] (Deng Xiaoping 19751992 ).       (Harding 1987).] (  ,            ).  ,        ,      ,       ,       . ,       ,     ,           ,      .       ,      ?    ?              ?




1


 1  1949 ,    ,           ,       ,      .       ,      ,    [11 -     ,   ,       (People's Daily. 1949. November 20).],          .          1911 ,      ,    ,   ,            .

 ,      ,   ,   .

           .     ,      ,     ,        .    ()     1921 ,             [12 -      ,        (), .: Bianco 1971; Dirlik 1989; Pantsov 2000; Smith 2000.  , .   ʻ            (1997),  : Chen Tung-fa 2001.      : Saich 1996,     ʻ             2001 .].             [13 -           ;     ,      .          .   -- .: Garver 1988; Heinzig 2004; Tang Kuisong 1999.].

       ( ),         ,      1919    .       ,          .  12  1925    ,        ,        .               ,   .    ..            ,       [14 -        1923         ,              .           .  ,     ,              .            : Wang Rongzhu, Li  2004: 9294; Tang Tianshi 2008: 95-145; Pakula 2009: 122124; Taylor 2009: 4145; Xing Heming 2009: 1225.           ,  ,   ,     (Chiang Kaishek 1956).].  1927 ,    ,     .        ,       .                    .      ,       .                ,     - .   1934       ,       .     (  )  ,           [15 - Otto            (Braun 1982).].       .              ,  ,       ,  ,     ,     .    1935-     ,      [16 - On tactics against Japanese imperialism [      ],        27  1935  ( Zedong 19671977 I: 179).].             .                     .             ,   .       1948 [17 -         ,          (Snow 1937).].

        1935             ,   ,   .     ,      . ,     [18 -      ,          ,     . .: Radchenko 2009: 5; Tang Kuisong 1999.],       .

           ,   [19 -   ,    ,   Sun Shuyun 2006.].       CCCF,          ,   .         90% ,       ,      ;      [20 -    ,          , .: Gao Hua 2000.           .: Seiden 1971; Seiden 1995; Chen Tungfa 1990.].  ,         .         ,      ,   ,   , ,      ,    .           .            .       ,  ,       .  ,           ,      ,           .     1945    ,            ,     .     ,    ,     ,             ,     

                1949 .          ,           .         ,         .    1949     [21 -              .  (Radchenko 2009: 39).    .: Pang Xianzhi, Jin Chongji 2003: 2858.]. ,       ,      ,          ,     .     , ,     ,     ,        [22 -     ,  ,      ,      ,       .           (       ,      ,  ).].       ,        .           ,       ,         .     ,  14  1950      ,    .     , . ,    ,          ,          .

         (19491952)      ,   ,      .      ,         ,           .           ,       ,    .     ,     (19531957),            ,     , ,    ,        [23 -          156  156  ,               (  , ,  : Dong Zhikai, Wu Jiang 2004).].      ,     ,           .                 ,                 ,             ,     .

 ,          ,          .      ,   ,    , ,          .   ,                    .            ,    [24 - He  ,          .  ,       , .: Li Huayu 2006.].                .       ,           ,            .

   ,      .    ,         ,             .           .

      ,           [25 -  ,       ,    ,     ,          .            (MacFarquhar, Fairbank 1987; MacFarquhar, Fairbank 1991).  ,   : Meisner 1999; Cray 1990; Cray 2006.      1949 ,               (Bramall 2009).        ,          (Naughton 2007).       : Riskin 1987.     .      19491976  (Lin Tunhui, Fan Shouxin, Zhang Cong 1989),  : Cong Jin 1989; Wang i 1989.         (19491981),    .  ,     Zhonggua Renmin Congheguo Zhuanti Shi Cao [     ] (Sichuan People's Press, 2004),        .           : Sun Jian 1992; Wu Li 1999; Su Shaozhi 2002; Hu Angang 2008.           (Zhao Dexin 19881999). .        : Wang Mng 2008.].  ,             .         (Hinton 1990).   ,                .              (., : Meisner 1999; Hu Angang 2008; Bramall 2009).           ,          .       ,        ,      ,        ,    .    , ,       ,      .       ,      ,   .               :     ,        ,     ?




2


     ,   (  )          .        ,   , ,        ,     ,   .       (1944),     ,     :         , , ,     (Lerner 1944: 1).         .       ,      80% .        .  1953         ,     [26 -        : Walker 1984;  Tibo 1997: 180199; Lin Tunhui 2009: 90-116.].    ( )  1958                [27 -          ,  30  . .: Cheng Tiejun, Seiden 1994; Wang Fei-ling 2005.].       .           (19471952),    ,    ,          [28 -           ,                 .   ,      ,           ,     (Luo Pinghan 2005: 173221).      ,                ( 1992: 67).   ,           ,   (Ibid.).].               .    :      ,   .  1956           [29 -        .: Kueh 2006.].          30  40        .               ,      .    ,      ,          ,       (Tang Jisheng 1998: 17).    -          1978    ,   1950-;       ,   1930-       (Tang Jisheng 2004: 40).

, ,       ,     .           ,          ,   ,  .                .        ,          ,        .    ,   ,   ; -       ;  ,  ,   ,      ,  ,        .         ,          ,          .

 ,          1949          ,       [30 -     .: Huang Zheng 2004: 155176.]        .      ,   ,          (         ,       )[31 -       ,     20    (Vogel 2010).].    ,      ,      :     ,    .    ,    ,              . 12  1969  ,  -  ,                .

 ,       (19982003),          1958      [32 -        : Zhou Hancheng 2003.].  1962-     ,   1970 ,    ,    .               1978-.

        .      (   -  )  ,           (19541959).     ,        .    ,     ,       ,    ,      .   ,     ,       ;    ,  ,     .   20       ,       .           1980-               .     :      .   , ,   ,    [33 -                1980-  (Cheung 2009: 101).].




3


                  ,  .         ,     ,         ,    .                    .       [34 -   ,        , .: Spence 1999; Short 1999;         (Jin Chongji 1996)   : Pang Xianzhi, Jin Chongji 2003.    ,       (Wei Chengtung 1999).               ,            ;   .: Schwarcz 1992. . : Li Rui 1999; Grao Hua 2000; Wang Ruoshui 2001.].       ,   ,         .  18               ,         [35 -           .: Spence 1999: 1630; Short 1999: 3981; Jin Chongji 1996: 1539.].  24            :        ,    .             ,  .          ,       .         ,          ,   [36 -            :     ,      .       ,    ,        .        .    ,          ,      .             (. : Short 1999: 83).     ,    ,    ( ),         ,     ,     .  1949      ,         (            : Wang Fan-Sen 2000).].              ,     ,             ,   ,  .

     ,            -   ,  -    ,    [37 -   1949      ,       ,      (., : Fu Ouoyong 2010).       ,  ,  ,   ,          .    ,       ,           ;      (Wu Mngkun 1993)    (Wei Junyi 1998).].   ,    ,       .     -         ,       [38 -     .: Chang 1995.].              [39 -              .          .       : Wu Mngkun 1993; Wei Junyi 1998; Zhou Tiliang 1998; Wu Zuguang 2004; Liu Kedi 2005; Wang Rongzhu 2005.].

        .    ,  [40 - , ,      -       (Balazs 1964: 6).  My            . .: Qian Mu 2001: 15; Tu Ying-shih 2004.].                      .           ,     .  ,        ,            ,        .          [41 -    ,     -,       .     ,     ,       ,      ,          (Polanyi 1966).].

          ,          .           ,  ,         .       ,     -      [42 -      (Liang Shuming 2004: 139).].              ,          .     ,         .           ,    .       .     ,              XX ,   1953       [43 -      .: Ibid., 146155; Alitto 1979; Liu Kedi 2005; Liang Shuming, Alitto 2009.].  ,      XX ,    ,        ,  .      ,     ,          [44 -  20-      .: Lu Jiandong 1995; Wang Rongzhu 2005.].       ,      1955-   ,            [45 -     .: Li Hui 2003.].            .

             :      [46 -         :   ,         ,   .           : Gruo Dehong, Wang Haiguang, Han Gang 2009 II; Zhu Zhen 1998; Shen Zhihua 2008.       (Shao Tanxiang 2007). ,     ,  .   ,                  (    ),       ,     ,      .        ,           .            .].   1956        .          ,       .  1957     ,        .     ,     ,      .       ,    .            ,              .   ,    ,     .              ,        ,    .        .       ,     ,        .            ,            .      1997-    ,   20 ,             11-  (1978),      ",     ( Tibo 1997: 438439).   ,      ,        .     .

   ,               ,        .           ,          .            ,        .         ,       ,      ,    ,    .      ,   ,    ,         .              .




4


     ,   ,       .      ,             ,         .        ,        ,   ,     .             ,      ,             .         .

             .  1950-    ,     .  -  -    1950-   1960-                 .       ,  5  1956 [47 -    ..            25  1956 . 5 1956 ,    XX  .           . (     . .)] ..    ,            .     ,          :          , ,   .                 .               ,         ,               [48 -      ..  .: Luthi 2008; Radchenko 2009.].  ,  ;      -    1969-.

                 .         ,    .      .          ,           .      ,    .         ,     ,   ,       , ,    ,     .      ,      .  ,       ,      ,  ,   /  .

       ,   . - ,       (19521956),   ,      .    ,   ,    .   1956-        ,          ,   (  ,   )  /,        ( Zedong 19671977 V: 284307).    :



,         ,     ,     ,  .    ,        ,      .     .   ,       ,    ,   (Ibid., 290).


    :



 ,      ,   ,   ,        ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   .    ,     ,       (Ibid., 291).


        ,  :



   ,    ,     ,    ,        ,     ,      .       ,      ,              (Ibid., 292).


     :



,    ,  ,   ,         ;    .             ,        ,    (Ibid., 294).


            ,    :



    ,  , ,       ;          , ,   ;            . , ,      ,     ,  , ;     ,   .  ,  ,     ,   ,     . , , , ,    ,       .        ,     ;            (Ibid.).


           ,        ,   .          8-    1957 ,     1958- (Wu Jinglian 2005: 4357;  Tibo 1997: 548565).           .          ,  ,    ,  .  ,      .  88%  ,     ,      (Hu Angang 2008: 250).

     :         ,     .    ,            .       ,       ,           .        ,         .




5


       [49 -             .        .  China Economic Review          (1998. Vol. 9. 2).    .: Tang Jisheng 2008; Dik?tter 2010.       : Becker 1998.      ,          (Thaxton 2008).],         .    (      )  ,    ,    ,  ,     ( Tibo 1997: 478510).       ,                ,        .

 ,     ,          .     ,                          .    ;       ,            . 27  1958  People's Daily [  ]      ,    .      ;     ,   ,            [50 - People's Daily. 1958. August 27.].

     .      ,      ,      .      , ,  ,     .           .  1958           ,     (Luo Pinghan 2001).               ,     .      ,       ,         ,  . ,   ,      .  ,         .

           ,   1958-     ,       (Ibid., 6165).               .         . 18  1958    ,         (660 . )     65   (    500 )[51 - Ibid. September 18.].        ,      .  ,      ,    .     ,    ,      .          ,      .

              ,             .             ,     . 16  1958              China Youth ( ] ,   ,          25     ,    30%    [52 - China Youth. 1958. June 16.].    ,             .

      ,          .   ,            ,   ,      1958       70%.         ,          (Sun Jian 1992: 244). ,   1958      ,  ,   1959-   .     1,93    1957   2,66   1958-, 4,16   1959-  2,65   1960-     1961     .  1959   ,       375  ,       170  (Ibid.).    ,         ,      .

               ,      ,       ,  ,       .   1957          ,     ,  40-   .             ,     .    , .. ,       ,     .         ,   .     ,         .    ,        .          .      ,   15        ,     ,   15      ,         ( Tibo 1997: 466489; Lin Tunhui 2008: 12).

         .  ,        ,        .  ,  ,         .          ,     . ,          .    ,           .    ,             19581961  (Li Wei, Dennis Tao Tang 2005).

       ,       ,    ,   ,       .            ,      .             .  ,         ,      .     ,         ,    ,              ,      , -   :    ,         ,  ,    ,      ,    (Smith [1776~ 1976, . IV: 33).               ,       .         ,       ,    .

  ,           ,         .         .             ,   ,      .   1960-   .      (     ,        1970-   1990- ),        .

           1958 ; ,       ,          .     ,     ,         .          .  ,     ໠   ,                 :  ,      ( 70%)    ()     ( 30%)  ,       [53 -        (11   7  1962 )             .                      . ., : Cong Jin 1989: 299; Zhang Shuhua 2006: 277288.].         ,      ;        .          :        .        :       ,    ,         .           ,         .

     ,    ,    .         ,     ,     .        ,   :      ,      ,           .  ,       .                 .  ,           .

          1949 .       ,             .      (  ) .               .      -   .  ,             ,          ,     -  .        :      .     ,       ,  ,  ,      . ,     ,       .    ,      .

   ,              .     ,      .     (     ),           ,      (Hayek 1937).            ,  ,    ,   .      :         .                  .




6


  1960- ,     ,                 1966 ,      .   ,     ,         ,    [54 - ., , ,   . 1.]. ,                  .        , ,   ,     ,        .                ,   ,       ,     ,      ,   .         ,          .

               ,          ,   .    ,     ,   ,   ,  ,   ()                ,   .     컠  ,  ,     .     ,    ,   .    1960-   ,    ,    , , ,   ,    ,       .     ,  .      ,    ,    ,        .    ,        .     .       ,        ;     .         ,        .        ,     , ,  ,     .  ,      ,        , ,      .     XX ,        ,     ,        .        ,        .           , ,  ,     .           ,          .        .

           ,        .                :        (Wii Li 1999: 650658).  , ,  ,      ,       .          ,     ,     .       ,   ,            19691972 ,      .  -      -                 .     ,       ,         :    ,    ?

         .          ,            .         .    ,      ,    , ,    ,     .    :       .         ,    .

      , ,            ,    .            ,         .          ,     .     ,      .

 , ,      -     ,             ,    .    ,          .    :  ,  . ,        .   ,      (     )   ()        ,        221   ..[55 -                    : Qian Mu 2005: 1-37, 3856; Schrecker 2004, . 1 2.       .: Feng Tianyu 2006.]          (     ,      ),      . ,        ,                 ,        .

            ,     .          ,      ,       ,      .          ,  ,      ,    ,      .              .




 2

 



     9  1976        ,     [56 -          ,       ,   ,      ,  , .: Xie Chuntao 2008; Cheng Zhongyuan, Wang Tuxiang, Li Zhenghua 2008; Liu Jie, Xu Lushan 2009; Xiao Donglian 2008; Tang Jisheng 1998, . 2).].        ,     ,                 1976     .    ,             ,          .        .     ,         .         ,    ? ,     ,     .            .     ,       ,      ,                 (Spence 1999: 178).

11 ,       ,      .    ,   -  ,             ? .    ?      ,        . 13      ?         .  ?     ,         . 26     ?       .     6       .          ,        .         ,   ,     [57 -      ,       , .: Ji Xichen 2000; Zhang Censheng 2004; Chen Dongling 2004: 567592; Shi Tun, Li Danhui 2008: 668707; Han Gang 2011.].




1


            ,    .   ,        (    - ),       ,     .  ,          ,             .      .   ,     ,                               .           ,     .            ,     ,   1975    -      ,   .  ,        ,     .   ,  ,                       1975            .   ,    ,       -   19741975             .             .

   ,                .      ?     ,      . ,    ,    , ,           ,      .    1978                 ,   ,          ,       .        : 1980       ,   1981-        .           (    ,  )  ,          .    ,       ,    .

         ,     .           ,             (MacFarquhar, Schoenhals 2006),     .      ,       ,       .    1976-,         ,  ,            [58 -   ,    ,       . ., : Cheng Zhongyuan, Wang Tuxiang, Li Zhenghua 2008: 7275.].

  ,      :        .        ,      . ,   1977-          (   );             (       [59 -  ,         , . : Man Mei 2005: 212213  Hu Jiwei 1997: 2930.]).    1977         ,       .              ,      ,     ,      ,      :   ,     (., : Dai Huang 1998).  1982     3   KHF,           .             (Tang Jisheng 1998: 164165).  201     11-  ( 1977 )           (  1982-).  1977  1980     ,  .                       ,        1980- .




2


    19771978          .          ,      .              ,            -      .    ,          ,      [60 -                 ,   1981 ,  ,    ,                (Deng Xiaoping 19751992 ?).           ,             .].           ,       .        :            .  ,             .           ,          .         ,        .                 ,  .   ,            [61 -  ,           1980- ,    : Shen Baoxiang 1997; Cheng Zhongyuan, Wang Tuxiang, Li Zhenghua 2008: 85-121.]




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1


    ,      (Cheung 2009).




2


    ,          (Cheung [1982] 1986).    ,   ,  .              .       ,    .         ,   ,      -   .      30      ,     ,    ,          .   ,   .




3


              .    ,   ,        ,               .      ., : Wang i 1989; Esherick, Kickowicz, Walder 2006; MacFarquhar, Schoenhals 2006; Gruo Dehong, Wang Haiguang, Han Gang 2009 III.    ,  ,      ,  ,    ,  1  70  , (.: Chen Tung-fa 2001: 846).        ,  659  (Wang Touqin 2004).        (Feng Jicai 1990).            (19661968)   (W?lder 2009).




4


  ,      ,          ,  . ,        ,           ,      1959 .                        .  ,  ,           ,            .




5


        :           .




6


            : Tang Jisheng 2008; Dik?tter 2010.

         ;    ,     .         : Lin Tu-sheng 1979.




7


 is Dead // The Economist. 1976. September 11.




8


New Tork Times. 1976. September 10. Sect. 1. P. 17.




9


World News Digest. 1976. September 11.   LexisNexis.




10


Reform is China's Second Revolution [      ] (Deng Xiaoping 19751992 ).       (Harding 1987).




11


    ,   ,       (People's Daily. 1949. November 20).




12


     ,        (), .: Bianco 1971; Dirlik 1989; Pantsov 2000; Smith 2000.  , .   ʻ            (1997),  : Chen Tung-fa 2001.      : Saich 1996,     ʻ             2001 .




13


          ;     ,      .          .   -- .: Garver 1988; Heinzig 2004; Tang Kuisong 1999.




14


       1923         ,              .           .  ,     ,              .            : Wang Rongzhu, Li  2004: 9294; Tang Tianshi 2008: 95-145; Pakula 2009: 122124; Taylor 2009: 4145; Xing Heming 2009: 1225.           ,  ,   ,     (Chiang Kaishek 1956).




15


Otto            (Braun 1982).




16


On tactics against Japanese imperialism [      ],        27  1935  ( Zedong 19671977 I: 179).




17


        ,          (Snow 1937).




18


     ,          ,     . .: Radchenko 2009: 5; Tang Kuisong 1999.




19


  ,    ,   Sun Shuyun 2006.




20


   ,          , .: Gao Hua 2000.           .: Seiden 1971; Seiden 1995; Chen Tungfa 1990.




21


             .  (Radchenko 2009: 39).    .: Pang Xianzhi, Jin Chongji 2003: 2858.




22


    ,  ,      ,      ,       .           (       ,      ,  ).




23


         156  156  ,               (  , ,  : Dong Zhikai, Wu Jiang 2004).




24


He  ,          .  ,       , .: Li Huayu 2006.




25


 ,       ,    ,     ,          .            (MacFarquhar, Fairbank 1987; MacFarquhar, Fairbank 1991).  ,   : Meisner 1999; Cray 1990; Cray 2006.      1949 ,               (Bramall 2009).        ,          (Naughton 2007).       : Riskin 1987.     .      19491976  (Lin Tunhui, Fan Shouxin, Zhang Cong 1989),  : Cong Jin 1989; Wang i 1989.         (19491981),    .  ,     Zhonggua Renmin Congheguo Zhuanti Shi Cao [     ] (Sichuan People's Press, 2004),        .           : Sun Jian 1992; Wu Li 1999; Su Shaozhi 2002; Hu Angang 2008.           (Zhao Dexin 19881999). .        : Wang Mng 2008.




26


       : Walker 1984;  Tibo 1997: 180199; Lin Tunhui 2009: 90-116.




27


         ,  30  . .: Cheng Tiejun, Seiden 1994; Wang Fei-ling 2005.




28


          ,                 .   ,      ,           ,     (Luo Pinghan 2005: 173221).      ,                ( 1992: 67).   ,           ,   (Ibid.).




29


       .: Kueh 2006.




30


    .: Huang Zheng 2004: 155176.




31


      ,     20    (Vogel 2010).




32


       : Zhou Hancheng 2003.




33


               1980-  (Cheung 2009: 101).




34


  ,        , .: Spence 1999; Short 1999;         (Jin Chongji 1996)   : Pang Xianzhi, Jin Chongji 2003.    ,       (Wei Chengtung 1999).               ,            ;   .: Schwarcz 1992. . : Li Rui 1999; Grao Hua 2000; Wang Ruoshui 2001.




35


          .: Spence 1999: 1630; Short 1999: 3981; Jin Chongji 1996: 1539.




36


           :     ,      .       ,    ,        .        .    ,          ,      .             (. : Short 1999: 83).     ,    ,    ( ),         ,     ,     .  1949      ,         (            : Wang Fan-Sen 2000).




37


  1949      ,       ,      (., : Fu Ouoyong 2010).       ,  ,  ,   ,          .    ,       ,           ;      (Wu Mngkun 1993)    (Wei Junyi 1998).




38


    .: Chang 1995.




39


             .          .       : Wu Mngkun 1993; Wei Junyi 1998; Zhou Tiliang 1998; Wu Zuguang 2004; Liu Kedi 2005; Wang Rongzhu 2005.




40


, ,      -       (Balazs 1964: 6).  My            . .: Qian Mu 2001: 15; Tu Ying-shih 2004.




41


   ,     -,       .     ,     ,       ,      ,          (Polanyi 1966).




42


     (Liang Shuming 2004: 139).




43


     .: Ibid., 146155; Alitto 1979; Liu Kedi 2005; Liang Shuming, Alitto 2009.




44


 20-      .: Lu Jiandong 1995; Wang Rongzhu 2005.




45


    .: Li Hui 2003.




46


        :   ,         ,   .           : Gruo Dehong, Wang Haiguang, Han Gang 2009 II; Zhu Zhen 1998; Shen Zhihua 2008.       (Shao Tanxiang 2007). ,     ,  .   ,                  (    ),       ,     ,      .        ,           .            .




47


   ..            25  1956 . 5 1956 ,    XX  .           . (     . .)




48


     ..  .: Luthi 2008; Radchenko 2009.




49


            .        .  China Economic Review          (1998. Vol. 9. 2).    .: Tang Jisheng 2008; Dik?tter 2010.       : Becker 1998.      ,          (Thaxton 2008).




50


People's Daily. 1958. August 27.




51


Ibid. September 18.




52


China Youth. 1958. June 16.




53


       (11   7  1962 )             .                      . ., : Cong Jin 1989: 299; Zhang Shuhua 2006: 277288.




54


., , ,   . 1.




55


                   : Qian Mu 2005: 1-37, 3856; Schrecker 2004, . 1 2.       .: Feng Tianyu 2006.




56


         ,       ,   ,      ,  , .: Xie Chuntao 2008; Cheng Zhongyuan, Wang Tuxiang, Li Zhenghua 2008; Liu Jie, Xu Lushan 2009; Xiao Donglian 2008; Tang Jisheng 1998, . 2).




57


     ,       , .: Ji Xichen 2000; Zhang Censheng 2004; Chen Dongling 2004: 567592; Shi Tun, Li Danhui 2008: 668707; Han Gang 2011.




58


  ,    ,       . ., : Cheng Zhongyuan, Wang Tuxiang, Li Zhenghua 2008: 7275.




59


 ,         , . : Man Mei 2005: 212213  Hu Jiwei 1997: 2930.




60


                ,   1981 ,  ,    ,                (Deng Xiaoping 19751992 ?).           ,             .




61


 ,           1980- ,    : Shen Baoxiang 1997; Cheng Zhongyuan, Wang Tuxiang, Li Zhenghua 2008: 85-121.


