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  ,     . , -     ,  -     1986 [4 - ,  , .], . Avise J.C., Ellis D. Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolutionary Genetics of Higher Animals (.) // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences.  . 312.  1154. -. 325342. DOI:10.1098/rstb.1986.ooii[5 -    .].

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       ,    ,     1992 ,       -.  ,   S. Hora1  106  ,     -,   ,    ,  . ,   ,  , 1993 ,    ,     - .   J.C. Avise,    182,    1973  2014 ,  -   .    .       ,    .

   -   ,    ,      2006 ,     2007   ..        -[6 - http://berkovich-zametki.com/2007/Zametki/Nomer5/Klyosov1.htm ( 2007)], ..     [7 - http://lebed.com/2007/art4914.htm ( 2007)], ..  - -     ,     [8 - http://lebed.com/2007/art5034.htm ( 2007)].



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 6:         -. , .

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   ,  2007  2014 ,     ,    .              ,        [9 - Hammer, M.F., Behar, D.M., Karafet, T.M., Mendez, F.L., Hallmark, B., Erez, T., Zhivotovsky, L.A., Rosset, S., Skorecki, K. (2009) Response. Human Genetics, 126, 725726.]      Human Genetics (2009)[10 - Klyosov, A.A. (2009) A comment on the paper: Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish Priesthood by M.F. Hammer, D.M. Behar, T.M. Karafet, F.L. Mendez, B. Hallmark, T. Erez, L.A. Zhivotovsky, S. Rosset, K. Skorecki. Human Genetics, 126, 719724.].        -,         ,    ,     , ,   .      .

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,           ,      ,           .          ,        ,         ,       [11 - Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. I. Basic principles and the method. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186216; Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. II. Walking the map. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 217256; Klyosov, A.A. (2009) A comment on the paper: Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish Priesthood. Human Genetics, 126, 719724; Rozhanskii, I.L., Klyosov, A.A. (2011) Mutation rate constants in DNA genealogy (Y chromosome). Advances in Anthropology, 1, No. 2, 2634; , A.A. (2011)     -    . , 76,  5, 636653; Klyosov, A.A. (2012) Ancient history of the Arbins, bearers of haplogroup R1b, from Central Asia to Europe, 16,000 to 1500 years before present. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 2, 87-105; Rozhanskii, I.L., Klyosov, A.A. (2012) Haplogroup R1a, its subclades and branches in Europe during the last 9,000 years. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 3, 139156.].

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16 11 11 19 23 15 16 17 21 36 41 12 11 11 9 17 17 8 11 10 8 10 10 12 22

22 15 10 12 12 13 8 15 23 21 12 13 11 13 11 11 12 13 31 15 9 15 12 25

27 19 12 12 12 12 10 9 12 11 10 11 12 30 12 14 25 13 9 10 18 15 20 12

24 15 12 15 24 12 23 19 11 15 17 9 11 11 10 12 15 15 10 10 8 8 9 13 7 8

10 10 13 14 14 15 31 32 11 10 9 9 8 24 8 8 8 16 22 22 24 21 23 14 16

25 28 15 15 6 11 14 15 8 14 11 12 10 11 10 10 11 11 18 10 12 10 7 10 5

8 9 5 5 11 15 8 29 6 7 10 13 11 6 7 7 7 16 10 11 16 22 23 11 12 12 10 7

12 12 13 7 3 20 18 11 11 8 9 13 13 10 11 22 12 16 13 14 11 11 12 10 12

9 13 9 12 11 12 16 7 14 12 10 9 10 4 7 7 13 13 12 11 9 11 10 11 14 8 4 8

6 11 11 16 9 11 13 19 12 12 9 10 9 9 11 11 9 9 14 14 15 9 7 10 12 14 13

14 14 12 6 32 10 11 16 8 7 17 17 11 11 6 13 12 13 11 10 7 13 12 7 12 12

7 14 17 17 11 25 8 8 12 8 8 1113 11 12 10 8 13 8 13 14 10 11 9 20 17 15

36 9 13 14 39 33 36 9 10 10 12 18 19 13 9 14 44 10 8 14 9 8 20 11 11

11 11 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 9 11 9 23 11 9 16 31 8 20 8 13 12 8 16 10 9 33

27 23 22 10 8 12 10 8 14 8 8 32 55 7 7 5 9 6 11 11 11 13 9 39 33 7 8

27 7 5 13 7 15 28 25 60 42 12 31 22 20 12 3 4



        ,        ,     ,    .

     , ,      8-  17-,        ,    ,     .          ,      ,            .     ,      -.



 15.    -      , , ,    -,  ,            .

,      ,   ,       .  ,       ,  [16 - Klyosov, A.A. (2008) Basic rules of DNA genealogy (Y-chromosome). Mutation rates and their calibration. Proceedings of the Russian Academy of DNA Genealogy, 1, No. 1,3-53; Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. I. Basic principles and the method. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186216; Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. II. Walking the map. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 217256; Klyosov, A.A. (2009) A comment on the paper: Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish Priesthood. Human Genetics, 126, 719724; Rozhan-skii, I.L., Klyosov, A.A. (2011) Mutation rate constants in DNA genealogy (Y chromosome). Advances in Anthropology, 1, No. 2, 2634; , A.A. (2011)     -    . , 76,  5, 636653; Klyosov, A.A., Rozhanskii, I.L. (2012) Haplogroup R1a as the Proto Indo-Europeans and the legendary Aryans as witnessed by the DNA of their current descendants. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 1, 1-13; Klyosov, A.A. (2012) Ancient history of the Arbins, bearers of haplogroup R1b, from Central Asia to Europe, 16,000 to 1500 years before present. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 2, 87-105; Rozhanskii, I.L., Klyosov, A.A. (2012) Haplogroup R1a, its subclades and branches in Europe during the last 9,000 years. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 3, 139156; Klyosov, A.A., Rozhanskii, I.L. (2012) Re-examining the Out of Africa theory and the origin of Europeoids (Caucasoids) in light of DNA genealogy. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 2, 8086; Klyosov, A.A., Rozhanskii, I.L., Ryanbchenko, L.E. (2012) Re-examining the Out-of- Africa theory and the origin of Europeoids (Caucasoids). Part 2. SNPs, haplogroups and haplotypes in the Y charomosome of Chimpanzee and Humans. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 4, 198213; Klyosov, A.A., Mironova, E.A. (2013) A DNA genealogy solution to the puzzle of ancient look-alike ceramics across the world. Advances in Anthropology, 3, No. 3, 164172; Klyosov, A.A., Tomezzoli, G.T. (2013) DNA genealogy and linguistics. Ancient Europe. Advances in Anthropology, 3, No. 2, 101111; Klyosov, A.A. (2014) Reconsideration of the "Out of Africa" concept as not having enough proof. Advances in Anthropology, 4, No. 1, 1837; , .. (2014)     ( -)      ^yRCA),         111    .  1.   -, . 7,  4, 626638; , .. (2014)     ( -)      ^yRCA),         111    .  2.   -, . 7,  5, 758769; Klyosov, A.A. (2014) Reconsideration of the Out of Africa concept as not having enough proof. Advances in Anthropology, 4, No. 1, 1837; E. Elha1k, T.V. Tatarinova, A.A. Klyosov, D. Graur (2014) The extremely ancient' chromosome that isn't: aforensic bioinformatic investigation of A1bert Perry's X-degenerate portion of the Y chromosome. European Journal of Human Genetics 22, 11111116; S. To-fanelli, L. Taglioli, S. Bertoncini, P. Francalacci, A. Klyosov, L. Pagani (2014) Mitochondrial and Y chromosome haplotype motifs as diagnostic markers of Jewish ancestry: areconsideration. Frontiers in Genetics, 5, Article 384. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2014.0038410; Klyosov, A.A. A Comment on the Paper: Were the First Europeans Pale or Dark Skinned? Advances in Anthropology, vol. 4, No. 4, 222226, 2014; Klyosov, A.A. (2014) Clarifying the African Eve' Concept. Rock Art Research, v. 31, No. 2, 146148; , .., , ..   (  , , -), .,  , 2010, 1020 .; , .. (2013)  . ., , 511 .; , .. (2013)  -. ., , 168 .; , .., , .. (2014)      (, .  ), 351 .],      .    ,           ,         ,      .

    -.              (       ,          Y-,     ),      Y-  ,    , .           ,      ,           .      ,        [17 - Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. I. Basic principles and the method. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186216. Rozhanskii I.L., Klyosov A.A. (2011) Mutation Rate Constants in DNA Genealogy (Y Chromosome). Advances in Anthropology, 1, No.2, 2634.].  ,  ,        ,       [18 - Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. I. Basic principles and the method. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186216; Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. II. Walking the map. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 217256; Klyosov, A.A. (2009) A comment on the paper: Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish Priesthood. Human Genetics, 126, 719724; Rozhanskii, I.L., Klyosov, A.A. (2011) Mutation rate constants in DNA genealogy (Y chromosome). Advances in Anthropology, 1, No. 2, 2634; , A.A. (2011)     -    . , 76,  5, 636  653; Klyosov, A.A., Rozhanskii, I.L. (2012) Haplogroup R1a as the Proto Indo-Europeans and the legendary Aryans as witnessed by the DNA of their current descendants. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 1, 1-13; Klyosov, A.A. (2012) Ancient history of the Arbins, bearers of haplogroup R1b, from Central Asia to Europe, 16,000 to 1500 years before present. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 2, 87-105; Rozhanskii, I.L., Klyosov, A.A. (2012) Haplogroup R1a, its subclades and branches in Europe during the last 9,000 years. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 3, 139156;].

,   -     ( )    , , ,   ,    ,   ,  ,    ,          Y-   , ,    .          (    - ),   .    SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism,      ),  ,   ,    -   ,      (   )   .      .    .

    STR (Short Tandem Repeats,    )    ,     ,  ,   (  ) Y-        .     ,     .       ,      .

,   ,    ,     .    ,            ,     ,      .      Y-   (  431  ,     10   Y-,     ;    Y-  58  , , ,  ,        ).   ,     Y-    2500,  , ,    .   ,   , ,         ,    0.00178       25 ,    560 ,    14  .     . -,   ,   14     ,     .   ,         . -,    25   -   ,     .  -    30   ,     30    0.00214,    468  ( 30 ),    14  .  ,      .      .

  ,       ,  ,     ,    ,        .           (k),          (t).      ,  ,      .   25        , 30     , 20       ,        .     (kt)       .

   ,          14  ,   ,     ,      :

 6-    (  )     135  ,    3380  (       ,    ),

 12-    50 ,   1250 ,

 25-    22 ,   550 ,

 37-    11 ,   275 ,

 67-    8 ,   200 ,

 111-    5 ,   125 ,

 431-      , , ,   33 .

,       ,        ,    ,     ,       ,  .

    .      ,   , ,   ,         ,        (   ),      .    ,       ,  ,  ,   (     ,   ),  , ,  , , ,   , , ,     .  -   ( )   -   R1a,    ,  -    ,     ,  -  ,      Y- ,   . ,    ,             .

 ,  6-          :



1612 24 11 11 13

16 12 25 11 11 13



    ,   1/0.0074 = 135 ? 156  ,  3900 ,        3900/2 = 1950  .  ,  6-   ,        .  0.0074         6- ,       [19 - Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. I. Basic principles and the method. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186-216].



 12- :



1324 16 11 11 15 12 12 10 13 11 30

13 25 16 11 11 14 12 12 10 13 11 29



      ,   3/0.02 = 150 ? 176  ,  4400 ,       2200  .  0.02         12- .  ,  13 %,      ,   ,  .



 25- :



1324 16 11 11 15 12 12 10 13 11 30 16 9 10 11 11 24 14 20 34 15 15 16 16

13 25 16 11 11 14 12 12 10 13 11 29 15 9 10 11 11 25 14 20 32 12 15 15 16



    9  (        ,     ,    ),   9/0.046 = 196 ? 242  ,  6050 ,       3025  .  0.046         25- .         ,   55 % (1950, 2200,  3025).  ,    ,    ,    .  37- 



1324 16 11 11 15 12 12 10 13 11 30 16 9 10 11 11 24 14 20 34 15 15

16 16 11 11 19 23 15 16 17 21 36 41 12 11 13 25 16 11 11 14 12 12 10

13 11 29 15 9 10 11 11 25 14 20 32 12 15 15 16 11 11 19 23 15 16 17

19 35 42 13 11



   14 ,   14/0.09 = 156 ? 184  ,  4600 ,       2300  .  0.09         37- .        (1950, 2200, 3025, 2300    )   .



 67- 



1324 16 11 11 15 12 12 10 13 11 30 16 9 10 11 11 24 14 20 34 15 15 16

16 11 11 19 23 15 16 17 21 36 41 12 11 11 9 17 17 8 11 10 8 10 10 12 22

22 15 10 12 12 13 8 15 23 21 12 13 11 13 11 11 12 13 13 25 16 11 11 14

12 12 10 13 11 29 15 9 10 11 11 25 14 20 32 12 15 15 16 11 11 19 23

15 16 17 19 35 42 13 11 11 8 17 17 8 12 10 8 10 10 12 22 22 15 10 12

12 13 8 14 22 21 12 12 11 13 11 11 12 13



   19 ,   19/0.12 = 158 ? 187  ,  4675 ,       2340  .  0.12         67- .        (1950, 2200, 3025, 2300, 2340    )   .



 111- 

13 24 16 11 11 15 12 12 10 13 11 30 16 9 10 11 11 24 14 20 34 15 15 16

16 11 11 19 23 15 16 17 21 36 41 12 11 11 9 17 17 8 11 10 8 10 10 12 22

22 15 10 12 12 13 8 15 23 21 12 13 11 13 11 11 12 13 31 15 9 15 12 25

27 19 12 12 12 12 10 9 12 11 10 11 12 30 12 14 25 13 9 10 18 15 20 12

24 15 12 15 24 12 23 19 11 15 17 9 11 11 13 25 16 11 11 14 12 12 10 13

11 29 15 9 10 11 11 25 14 20 32 12 15 15 16 11 11 19 23 15 16 17 19

35 42 13 11 11 8 17 17 8 12 10 8 10 10 12 22 22 15 10 12 12 13 8 14

22 21 12 12 11 13 11 11 12 13 31 14 9 15 12 25 27 19 12 12 12 12 10 9

12 11 10 11 11 30 12 14 25 13 9 10 19 15 20 11 23 16 12 15 25 12 23

19 11 15 17 9 11 11



   26 ,   26/0.198 = 131 ? 150  ,  3750 ,       1875  ,    .  0.198         111- .

,    ,          .  67-    0.12/67 = 0.00179   ,  111-    0.198/111 = 0.00178   ,    409      0.00178   ,     0.00178x409 = 0.728    .  .  409-       95 



1012 15 15 10 10 8 8 9 13 7 8 10 10 13 14 14 15 31 32 11 10 9 9 8 24

17 17 8 8 8 16 22 22 24 21 23 14 16 25 28 15 15 6 11 10 14 15 8 14 11

12 10 11 10 10 11 11 18 10 12 10 7 10 5 8 9 5 5 11 15 8 29 6 7 10 13 11

6 7 7 16 10 11 16 22 23 11 12 12 10 7 12 12 13 7 3 20 18 11 11 8 9 13 13

10 11 22 12 16 13 14 11 11 12 10 12 9 13 9 12 11 12 16 7 14 12 10 9 10

4 7 7 13 13 12 11 9 11 10 11 14 8 4 8 6 11 11 16 9 11 13 19 12 12 9 10 9

9 11 11 9 9 14 14 15 9 7 10 12 14 13 14 14 12 6 32 10 11 16 8 7 17 17 11

11 6 13 12 13 11 10 7 13 12 7 16 11 15 12 13 30 24 11 11 13 12 12 9 11

12 14 11 10 12 12 15 12 12 20 34 8 12 11 15 16 9 10 11 11 12 15 15 16

16 7 14 17 17 11 25 8 8 8 12 8 8 23 11 15 13 11 12 12 10 9 15 15 8 13 8

13 15 12 14 10 11 17 10 9 12 20 17 15 36 21 9 10 13 10 14 39 33 36 9

11 12 12 13 11 10 10 12 12 18 19 13 9 14 44 10 12 8 14 24 9 12 15 8 15

20 11 11 21 11 11 10 10 17 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 9 12 8 11 15 10 9 23 11 16 9

16 31 8 20 8 13 12 8 16 10 9 33 27 23 22 10 9 8 23 11 12 11 10 11 10 8

11 14 8 8 20 32 55 7 7 5 9 6 11 11 11 13 9 39 33 7 8 27 7 5 13 7 15 28

25 31 60 18 42 25 24 12 31 22 20 12 12 3 4 14 11 10 12 15 15 10 10

8 8 9 13 7 8 10 10 13 14 14 14 31 32 11 10 9 9 8 24 17 17 8 8 8 8 23

23 24 21 22 15 15 25 28 15 16 6 11 10 13 14 8 14 11 12 10 11 10 11

11 11 18 10 12 11 7 10 5 8 9 5 5 11 16 8 29 6 7 10 13 11 6 7 7 16 10 10

16 22 23 11 11 13 10 7 12 12 13 7 3 19 20 10 11 8 9 13 12 10 11 22 11

15 14 14 11 11 12 10 12 9 12 9 12 12 11 16 7 14 13 10 9 9 4 7 7 13 14

12 11 9 11 10 11 14 8 4 8 6 11 11 16 9 11 13 19 12 12 9 10 9 9 11 11 9 9

9 14 14 14 9 7 10 12 14 13 14 14 12 6 32 10 11 16 8 7 17 17 11 11 6 12

12 14 11 10 7 13 12 7 16 11 14 12 13 29 25 11 11 13 12 12 9 11 12 14 11

10 13 12 14 12 12 20 32 8 12 11 15 15 9 10 11 11 11 12 15 16 15 7 14

17 16 11 25 8 8 8 12 8 8 22 11 14 13 11 12 12 10 9 15 15 8 13 8 13 16

12 15 10 11 17 10 9 12 19 14 15 38 21 9 10 16 10 13 39 34 35 9 11

11 12 13 12 10 10 12 12 17 20 13 9 14 43 12 12 8 14 25 9 12 15 8 15

21 11 11 19 11 11 10 10 17 9 8 9 9 8 8 8 8 9 12 8 11 15 10 9 22 11 16

9 15 32 7 19 8 13 12 8 18 10 9 33 28 23 22 10 9 8 23 11 12 11 10 11

10 8 11 14 8 8 19 32 48 7 7 5 9 6 11 11 11 13 9 39 32 7 8 27 7 5 12 7

15 29 22 31 45 19 42 25 23 12 32 22 20 12 11 3 4 14 11



      95/0.728 = 130 ? 149  ,  3725 ,      1860  .      1875    ,    111- .            .     .    ,           ( -   R1a)   :



6- , 19501950  

12- 22001290 

25- 30251050 

37- 2300660 

67- 2300575 

111- 1875510 

409  1860270  



     ,           ,       .

 ,     ,         ,      ,     ,      ,  . .        - 10 %   .     .

,     111-    (400-    ).    ,   ,    ,     ,      .      ,  ,   ,  ,  ,    .         ,      .[20 - http://r1a.org/irakaz-v03.xls, http://r1a.org/, / - R1a; http://www.ysearch.org/, http://www.smgf.org/pages/ydatabase.jspx / - A Free Public Service from Family Tree DNA; http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1 aY-Haplogroup/default.aspx?section=yresults, http:// www.familytreedna.com/public/R1a/default.aspx?section=yresults, / - Family Tree DNA; Klyosov A. A., Rozhanskii I. L. Re-Examining the Out of Africa Theory and the Origin of Europeoids (Caucasoids) in Light of DNA Genealogy (2012). Advances in Anthropology, 2, No.2, 8086 http://dx.doi. org/10.4236/aa.2012.22009 (      )]

     , ,    6-    R1a ( ,  ,    ) :



1612 25 11 11 13 - 

16 12 25 11 11 13   

16 12 25 11 11 13 - 

16 12 25 11 11 13   

16 12 25 11 11 13  

16 12 25 11 11 13 - 

16 12 25 11 11 13    ()

16 12 25 11 11 13   (  )

16 12 25 11 11 13  

16 12 25 10 11 13 - 

16 12 25 10 11 13 - 

16 12 24 11 11 13 - () 

15 12 25 10 11 13 - 

15 12 25 11 11 13 - 

17 12 25 11 11 13 - 

17 12 25 10 11 13 - 

17 12 24 11 11 13  - 



 ,      ,   9   17  6-   .       ,    -,   ,    R1a.      ,   .   -    67-  111- .

   ,         R1a       4900  ,      5200   (   )  2000    ,       .   -     .

   , ,     ,  ,       ,     ,    ,  , ,  ,   ,                . ,          ,     , , ,   ,                    ,      ,        ,      .

           - [21 - Rozhanskii, I.L. and Klyosov A.A. (2012) Haplogroup R1a, its subclades and branches in Europe during the last 9000 years. Advances in Anthropology, v. 2, N. 3, 139156.],      (. ),        ,           R1a       Y-,     (     Z280,    4900  ),      ,      CTS1211 (   4300  ), CTS3402 (   3800  ), Y33 (   3600  ), CTS8816 (   3500  ),  Y2902 (   2100  ),    - .      (, ,   ,   )      ,    26   111- ,  95   409- .

,   (    )      ,   (. , SNP),      , ,  ,       ,  .   ,   ,    ,    .  ,   ,        ,     ,      - ,        ,      .    ,         ,    ,      .

,  ,  ,      ,        ( ) ,           ,   ,        .       ,     .  ,        ,    (,    ,   )        ,       .      ,            ,    ( )       ,     ( )   -.

 -   ,    ,      .   ,                

-            ,  2008 .              (25-)   R1a Y-   ,           (         

-  2008 ).  ,    ( R1a)       4600  ,   ()    :



1325 16 10 11 14 12 12 10 13 11 30 15 9 10 11 11 24 14 20 32 12 15

15 16



25   ,     ,   Haak et al.[22 - Haak, W., Brandt, G., de Jong, H.N., Meyer, C., Ganslmeier, R., Heyd, V., Hawkesworth, C., Pike, A.W.G., Meller, H., Alta, K.W. (2008) Ancient DNA, Strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US., 105, 18226-18231.],        R1a,    , ,   4600  .    



13/14 25 16 11 11 14 X X 10 12/13 X 30 14/15 X X X X X 14 19 X

X X X X



(       ,     ,   ).  X       .    (   )    , 10  11    (DYS391),  19  20     (DYS 448).   ,    ,          R1a,       .        -        ,      [23 - Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. I. Basic principles and the method. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186216.].

             ,     2008 ,      -.

 , ,       .   , 2008- ,         6-  10-,   12- (   FTDNA,    Family Tree DNA)  17- ,       2006 ,        .           ,    ,      250350 %[24 -  ..  . , , 2013,  16.].

  - 2008         ,      .       .   ,       ,        ,     ,  .       .  ,          (  )      ,     ,    ,    ,        ( ,     )     ,         .    , , ,     2500  ,   ,   ,   600  .     .






. 1.   67     R1a  25-  (, 2008)[25 - Klyosov, A.A. (2008) Basic rules of DNA genealogy (Y-chromosome). Mutation rates and their calibration. Proceedings of the Russian Academy of DNA Genealogy, 1, No. 1,3-53.].



     ,  ,       , , 1200   (    2500  600  ).  ,     ,        .  ,     .  ,     ,          ( J1)  3200  ,  ,        (,   , ).           ,    4000  1000  ,         [26 -        ..  . ., , 2013,  16.].

      2008  (. 1).   ,        .  ,    . 1   (        ,   ,       ),        ,     67      .   67   12-   208      ,   25-   488 .     208/67/0.02 = 155^183   ( 25 )    (,        ),   4575560    .   ,  25- ,  488/67/0.046 = 158 ^187  ,   4675510    .  ,       12-  25- .  ,      ,   2008 ,     37-  67- ,    .        .

 ,      , , ,     ,       - 67 ,     .    ,      -,       37,         ,   ,       ?       ,         , , ?    , ,     ? . ,      .       ,    ,    ,  ,    .











. 2.   286     R1a  67-  (  IRAKAZ-2015).    ( 1, 2, 3)     , R1a-M420,    (. )  .       417 (. )    (   ,   ).     -,        22    .



  ,      2015 .    286   67-  65   111-  (  IRAKAZ-2015).    67- .

   . 2       R1a,     R (   207,          Y- ,  ()      R.   (     10  )      R   173 ( ),   ,    ,   ,    R1.   (   173)  30   . ,  20   ,   R1a (  / 420),  , ,   ,  .        ,  ,        . 6,   1, 2  3.       R1a1, R1a1a1, R1a1a,   ,    .

     . 2.    67-    4848415  ,  67-  111-   4294298  ,    4800400  4300300  .     ,   ,      ,  2008 ,        4575560   4675510    ,   12-  25- .

 ,    2008  2014          .

 ,  -       ,     -    .     ,  ,    67   R1a   (. . 2).  12-          , ,    ,     (              ,     ,    ). : [ln(67/3)]/0.02 = 155 ? 183  ,    4575      .   ,      208 (. ),  208/67/0.02 = 155?183   ( 25 )   ,   4575560    .    ,      ,           2,   4  ,         .   ,  (  )   (  )   ,       ,         4600  .

  25-                  .    25-       [ln(67/2)]/0.046 = 76 ? 83  ,    2075 .        .        ,             ,      2100  .  0.02  0.046      12-  25- .

     ,    ,       .       ,          . ,  2000 12-   R1b-L21 114   ,     .   [ln(2000/114)]/0.02 = 143 ? 167  ,  4175570    .    ( 67- )  4325350    .      (   )      3.6 % ,     .         4200  4300    ,        2.4 %.

     2000 12-   RW-Z280   88 .   ,  R1a-Z280  ,  R1b-L21 (.  ). ,   [ln(2000/88)]/0.02 = 156 ? 184  ,  460070    .    ( 67- )  4825320     (.  ).      (   )     4.9 % .         4600  4800    ,      4.3 %.  25-      2000 R1a-Z280    ,   [ln(2000/2)]/0.046 = 150 ? 176  ,   4400    .   ,  ,      ,      .  ,     .

  ,            ,    ,       .    ,   ,    ,  ,    ,              .         ,    .        ,    ,        .      ,    ,     ,       ,    : n/N = kt,  n       N , k     (       ,  25 ), t    ,      [27 - Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. I. Basic principles and the method. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186-216].      ,            ,    ,      .

    ,  1020  ,    100  ,      ,       ,          .  ,             ,  .          ,    ,       .  ,      ,        .         -.       .

  ,   -       -,  ,     ,    ,   ,  ,  .       ,  ,      ( ),      .      Y-  25  24  26 ( )    ,   .       -  ,        - ,      .       .

 ,   2008  -     () ,    ,    2008 ,  ,    ,    .           - (54 )       - (179 ).     73  ,    15  ,      (http://dna-academy.ru/proceedings/ (http://dna-academy.ru/proceedings/), www.anatole-klyosov.com (http://www.anatole-klyosov.com/)).    ( 2008)        -         .           249  .          -,     , , , , , , , ,    .  ,   ,          2015 ,        ,       .

   2008   25    -    (21   ,        ),       )  8   - (7       ,  ),  112 -   -,   80     ,     (http://pereformat.ru/klyosov (http://pereformat.ru/klyosov)).

    -    Human Genetics (2009), J. Gen. Genealogy (2009), Advances in Anthropology (20112014),  (2011), Eur. J. Human Genetics (2014), Frontiers in Genetics (2014),   (2015).  2013 .          Advances in Anthropology ( ),       - (, ,       ).              Y-   ,      [28 - Rozhanskii, I.L., Klyosov, A.A. (2011) Mutation rate constants in DNA genealogy (Y chromosome). Advances in Anthropology, 1, No. 2, 2634.].     ,            ,        .. ,       ,        (       ),        ,     . .   .. .                    (1984),         (1978).       -   ,        ,    .      3160  (2489     67- ,  55 -   8  ).       Advances in Anthropology  2011 [29 -  ],           .

             R1a  ,  R1a   (  38   R1a),  R1b, -  , -         -    ,             - (  2012 ,     2014 ,    ).     [30 - Klyosov, A.A., Rozhanskii, I.L. (2012) Re-examining the Out of Africa theory and the origin of Europeoids (Caucasoids) in light of DNA genealogy. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 2, 8086.]            25  2015      90  ,    20   (http://www.scirp.org/journal/HottestPaper.aspx?Journalro=737).

       ,   .  ,  -     (.     3  4).




 2

     -


 16:   Y-  ?

     Y-    .    - (          )           ,      ,           (   ),     ( ,  ). ,   ,    ,      .        .   ,  Y-  .    ,     Y- ,     .

,   -,        ,  (STR),   ,  , -  - (SNP), .

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       14. ,  ,         Y-,    ,          , ,   . ,    ,        . ,        .     ,    .    ,   .



 17:       ,      ,   ?

  ,              ,      ,      ,     ,      .        ,    Y-,    ,         ,      .

 ,          ,      . ,          .     ,           .

       ,  ,   -,     .       ,        ,       .   . ,    2500  ,   100    ( -     25 ,            25 ).       ,   12-    200 ,   14    ,   200    ,   ,   86 .

   14      .   100        86   ,    14     .     ,   .

   . 200   100   12-  (    12-   0.02      )   200/100/0.02 = 100  ,    2500  (        ,       ).          .          100   12-    14,    ,     ,  [ln(100/14)]/0.02 = 98  ,      ,     .

     ,      ,        (  )   ,      .      ,         -  ,     12-    [ln(100/)]/0.02 = 175     ,      4375   (       ).       -  ,      ,    ,     .       ,      ,   -      .

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        . ,    ( 00)      R1a  210   ,   ,          A00     R1a:



1311 12 10 11 16 10 8 14 14 8 8 8 9 12 11 12 8 12 12 11 11 (00)

12 12 11 11 11 11 11 8 17 17 8 10 8 12 10 12 12 8 12 11 11 12 (R1a)



  22    Y-,        .  ,      26 ,  ,      , ,   26         210   .        ,       ,   R1a,     , , ,   .

,      R1a   R1b,    ?    ,              :



1112 13 11 11 12 11 9 15 16 8 10 8 12 10 12 12 8 12 11 11 12 (R1b)



 ,        (    )  R1a  R1b  ( 16   22).   00  R1b  24 ,         ,    3 %.      .     ,   .




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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


http://www.smolensk.ru/user/sgma/MMORPH/N-44-html/tukembaev/tukembaev.htm




2


http://pereformat.ru/2015/02/klyosov-position/




3


S.Horal et al. (1992) Man's place in hominoidea revealed by mitochondrial DNA genealogy. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 35, 3243.




4


,  , .




5


   .




6


http://berkovich-zametki.com/2007/Zametki/Nomer5/Klyosov1.htm ( 2007)




7


http://lebed.com/2007/art4914.htm ( 2007)




8


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9


Hammer, M.F., Behar, D.M., Karafet, T.M., Mendez, F.L., Hallmark, B., Erez, T., Zhivotovsky, L.A., Rosset, S., Skorecki, K. (2009) Response. Human Genetics, 126, 725726.




10


Klyosov, A.A. (2009) A comment on the paper: Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish Priesthood by M.F. Hammer, D.M. Behar, T.M. Karafet, F.L. Mendez, B. Hallmark, T. Erez, L.A. Zhivotovsky, S. Rosset, K. Skorecki. Human Genetics, 126, 719724.




11


Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. I. Basic principles and the method. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186216; Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. II. Walking the map. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 217256; Klyosov, A.A. (2009) A comment on the paper: Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish Priesthood. Human Genetics, 126, 719724; Rozhanskii, I.L., Klyosov, A.A. (2011) Mutation rate constants in DNA genealogy (Y chromosome). Advances in Anthropology, 1, No. 2, 2634; , A.A. (2011)     -    . , 76,  5, 636653; Klyosov, A.A. (2012) Ancient history of the Arbins, bearers of haplogroup R1b, from Central Asia to Europe, 16,000 to 1500 years before present. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 2, 87-105; Rozhanskii, I.L., Klyosov, A.A. (2012) Haplogroup R1a, its subclades and branches in Europe during the last 9,000 years. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 3, 139156.




12


Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. I. Basic principles and the method. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186216.




13


, .. (2012)    Y-.   -, . 5,  7, 911913.




14


, ., , ., , ., , ., , . (2015)   SNP  Y-    . The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy ( ):  7,  1,4667.




15


Underhill, P.A., Poznik, G.D., Rootsi, S., Jarve, M., Lin, A.A., Wang, J., Passarelli, B., Kanbar, J., Myres, N.M., King, R.J., Cristofaro, J.D., Sahakyan, H., Behar, D.M., Kushniarevich, A., Sarac, J.S., Saric, T., Rudan, P., Pathak, A.K., Chaubey, G., Grugni, V., Semino, O., Yepiskoposyan, L., Bahmanimehr, A., Farjadian, S., Balanovsky, O., Khusnutdinova, E.K., Herrera, R.J., Chiaroni, J., Bustamante, C.D., Quake, S.R., Kivisild, T., Villems, R. (2015) The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a. European Journal of Human Genetics 23, 124131.




16


Klyosov, A.A. (2008) Basic rules of DNA genealogy (Y-chromosome). Mutation rates and their calibration. Proceedings of the Russian Academy of DNA Genealogy, 1, No. 1,3-53; Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. I. Basic principles and the method. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186216; Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. II. Walking the map. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 217256; Klyosov, A.A. (2009) A comment on the paper: Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish Priesthood. Human Genetics, 126, 719724; Rozhan-skii, I.L., Klyosov, A.A. (2011) Mutation rate constants in DNA genealogy (Y chromosome). Advances in Anthropology, 1, No. 2, 2634; , A.A. (2011)     -    . , 76,  5, 636653; Klyosov, A.A., Rozhanskii, I.L. (2012) Haplogroup R1a as the Proto Indo-Europeans and the legendary Aryans as witnessed by the DNA of their current descendants. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 1, 1-13; Klyosov, A.A. (2012) Ancient history of the Arbins, bearers of haplogroup R1b, from Central Asia to Europe, 16,000 to 1500 years before present. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 2, 87-105; Rozhanskii, I.L., Klyosov, A.A. (2012) Haplogroup R1a, its subclades and branches in Europe during the last 9,000 years. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 3, 139156; Klyosov, A.A., Rozhanskii, I.L. (2012) Re-examining the Out of Africa theory and the origin of Europeoids (Caucasoids) in light of DNA genealogy. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 2, 8086; Klyosov, A.A., Rozhanskii, I.L., Ryanbchenko, L.E. (2012) Re-examining the Out-of- Africa theory and the origin of Europeoids (Caucasoids). Part 2. SNPs, haplogroups and haplotypes in the Y charomosome of Chimpanzee and Humans. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 4, 198213; Klyosov, A.A., Mironova, E.A. (2013) A DNA genealogy solution to the puzzle of ancient look-alike ceramics across the world. Advances in Anthropology, 3, No. 3, 164172; Klyosov, A.A., Tomezzoli, G.T. (2013) DNA genealogy and linguistics. Ancient Europe. Advances in Anthropology, 3, No. 2, 101111; Klyosov, A.A. (2014) Reconsideration of the "Out of Africa" concept as not having enough proof. Advances in Anthropology, 4, No. 1, 1837; , .. (2014)     ( -)      ^yRCA),         111    .  1.   -, . 7,  4, 626638; , .. (2014)     ( -)      ^yRCA),         111    .  2.   -, . 7,  5, 758769; Klyosov, A.A. (2014) Reconsideration of the Out of Africa concept as not having enough proof. Advances in Anthropology, 4, No. 1, 1837; E. Elha1k, T.V. Tatarinova, A.A. Klyosov, D. Graur (2014) The extremely ancient' chromosome that isn't: aforensic bioinformatic investigation of A1bert Perry's X-degenerate portion of the Y chromosome. European Journal of Human Genetics 22, 11111116; S. To-fanelli, L. Taglioli, S. Bertoncini, P. Francalacci, A. Klyosov, L. Pagani (2014) Mitochondrial and Y chromosome haplotype motifs as diagnostic markers of Jewish ancestry: areconsideration. Frontiers in Genetics, 5, Article 384. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2014.0038410; Klyosov, A.A. A Comment on the Paper: Were the First Europeans Pale or Dark Skinned? Advances in Anthropology, vol. 4, No. 4, 222226, 2014; Klyosov, A.A. (2014) Clarifying the African Eve' Concept. Rock Art Research, v. 31, No. 2, 146148; , .., , ..   (  , , -), .,  , 2010, 1020 .; , .. (2013)  . ., , 511 .; , .. (2013)  -. ., , 168 .; , .., , .. (2014)      (, .  ), 351 .




17


Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. I. Basic principles and the method. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186216. Rozhanskii I.L., Klyosov A.A. (2011) Mutation Rate Constants in DNA Genealogy (Y Chromosome). Advances in Anthropology, 1, No.2, 2634.




18


Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. I. Basic principles and the method. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186216; Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. II. Walking the map. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 217256; Klyosov, A.A. (2009) A comment on the paper: Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish Priesthood. Human Genetics, 126, 719724; Rozhanskii, I.L., Klyosov, A.A. (2011) Mutation rate constants in DNA genealogy (Y chromosome). Advances in Anthropology, 1, No. 2, 2634; , A.A. (2011)     -    . , 76,  5, 636  653; Klyosov, A.A., Rozhanskii, I.L. (2012) Haplogroup R1a as the Proto Indo-Europeans and the legendary Aryans as witnessed by the DNA of their current descendants. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 1, 1-13; Klyosov, A.A. (2012) Ancient history of the Arbins, bearers of haplogroup R1b, from Central Asia to Europe, 16,000 to 1500 years before present. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 2, 87-105; Rozhanskii, I.L., Klyosov, A.A. (2012) Haplogroup R1a, its subclades and branches in Europe during the last 9,000 years. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 3, 139156;




19


Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. I. Basic principles and the method. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186-216




20


http://r1a.org/irakaz-v03.xls, http://r1a.org/, / - R1a; http://www.ysearch.org/, http://www.smgf.org/pages/ydatabase.jspx / - A Free Public Service from Family Tree DNA; http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1 aY-Haplogroup/default.aspx?section=yresults, http:// www.familytreedna.com/public/R1a/default.aspx?section=yresults, / - Family Tree DNA; Klyosov A. A., Rozhanskii I. L. Re-Examining the Out of Africa Theory and the Origin of Europeoids (Caucasoids) in Light of DNA Genealogy (2012). Advances in Anthropology, 2, No.2, 8086 http://dx.doi. org/10.4236/aa.2012.22009 (      )




21


Rozhanskii, I.L. and Klyosov A.A. (2012) Haplogroup R1a, its subclades and branches in Europe during the last 9000 years. Advances in Anthropology, v. 2, N. 3, 139156.




22


Haak, W., Brandt, G., de Jong, H.N., Meyer, C., Ganslmeier, R., Heyd, V., Hawkesworth, C., Pike, A.W.G., Meller, H., Alta, K.W. (2008) Ancient DNA, Strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US., 105, 18226-18231.




23


Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. I. Basic principles and the method. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186216.




24


 ..  . , , 2013,  16.




25


Klyosov, A.A. (2008) Basic rules of DNA genealogy (Y-chromosome). Mutation rates and their calibration. Proceedings of the Russian Academy of DNA Genealogy, 1, No. 1,3-53.




26


       ..  . ., , 2013,  16.




27


Klyosov, A.A. (2009) DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. I. Basic principles and the method. J. Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186-216




28


Rozhanskii, I.L., Klyosov, A.A. (2011) Mutation rate constants in DNA genealogy (Y chromosome). Advances in Anthropology, 1, No. 2, 2634.




29


 




30


Klyosov, A.A., Rozhanskii, I.L. (2012) Re-examining the Out of Africa theory and the origin of Europeoids (Caucasoids) in light of DNA genealogy. Advances in Anthropology, 2, No. 2, 8086.


