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     .     ,                .        ,   ,        ( I).               ,       ( II).                    .           ,           .              ,       ,        ( III),              ( IV),    ( V)   ( VI)   .         - ,                 .




 I

     



    ,  ,              .               XIX    .




 


          XIX.,       .        :     ,   .         ,     ,      ,   [1 -  . .       /  . 1988. 3.].             ,  ,  ,  ,           .

-          ,    .            ,    [2 -  . .      (, , , ). / . 1886. . 6.].       . . , . ., . , . ., . ., . . Cep, . . -, . . , .H. ,       H.M. , . . , . . , . .         ,     ,  - .

     XIX.       .            ,     ,    ,   :   ,  . . ,   ,    [3 -  . .       /    . ., 1897. .66, 69.].           ,        ,      ,          .          ,   ,       .       , .M.  :  ,       , ,   ,     ,    ;   ,     ,       ,            [4 -  . . .     . M., 1988. . 1. C.51.].                ;   ,      ;   ;       .       ,   ,  ,  -  .              .

                 ,    .    ,  ,  ,      . .           [5 -  . .  .     . M., 1977.].      , , ,      . . ,        ,       .  . .      , ,          .  ,  ,     ,       ,          -   .   ,            .        -  -,    .        (  )  ,         .

     ,          .   . . ,   . .   ,      ,  [6 -  . .   . M., 1956. . 1. . 3031;  .:  . .   . .  /  . .     . M., 1991.],     . , ,    ,          ,   .   ,            ,      ,     ,      ,  .          . .          (  ,   )    . ,         ,   .    ( )          (       )[7 -  . .     Poc / . . ., 1899. .2. .116117.].       . .    :        [8 -  . .   . ., 1893. .1.].             (    ,   ,     ),   ,  ,     ,      .                 .

           ,        ,        .   , , . .         [9 -  . .      XVIII XIX. ( ). , 1924; .      : , .1137, .1, .36, .126.].               .

           .          ,       ,      ,       .  -        , , . . .             . .[10 -  . .        XIX   XX. / . 1988. 6.].       1888.         ,       -,      ,    ,         [11 - , .579 (. . ), .1, .3385, 3386, 3493.].            ,   ,      [12 -  . . ..    / . 1991. 4.].

           ,  .   . .        ,     ,               .             .  ,          ,   ,   .                 .  ,       ,      ,       .                     .       . . , . . , . . ;       -     .              ,     .

    ,     ,      :   -              ,   .      ,  ,   ,   . ,  , , ,       ,   ,        ,         .      ,    ,                   .         ,  .        ,    ,               ,    .           -   [13 -  . .   . .1. .167.].          ,    .            :             ,            -  .        .   ,  ,             -         ,   ,     (  ),     - , [14 -  . .     / .. ., 1901. .7.]. ,            ,  ,       . ,  , ,        ;    , ,     ,         [15 -  . .     . .239.].       ,   ,   .                    .          ( )   (     ).       ,         .          ,   ,       .    ,  ,       .         ,      , .        .                 .

      - .             , ,  ,   ,    ,     ,   , ,       ,    [16 -  . .       . ., 1835. .19.]. C    . .       .       [17 -  . .   . M., 1896. .12.]. C           :          [18 -  . .   -  /     . M., 1855.].      - ,         :           ,      .         [19 -  . C. 383.].   . . ,     ,    [20 -  . .   .       XVII. /   . ., 1904. . 566.].

            .       , . .           :      ,  ,     [21 -  . .     . ., 1903. .212.].           ,   .    , , ,   ,           ,   .                .     ,   ,        , ,        XVIII.,    ,   .        ,      .           [22 - Meduschevskij .. Die theoretischen Grundlagen des Konstitutionalismus: Die staatliche Schule in der russischen Historiographie / Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift Friedrich-Schiller-Universit?t. Jena. 1990. 12.].            .

   ,           .          ,         ,     -.               .      -     . . . ,    ,         ,   (      ).     ,   ,  :         ,    ( ,       ),   ,            .           (     )   .   , , -     .        .  ,      ()  ,    ,   ,       ,            ,  , ,        ,   [23 -  C.M.      . M., 1843. C. 35.].                          ,      ,                    [24 -  . .       . M., 1847. .III.].           .  ,  ,     (, , ,  )    (        )  , ,       (          ).                   .  ,    , - ,    (   )          (   ).    ,  ,    ,    ,   ,      .       ,             ,    (  ). ,      ,      ,        ,          XVIII. . . ,     , , ,         ( ,     )      ,       .     ,      ,    .        ,    XVIII.  ,      .           :     ,  ,       . . . ,   ,          : XVI.    ( ); XVII.  ;     ,     ,  .

              .         ,  [25 -                XX.:  . .       XVIII     . ., 1905;  . .    . M., 1902.].




   


        :   ;   ,         ;   ;         (   ),       [26 -  . .  XVIXVIII.    /    . 1991. 3.].

     : ,   ,   ,   ,  ,          ,    ,       ( ,  ,      ).          -   XIX   XX. (. , . , . , . ).                ,          .          . , . , . , . , . , . ,      [27 - Absolutismus. Darmstadt. 1973; Der Aufgekl?rte Absolutismus. K?ln. 1974; Absolutismus. Frankfurt am Main. 1986; Kunitsch J. Absolutismus. G?ttingen. 1986; Duchhardt H. Das Zeitalter des Absolutismus. M?nchen. 1989.].         . [28 - Bendix R. Kings or People. Power and the Mandate to Rule. Berkley, 1978.]. C ,        ,    [29 - Armstrong J. The European Administrative Elite. Princeton, 1973; Aspekte des europ?ischen Absolutismus. Heldesheim, 1979.].           .

         ,   .          .  ()  .  ()  X       [30 - artung F., Mousnier R. Quelques probl?mes concernant de la monarchie absolue. /Relazioni internazionale di scienze storiche. Roma, 1955.].       ,       ,          ,   ..   ,         ,          .             .        ,  ,     ,   ,      ,         .        ,  ,  . ,  . ,      ,   ,       ()          ,    ,    ,      ,      ,   [31 - Lousse E. Absolutismus, Gottesgnadentum, Aufgekl?rte Absolutismus. /Der Aufgekl?rte Absolutismus. K?ln, 1974. S.89.].            :  ,   ,     [32 - Barudio G. Absolutismus: Zerst?rung der liebert?ren Verfassung. Wiesbaden, 1976; Lehmarm H. Das Zeitalter des Absolutismus: Gottesgnadentum und Kriegsnot. Stuttgart, 1980; Emmanuelli F-X. Un mythe de labsolutisme bourbonien: Lintendance du millieu du XVII  eme si?cle a la fin du XVIII-eme si?cle: France, Espagne, Amerique. Aixen-Provence. 1981.].               .

            (. , . , . , . , . , . , . ),       [33 - Meinecke F. Die Idee der Staatsr?son in der neueren Geschichte. M?nchen, 1960; Skinner Q. The Foundations of Modern Political Thought. Cambridge, 1978.].

     -    .             ( ,   ,         )[34 - Kantorowicz E. The Kings Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology. Princeton, 1957; Couleet N, Planche A, Robin F. Le roi Ren: le prince, le mc?ne, lecrivain, le mythe. Aix-en-Provence, 1982.].                     .

              .          XIX. (      , ,  ,       .).              ,       ,          ,           , ,       ,     [35 - Myers H.A. Medieval Kingship. Chicago, 1982; Guene B. States and Rulers in later medieval Europe. Oxford, 1985.].     ,      ,   .  ,      ,     ,     ,    ,    ..    ,     ,      ,       ,     .                    (    , ,  ,   ). .       ,       ,     [36 - Hubatsch W. Das Zeitalter des Absolutismus, 16001789. Braunschweig, 1965.]. .  ,   , 컠   ,  , ,     ,     [37 - Wittram R. Peter I  Czar und Kaiser. Zur Geschichte Peters des Grossen in seiner Zeit. G?ttingen, 1964.].       .

               .          ,        .      ,          .   ,      -  ,   ,    ,    ( ,  ),       (, , ,   )[38 - Kammler H. Die Feudalmonarchien: Politische und Wirtschaftlich- soziale Faktoren ihrer Entwicklung und Funktionsweise. K?ln. Wien, 1974.].        ,       .     ,       .  ,  ,              ,      .     .     ,          [39 - Mousnier R. Les hierarchies sociales de 1450 ? nos jours. Paris, 1969; Mousnier R. La monarchie absolue en Europe du V-e si?cle ? nos jours. P., 1982.].        ,      .         ,  ,      ,  , , ,      [40 - Arriaza A. Mousnier and Barber. The theoretical Underpinning of the Society of Orders in Early Modern Europe. /Past and Present. 1980. 89.].       ,        .          ,               ,        .   ,         ,       ,  ,  , , ,      ,       [41 - Beloff M. The Age of Absolutism. 16601815. London, 1966.].

            ,   ,     .       ,        :  , ,      ,    ,     ,     ,  .       (, ,   )     ,   ,          .         -  ,    ,      .

          ,          .          [42 - Louis XIV and Absolutism. L., 1976.].             :    , , , , , , , , ,   ..    ,     ,     ,     .          ,     [43 - Kossmann EN. The Singularity of Absolutism. /Ibid. P.13.].              , ,       .           ?.   ,    :     ,   ,     ,    ,  [44 - Durand G. What is Absolutism? /Ibid. P.18.].        ,            .

               .          ,           :                      .                    ,  ,   ,   ,  .                     (,  ,      :     ,     )[45 -  . .   .    1630  1642. ., 1982.].

  .           ,     ,         ,     [46 - Anderson . Europe in the Eighteenth Century 17131783. L., 1970.  (. , . , . , . )].  ,       ,         (. , . , . , . )[47 - Pilloge S. Apoge et declin des socites dordres, 16101787. P., 1969; Chagniot J. Les temps modernes, 16611789. P., 1973; Mandrou R. LEurope absolutiste. Raison et raison dtat. 16491775. P., 1977.].

         ,       .        ,      .

       .      .            ( I,  II,  II).

 ,            ,        XIX   XX .[48 -  . .    . ., 1902;  . .    XVI XVIII. ., 1908;  . .     . ., 1912.]                . C               .                   .           .

C  70-             [49 -  .         /    . M., 1977.].              ,   ,        [50 - Hobsbawm . The Age of Revolution. 17891848. L.,1962.]. ,  . ,       ,       ,    .      ,            ,            [51 - Anderson P. Lineages of the absolutist State. L., 1974.].   ,        , -     ,               ,  .     (   , ,   )       -  XI  ,     ,  VII        .        ,           .  ,  ,           .  ,     XIV XV.,       (   ),   XVI.    .          ,  ,      .           ,     (   ),     , ,              .

          . ,      :               ,       -   [52 - Skocpol T. States and social Revolutions. Cambridge, 1979.].             ,       .      , ,            .

             . .      ,         ,   ,   ,     [53 - Fulbrook M. Piety and Politics. Religion and the rise of Absolutism in England, Wurtemberg and Prussia. Cambridge, 1983.].           .            ,        ,     ,         .




    


  ,          ,      ,      ,      [54 -  . .   XVIIXVIII.     /  . 1988. 6.].

     1968 1975.          .              .           50-                     .                     [55 -    (XVIIXVIII.). M.,1964.].              XVIIXVIII., . .     ,       ,  ,     ,       [56 -  . .           /  . 1968. 2. . 87;  .   /  . 1971. 4.].  , ,        ,        ,     .   , . . -       ,                  ,        ,       [57 - - . .        /  . 1968. 4. .83.]. ,  ,        , , ,          ,      :  ,   ,       ,         ,        ,     , ,  ,                .  ,     -                  , ,   ,       :         .     ,           ,                  .

   ,    ,                [58 -  . .   XVII.    . M., 1989. .235237.].   ,      ,   .                 ,      :                .                  ,     .         ,      .              .   . . , . . , . . [59 -  . .     XVIII.:  . M., 1974;  . .      XIX. M., 1978;  . .      . M., 1981.],      . . ,              ,         [60 -  . .     XVII.     . M., 1987.].        . ,          I     ,   . [61 - Raeff . Imperial Russia. 16821825. The coming of Age of modern Russia. N. Y., 1974.],       . , . , . ,  ,      ,                   [62 - Amburger E. Geschichte der Beh?rdenorganisation Russlands von Peter dem Grossen bis 1917. Leiden, 1966; Peterson C. Peter the Greats administrative and judicial Reforms. Swedish antecedente and process of reception. Stockholm, 1979; Crummey R. Aristocrats and Servitors: the bojar elite in Russia. 16131689. Princeton. 1983.].                  ,      ,     ,    [63 -  X.   .  . M., 1985.].        ,        .     -                .    ,        ,      ,          ,      ,        .  ,  . . , . , .   ,       ,    [64 - Torke . Die Staatsbedingte Gesellschaft im Moskauer Reich: Zar und Zemlja in der altrussischen Herrschaftsverfassung, 16131689. Leiden,1974; Hellie R. Slavery in Russia. 14501725. Chicago, 1982; Crummey R. The formation of Muscovy. 13041613. N. Y., 1987.].             ,     ,      , ,      ,   . ,                         XVII.           ,   ( ),     ,      .                   ,         .       XVIII., .     , , ,    ,      ,   [65 - .   .   .: Pososhkov I. The Book of Poverty and Wealth. Stanford, 1987.].     ,  , ,     , ,   :            ,          .  ,        ,     ,        ,            ? ,    , -,       , . . ,   .               ?  , ,   ,      II,  II,  II  ..   ? ,    ,        -   .    ,            :     ,   .       (   ),     .   . - , ,           ,      [66 - Seton-Watson H. The russian Empire. 18011917. Oxford, 1967.].              . ,                 .   ,     ,   . .   . .       ,             .             .

          .   ,           .   ,              ,            .          :        ,    .   ,        ,       ,     .             .         .           ,         ,    ,           .         ,    ,  ,  ,    (  ),                  .             ,            .          , ,      , , ,     ,  ,     .            ,         ,      ,   ,    [67 - Oswalt J. Die Nachfolger Peters des Grossen von 1725  bis 1730. Handbuch der Geschichte Russlands. Stuttgart, 1985. Band 2.].

    ,    XVIII.    . [68 - Raeff M. Comprendre lancien regime russe. Etat et societ en Russie imperiale. P., 1982.].     ,           .            ,       ,                    .    ,         XVIIIXIX.:           ( )    ,      ,       .            .

     I         . .                   . -             (,     .),     (  ).

               .       -      . .

           XVIII.,      ,     .  ,      P. , P. [69 - Dukes P. Catherine the Great and the russian Nobility. Cambridge, 1967; Givens R. Eighteenth  century nobiliary Career Patterns and provincial Government / Russian Officialdom. Chapel Hill, 1980; Jones J. Provincial Development in Russia: Catherine II and Jacob Sivers. New Braunswick, 1984.]   [70 - Hildermeier M. B?rgertum und Stadt in Russland. 17601870. Rechtliche Lage und Soziale Strukturen. K?ln, 1986.],   II              ,   .                      ,             [71 - Madariaga I. Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great. London. 1981.].      , ,      ,        .          ,                [72 - Ransel D.L. The Politics of Catherinian Russia. The Panin Party. New Haven, 1975.].

    ,         ,   .        .. [73 - LeDonne J. Ruling Russia. Politics and Administration in the Age of Absolutism: 17621796. Princeton, 1984.].             ,    ,       ,  ,  ,       .   ,  ,      ,   , ,  ,   ,        ,   ,  , ,   .        ,          ,  ,    , .

                1861.   .    . , . , . , .            [74 - Emmons T. The Russian landed Gentry and the Peasant Emancipation of 1861. Cambridge, 1968; Field D. The End of Serfdom. Nobility and Bureaucracy in Russia 18551861. Cambrige Mass, 1976; Orlovsky D. The Limits of Reform: the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Imperial Russia. 18021881. Cambridge Mass, 1981; Lincoln W. In the Wanguard of Reforms: Russias Enlightened Bureaucracy 18251861. Dekalb, 1982.]. .    ,        ,              .  ,       ,  ,      ,     .

             .  ,          ,     . .          ,           ,        .

                         [75 - Subtelny O. Domination of Easten Europe. Native Nobilities and foreign Absolutism. 15001715. Montreal, 1986.].       ,       ,      .         ,        .

,     ,         ,         ,     .  -    ,  ,  ,     ,             .      . -           ,  30-  XVIII.,        [76 - Meehan-Waters B. Autocracy and Aristocracy. The Russian Service Elite of 1730. New Brunswick, 1982.].

 , , P. , . , .    ,             , ,      [77 - Jones R. The Emancipation of the russian Nobility. 17621785. Princeton, 1973; Pintner W. The Evolution of civil Officialdom. 1755 1855. /Russian Officialdom. Chapel Hill, 1980.].          :              ,            .            ,      ,    ,      ,    (,   ) ,     ,   , ,   .. , ,    ,                      .

                60-  XIX.              .

       ,        ,         ,  ( ,   )       .       ,       ,       ,  , ,  ,       ,   [78 - Russian Officialdom. The Bureaucratization of Russian Society from the 17th to the 20th Century. Chapel Hill, 1980.].       ,        ,   . , ,    ,    . , . , .   ,      , ,                    .          .     ,   ,        ,    -  .   ,        -       ,  ,                 .   ,        ,      .    ,            .

      ,    ,            .         ,        ,         - .          ,        ,    ,     ,      .          ,     ,    ( ).     -  ,   ,  ,         ,            .            .  ,  ,       ,   ,        .




 II

     - 





   


    ,  , -,     ,    , , - ,         ,            .           -   ,           ?            .       ,    .               ,      ,  ,         [79 - . .   -  /  .   . M., 1991. .1. . 2.]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/andrey-medushevskiy-6100831/utverzhdenie-absolutizma-v-rossii/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes



1


 . .       /  . 1988. 3.




2


 . .      (, , , ). / . 1886. . 6.




3


 . .       /    . ., 1897. .66, 69.




4


 . . .     . M., 1988. . 1. C.51.




5


 . .  .     . M., 1977.




6


 . .   . M., 1956. . 1. . 3031;  .:  . .   . .  /  . .     . M., 1991.




7


 . .     Poc / . . ., 1899. .2. .116117.




8


 . .   . ., 1893. .1.




9


 . .      XVIII XIX. ( ). , 1924; .      : , .1137, .1, .36, .126.




10


 . .        XIX   XX. / . 1988. 6.




11


, .579 (. . ), .1, .3385, 3386, 3493.




12


 . . ..    / . 1991. 4.




13


 . .   . .1. .167.




14


 . .     / .. ., 1901. .7.




15


 . .     . .239.




16


 . .       . ., 1835. .19.




17


 . .   . M., 1896. .12.




18


 . .   -  /     . M., 1855.




19


 . C. 383.




20


 . .   .       XVII. /   . ., 1904. . 566.




21


 . .     . ., 1903. .212.




22


Meduschevskij .. Die theoretischen Grundlagen des Konstitutionalismus: Die staatliche Schule in der russischen Historiographie / Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift Friedrich-Schiller-Universit?t. Jena. 1990. 12.




23


 C.M.      . M., 1843. C. 35.




24


 . .       . M., 1847. .III.




25


               XX.:  . .       XVIII     . ., 1905;  . .    . M., 1902.




26


 . .  XVIXVIII.    /    . 1991. 3.




27


Absolutismus. Darmstadt. 1973; Der Aufgekl?rte Absolutismus. K?ln. 1974; Absolutismus. Frankfurt am Main. 1986; Kunitsch J. Absolutismus. G?ttingen. 1986; Duchhardt H. Das Zeitalter des Absolutismus. M?nchen. 1989.




28


Bendix R. Kings or People. Power and the Mandate to Rule. Berkley, 1978.




29


Armstrong J. The European Administrative Elite. Princeton, 1973; Aspekte des europ?ischen Absolutismus. Heldesheim, 1979.




30


artung F., Mousnier R. Quelques probl?mes concernant de la monarchie absolue. /Relazioni internazionale di scienze storiche. Roma, 1955.




31


Lousse E. Absolutismus, Gottesgnadentum, Aufgekl?rte Absolutismus. /Der Aufgekl?rte Absolutismus. K?ln, 1974. S.89.




32


Barudio G. Absolutismus: Zerst?rung der liebert?ren Verfassung. Wiesbaden, 1976; Lehmarm H. Das Zeitalter des Absolutismus: Gottesgnadentum und Kriegsnot. Stuttgart, 1980; Emmanuelli F-X. Un mythe de labsolutisme bourbonien: Lintendance du millieu du XVII  eme si?cle a la fin du XVIII-eme si?cle: France, Espagne, Amerique. Aixen-Provence. 1981.




33


Meinecke F. Die Idee der Staatsr?son in der neueren Geschichte. M?nchen, 1960; Skinner Q. The Foundations of Modern Political Thought. Cambridge, 1978.




34


Kantorowicz E. The Kings Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology. Princeton, 1957; Couleet N, Planche A, Robin F. Le roi Ren: le prince, le mc?ne, lecrivain, le mythe. Aix-en-Provence, 1982.




35


Myers H.A. Medieval Kingship. Chicago, 1982; Guene B. States and Rulers in later medieval Europe. Oxford, 1985.




36


Hubatsch W. Das Zeitalter des Absolutismus, 16001789. Braunschweig, 1965.




37


Wittram R. Peter I  Czar und Kaiser. Zur Geschichte Peters des Grossen in seiner Zeit. G?ttingen, 1964.




38


Kammler H. Die Feudalmonarchien: Politische und Wirtschaftlich- soziale Faktoren ihrer Entwicklung und Funktionsweise. K?ln. Wien, 1974.




39


Mousnier R. Les hierarchies sociales de 1450 ? nos jours. Paris, 1969; Mousnier R. La monarchie absolue en Europe du V-e si?cle ? nos jours. P., 1982.




40


Arriaza A. Mousnier and Barber. The theoretical Underpinning of the Society of Orders in Early Modern Europe. /Past and Present. 1980. 89.




41


Beloff M. The Age of Absolutism. 16601815. London, 1966.




42


Louis XIV and Absolutism. L., 1976.




43


Kossmann EN. The Singularity of Absolutism. /Ibid. P.13.




44


Durand G. What is Absolutism? /Ibid. P.18.




45


 . .   .    1630  1642. ., 1982.




46


Anderson . Europe in the Eighteenth Century 17131783. L., 1970.  (. , . , . , . )




47


Pilloge S. Apoge et declin des socites dordres, 16101787. P., 1969; Chagniot J. Les temps modernes, 16611789. P., 1973; Mandrou R. LEurope absolutiste. Raison et raison dtat. 16491775. P., 1977.




48


 . .    . ., 1902;  . .    XVI XVIII. ., 1908;  . .     . ., 1912.




49


 .         /    . M., 1977.




50


Hobsbawm . The Age of Revolution. 17891848. L.,1962.




51


Anderson P. Lineages of the absolutist State. L., 1974.




52


Skocpol T. States and social Revolutions. Cambridge, 1979.




53


Fulbrook M. Piety and Politics. Religion and the rise of Absolutism in England, Wurtemberg and Prussia. Cambridge, 1983.




54


 . .   XVIIXVIII.     /  . 1988. 6.




55


   (XVIIXVIII.). M.,1964.




56


 . .           /  . 1968. 2. . 87;  .   /  . 1971. 4.




57


- . .        /  . 1968. 4. .83.




58


 . .   XVII.    . M., 1989. .235237.




59


 . .     XVIII.:  . M., 1974;  . .      XIX. M., 1978;  . .      . M., 1981.




60


 . .     XVII.     . M., 1987.




61


Raeff . Imperial Russia. 16821825. The coming of Age of modern Russia. N. Y., 1974.




62


Amburger E. Geschichte der Beh?rdenorganisation Russlands von Peter dem Grossen bis 1917. Leiden, 1966; Peterson C. Peter the Greats administrative and judicial Reforms. Swedish antecedente and process of reception. Stockholm, 1979; Crummey R. Aristocrats and Servitors: the bojar elite in Russia. 16131689. Princeton. 1983.




63


 X.   .  . M., 1985.




64


Torke . Die Staatsbedingte Gesellschaft im Moskauer Reich: Zar und Zemlja in der altrussischen Herrschaftsverfassung, 16131689. Leiden,1974; Hellie R. Slavery in Russia. 14501725. Chicago, 1982; Crummey R. The formation of Muscovy. 13041613. N. Y., 1987.




65


.   .   .: Pososhkov I. The Book of Poverty and Wealth. Stanford, 1987.




66


Seton-Watson H. The russian Empire. 18011917. Oxford, 1967.




67


Oswalt J. Die Nachfolger Peters des Grossen von 1725  bis 1730. Handbuch der Geschichte Russlands. Stuttgart, 1985. Band 2.




68


Raeff M. Comprendre lancien regime russe. Etat et societ en Russie imperiale. P., 1982.




69


Dukes P. Catherine the Great and the russian Nobility. Cambridge, 1967; Givens R. Eighteenth  century nobiliary Career Patterns and provincial Government / Russian Officialdom. Chapel Hill, 1980; Jones J. Provincial Development in Russia: Catherine II and Jacob Sivers. New Braunswick, 1984.




70


Hildermeier M. B?rgertum und Stadt in Russland. 17601870. Rechtliche Lage und Soziale Strukturen. K?ln, 1986.




71


Madariaga I. Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great. London. 1981.




72


Ransel D.L. The Politics of Catherinian Russia. The Panin Party. New Haven, 1975.




73


LeDonne J. Ruling Russia. Politics and Administration in the Age of Absolutism: 17621796. Princeton, 1984.




74


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